Polythene Cover Research Articles

Effect of Polythene Covering on Seedling Quality and It’s Carryover Effect on Field Duration and Grain Yield of Rice

Boro rice cultivation is often limit due to lack of a farmer's friendly technique for raising quality seedling in irrigated ecosystem. Experiment was conducted in Boro 2019-20 at R/S Rangpur to compare different polythene covering treatment on raising quality seedling of BRRI dhan88 and BRRI dhan89 and to measure it’s carryover effect on growth duration and grain yield of rice. The treatments were as T1: Day polythene cover (from10:00 am to Sunset), T2: Night polythene cover (Sunset to Sunrise), T3: Day-night polythene cover but round shape opening (30 cm diameter) at both sides and T4: No polythene cover (control). Seedbed was covered by transparent polythene from seeding to 30 days after seeding (DAS). Seedling strength was higher on 01 December seeding than 15 December in both the tested varieties. Day cover always had the lowest seedling strength in both varieties. Day-night polythene cover treatment (T3) produced significantly tallest seedling than other polythene covering treatments for both the plantings dates. Seedling mortality was higher in 30 January planting than 15 January planting for both the tested varieties due to prevailing low temperature (below 10°C for eight days). In 15 January planting, BRRI dhan88 and BRRI dhan89 produced higher number of tillers with day cover and night cover treatment, respectively. In 30 January planting, BRRI dhan88 produced higher tiller with day-night and control treatment but day cover had the lowest. Tiller production rate was sharply increased from 35 – 45 DAT and then decreased. Up to 45 DAT, it was statistically similar in both the varietiers with all treatments. Although, tiller number was higher in T1, T2 and T4 than T3 but productive tiller (%) was satistically similar among the treatments for both the varieties and planting dates. There was no significant difference in grain yield among the treatments for planting dates and varieties. Day-night polythene cover treatment (T3) reduces growth duration by 2-3 days over other treatments. This treatment (T3) is farmer's friendly for raising quality seedling in cold prone areas of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Rice J.26 (1): 59-68, 2022

Disposable polythene cover of the suture: An inexpensive tool to examine the orogenital skin and mucosa and to prevent cross-infection during the dermoscopic examination.

Disposable polythene cover of the suture: An inexpensive tool to examine the orogenital skin and mucosa and to prevent cross-infection during the dermoscopic examination.

Evaluation of oviposition substrates and mating duration on fecundity and egg hatchability of Samia ricini Donovan (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

Assessment of oviposition substrates and mating duration on the fecundity and egg hatchability of eri silkworm Samia ricini Donovan, revealed that maximum disease free layings were recorded in the control (353 eggs with 98 % hatchability) followed by the treatment, mating duration of six hours (332 eggs with 96 % hatchability). Poor egg laying and egg hatchability was noticed in one hour (151 eggs with 41 % hatchability). Correlation coefficients between mating duration, fecundity and egg hatchability showed strong positive correlation. Oviposition substrate’s impact on fecundity and egg hatchability revealed that gada cloth gave better results (344 eggs with 96% hatchability) whereas polythene cover recorded poor fecundity (203 eggs) and jack fruit kharika recorded poor hatchability (90 %). A minimum of six hours of mating duration is needed for the eri moth to attain its full fecundity potential and better egg hatchability.

Enhancing Growth and Yield Parameters in Mulberry through Different Levels of Drip Irrigation and Mulching

The experiment was conducted to find out the impact of levels of drip irrigation and mulching on growth, yield and quality parameters of mulberry. Among different levels of irrigation 0.8 CPE recorded higher values for growth and leaf yield (47613 kg ha-1 year-1) parameters. Compared to lower levels of irrigation 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7 CPE. Also, mulberry plants mulched with black plastic polythene cover recorded higher values for growth and leaf yield (45143 kg ha-1 year-1) compared to plants without mulching. The interaction effect 0.8 CPE along with mulching (T8) recorded higher values for all the growth and yield parameters compared to other combination of treatments and lower values for the same were recorded in 0.5 CPE along in without mulching plot. The study revealed that adoption of drip irrigation in mulberry at 0.8 CPE along with mulching is appropriate to enhance the growth parameters (plant height, number of shoots, number of leaves, leaf area and total dry matter content) and leaf yield.

Effect of Polyethylene on Fruit Yield and Morpho-Biochemical Features During Ripening of a Local Tomato Cultivar Grown in a Tropical Environmental Condition, India

The work was assessed the field performance of Polythene cover on morphology, fruit yield and post maturation changes on growing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Data revealed that use of polythene gave adverse effect on average height in treated condition but favourable for matured ripen fruits (41.5%). Significant correlation observed in the post maturation (0.731, P≤0.01) and fruits ripening time (0.605, P≤0.01). The fruit yield was found to be significantly increased by 61.23%. Polythene induced ripening had shown the variation in the amount of lycopene (429.3mg/100gm), protein (1.92%), ascorbic acid (23.68 mg/ 100gm) and the sugar (5.02%). Polythene covering was significant and positively correlated with lycopene (0.788, P<0.01), lipid(0.853, P<0.01),ascorbic acid(0.515 P<0.01) but negatively correlated with protein(-0.221P<0.05).Maturity at harvest is a very important attribute to tomatoes quality that found to be regulated by the use of polythene. Analysis of variance also showed statistically significant result in the lipid (F-value=14.688801,p≤0.01) ,sugar(F value= 25.52718,p≤0.01) and ascorbic acid (F-value=9.44343,p≤0.01).

Seed germination and storage studies in Decalepis hamiltonii Wight and Arn.: A threatened medicinal plant

Decalepis hamitonii Wight and Arn. is an important RET medicinal climber which is over exploited from its natural habitat for its high valued roots. The roots are extensively used in folk and Ayurvedic medicines mainly as blood purifier and hepatoprotective compound due to the presence of 2-hydroxyl-4-methoxy benzaldehyde (HMB). The work on propagation and storage of seeds in this plant species is meagre for extending the cultivation and conservation. Therefore, the present study was taken up. The two factorial experiment was conducted on the effect of media (top paper, between paper and cocopeat) and temperature (20/30°C, 20°C, 30°C) on seed germination. Results revealed that the seeds placed at 20/30°C, tested on between paper method has recorded maximum germination percentage (96.00%), root length (6.48 cm) and seedling vigour index (955.77). Whereas, shoot length (10.40 cm), seedling length (16.14 cm), fresh (91.16 mg) and dry weight (8.76 mg) of seedling was maximum in the seeds placed at 30°C temperature sown in cocopeat. No germination was recorded when the seeds were placed at 20°C temperature sown in cocopeat. In an another experiment comprising of three factorial storage study on effect of moisture content (8% and 6%), packaging material (aluminium pouch, polythene cover and butter paper cover) and storage temperature (ambient temperature and 15°C) revealed that the seeds having 8% moisture packed in polythene cover and stored at 15°C recorded maximum shoot length, seedling length and seedling vigour index I of 7.57 cm, 14.70 cm and 1373, respectively. Shoot was not grown and minimum seedling length and seedling vigour index I of 3.60 cm and 172, respectively was recorded in the seeds having 6 per cent moisture, packed in butter paper bag and stored at 15°C up to 90 days of storage. Therefore, seeds kept for germination on between paper and placed at 20/30°C recorded germination. Whereas, seeds having 8% moisture, stored at 15°C packed with polythene and aluminium pouch was found better for maintaining viability and vigour up to 90 days of storage.

Quality assessment of rice seed using different storage techniques

Rice (cv. BRRI Dhan28) seed from two sources (Farmer and BADC) were collected and stored in 10 different types of indigenous storage containers viz., i) earthen jar (EJ), ii) coaltar coated EJ, iii) seed mixed with neem leaves (Azedirecta indica) in EJ, iv) seed mixed with Biskatali leaves (Polygonum hydropiper) in EJ, v) biscuit tin, vi) drum, vii) hessian bag (HB), viii) hessian bag with polythene cover, ix) dole and x) cowdung coated dole for four months in the laboratory of the department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The changes of some quality components of seed such as moisture content, germination, insect and pathogen attack, protein and starch contents were monitored at certain interval over 120 days of storage. Containers were characterized into three categories viz., easily permeable, permeable and almost impermeable. In case of almost impermeable containers like biscuit tin, drum and hessian bag with polythene cover, seed moisture increased significantly with the advancement of storage period but did not exceed desired level. Moisture percentage of the seeds of biscuit tin, drum and hessian bag with polythene cover was 12.78, 12.95 and 12.88 %, respectively. Germination percentage of seeds in all impermeable containers was above 80 %. Seed mortality was found to be positively correlated with moisture content and storage duration. Seed borne pathogens were associated along with the seed. Field fungi like Alternaria, Curvularia, Cladosporium though observed initially, but in the last pathological test Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. and Fusarium sp. were found predominantly. Insect attack was severe in easily permeable containers. Permeable containers containing the leaves of neem and biskatali restricted insect and fungal attack. Seed protein and starch content varied with storage period. Starch content of seed was 77 % at 60 days of storage and decreased to 75 % at 120 days of storage. Significant superiority of BADC seed over the farmers’ seed irrespective of all the parameters studied was noticed. The overall observation suggests that, biscuit tin and drum could be used for small scale storage and hessian bag with polythene cover for bulk storage of rice seed for a certain period.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 12(2): 297-305, December 2014

Effect of different packaging materials on the efficacy of sweet flag rhizome powder (Acorus calamus L.) treated sorghum against Sitophilus oryzae

An experiment was conducted to know the effect of different packaging materials and sweet flag rhizome on seed quality of sorghum. The graded seeds were packed in six containers viz., polythene cover, mud container, cloth bag, gunny bag, glass container and steel container and seeds were treated with two percent of sweet flag rhizome powder before storage. The different observations viz., number of live adults, seed damage (%) by Sitophilus oryzae and germination (%) of seeds were recorded. The results revealed that the sweet flag rhizome treated seeds packed in steel container, recorded lowest seed damage percentage (32.00%), number of live adults (5.11) and highest seed germination (76.00%) after nine months of treatment. Hence seeds treated with sweet flag rhizome stored in steel containers reduces the insect infestation and steel containers can be effectively used for maintaining seed quality of sorghum during storage.

Studies on different storage structures on the shelf-life of Hurrihittu (Ragi value added product) against Sitophilus oryzae

Finger millet ( Eleusine corcana ) is a small millet and quick growing crop, particularly suited to a dry continental climate. Finger millet value added products enhances the bioavailability of nutrients, but also improves the overall nutritional quality of grains. Diversification of diet is necessary to overcome the nutritional situation in the country. The ragi value added products infested by the storage pests lead to the qualitative and quantitative losses to overcome this losses. So, the study was conducted to know the shelf-life of Hurrihittu against Sitophilus oryzae on different storage structure like cloth bag, polythene cover, mud container, glass container and steel container. It was observed that Hurrihittu stored in the cloth bag recorded maximum numbers of insects and Hurrihittu stored in glass container was free from infestation till 150 days and infestations was recorded at 180 days. Shelf-life of Hurrihittu in cloth bag was less, whereas, Hurrihittu stored in steel container showed longer shelf-life.

Effect Of Agrotechnical Measures And Varieties On Seasonal Dynamics Of Tetranychus Urticae Koch (Acari, Trombidiformes, Tetranychidae) On High Tunnel-Cultivated Garden Strawberries

Abstract The aim of the present study was to determine the seasonal pattern of two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae on strawberries cultivated in polythene-covered high tunnels in temperate climatic conditions. Various cultivars were used and the effect of modification of plant covering indices on abundance and incidence of these mites was also tested. The number of two-spotted spider mites was relatively low at the beginning of the vegetation season and started to increase when average air temperature rose above 20 to 25 °C. In the experiment two types of tunnels differing in additional plant cover were used. The maximum mite abundance did not significantly vary between varieties in tunnel 1 conditions, but it was significantly lower for variety 'Sonata' in tunnel 2 conditions. Mite numbers significantly declined after strawberry foliage mowing and removal of polythene cover. Mite development was prolonged in tunnel 1, where additional cover of plants was used and higher early season air temperature was recorded in comparison to tunnel 2. It was concluded that increase in early season temperature can increase two-spotted spider mite abundance and have a more negative effect on strawberry plants in respect of foliage damage by mites.

Influence of Exogenous Application of Putrescine on Ripening Changes in Banana cv. Grand Naine

Mature unripe banana cv. Grand Naine fruits were treated exogenously with 1mM putrescine (PUT) for 30 min while distilled water served as a control, then the treated fruits were packed with 200 guage polythene cover and stored at 13OC and 80-85 % RH for 15 days + 20 days (ambient storage). Observations on different physicochemical characteristics showed that the application of 1mM PUT significantly delayed the loss of firmness (1197.5g vs. 815.12g in control); reduced respiration rate (81.49 vs. 118.46mlCO2/kg/h); recorded lower pulp to peel ratio (1.95 vs.2.33); delayed accumulation of total soluble solids content (13.42 vs.15.55 B); maintained higher titratable acidity (0.25 vs. 0.17 %); delayed peel color changes and registered lowerL* (77.62), a* (0.78) andb* (35.60) compared to the untreated fruits. The results clearly suggested definite role of PUT in delaying the ripening changes in banana cv. Grand Naine.

Growth Restoration Studies in Frost-Affected Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Orchards in Sub-Himalayan Region

Frost is a major constraint in mango production in the sub- Himalayan region. To restore growth and productivity in frost-affected Dashehari mango orchards, effect of different growth-restoring treatments was studied at highly frost-sensitive, medium frost-sensitive, low frost-sensitive and frost-free locations. Foliar application of urea, benzyladenine, gibberellic acid (individually or in combination) was made during the post-spring season. As the cut ends of branches or damaged open area serve as entry points for the propagation of ice crystals through the vascular system in plants, the experiments were also carried out with and without prior winter covering of cut ends of branches with wax or polythene cover. At low and high frost-sensitive locations, 7 and 5.5 number of news shoots emerged, on average, per scaffold when frost-affected trees were sprayed with benzyladenine (BA 20ppm), followed by 2% urea spray after fifteen days. Better restoration of reproductive growth was observed with this treatment. Pre-winter waxing or polythene covering of the cut ends of branches was very effective in preventing lethal frost-damage (stem injury below 20cm) to the trees. Effect of benzyladenine and urea treatments was found to be additive in trees whose cut surfaces were waxed or covered with polythene sheets.

Experimental Investigation on Characteristics of Polythene Waste Incorporated Concrete

The Disposal of large quantity of plastic cover may cause pollution of land, water bodies and air. The proposed concrete which is made up by adding plastic in concrete may help to reuse the plastic cover as one of the constituent’s material of concrete, to improve the certain properties of concrete. The properties of concrete as varying percentages of plastic will test for compressive strength and Split tensile strength and flexural strength shows that an appreciable improvement in tensile strength of concrete can be achieved by introducing cut pieces of plastic cover. This paper presents the experimental investigation of feasibility of polythene cover post consumer waste used for food packaging. The numbers of samples is prepared in M25 concrete mix with required water/ cement ratio. Plastic waste was converted in to fiber size form and added waste for three aspect ratios, is casted into desire shape and size as per requirement of the tests. Each specimen was cured for 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days. The workability of compression, tension and flexural tests were carried out. The results are compared with normal concrete was observed.

The effect of microclimate inside low tunnels on off-season production of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)

A field trial was conducted at Horticultural Research Farm, ICAR Research complex for North Eastern Hill Region Umiam, Meghalaya, India to assess the influence of microclimate changes caused by low tunnels and effect of planting time on early production and extension of cropping season of strawberry. The plantings were done at day 10 in July, August, September, October, and November under low tunnels skinned with 75% and 50% shade net, UVS polythene (200μm) and in open field. Irrespective of growing period, the rhizosphere temperature at 20cm depth in polytunnel was higher by 2.64°C, 2.23°C and 1.82°C compared to 75% shade, 50% shade and open field, respectively. During December–January when temperature fell to around 7.0±2.0°C, low tunnel of UVS polythene maintained a temperature range close to 15.0±2.0°C. Similarly during summer months, air temperature was 3.44–5.21°C and 3.6–6.2°C lower, respectively in low tunnels of 75% and 50% shade than in the open field. Whereas, on an average 2–6% higher relative humidity was observed during the whole growing period inside different low tunnel structures compared to the open field. Strawberry was produced 30–35 days earlier than normal in low tunnels of 50% shade planted in July or August. The period of fruit availability was extended to 47 days from normal period under UVS polythene cover when planted in November. Highest yield with firm fruits, higher ascorbic acid, anthocyanin and (-carotene were obtained from the plants planted in November under UVS polythene which was on a par with the plants planted in July and August under 50% shade.

CRECIMIENTO DE PLÁNTULAS DE ESTÁTICE STATICE (Limonium sinuatum) Y VIOLA (Viola cornuta) EN AMBIENTES CONTRASTANTES

In order to grow ornamental plants in non-controlled environments, the effect of temperature on seedling emergence and growth must be known in order to optimize plant production. The aim of this research was to compare the growth of statice and viola seedlings, dur¬ing the winter in the Valley of Mexico, under three production conditions: a polyethylene-covered tunnel, shade netting that cuts light transmission by 50 %, and in the open. We measured air temperature (0C), emergence percentage (E%), leaf area (LA) per plant and dry weight biomass (DWB) per plant at 10, 18, 24, 31 and 35 days after planting (dap) in statice seedlings, and at 21, 28, 35, 43 and 52 dap in viola seedlings. In addition, the absolute growth rate (AGR), the relative growth rate (RGR) and the net assimilation rate (NAR) were calculated. Compared to the outdoor treatment (control), The polyethylene tunnel and shade netting produced higher E% values: 95 and 93 % for statice and 97 and 95 % for viola, respectively. Two different sigmoid curves of dry matter accumulation were observed in both species. The polythene tunnel produced higher DWB than the other conditions (P≤0.05) with an average temperature of 19.5 0C and high thermal oscillation, but without frost. In the polyethylene tunnel, maximum DWB, LA and AGR (88 mg∙seedling 1, 15.1 cm2∙seedling 1, and 7.4 mg∙d-1, respectively) were observed at 35 dap in statice and 52 dap in viola (43.6 mg∙seedling 1, 7.6 cm2∙seedling 1 and 2.4 mg∙d-1, respectively) before transplanting. The polythene cover prevented temperatures below 0 0C, which explains the greater seedling growth in this environment.

Polythene Predicament

Background: Hypoxemia complicating care during ventilation is a common problem. Objective: To describe an unusual cause of hypoxemia with fluctuating airway pressures in an invasively ventilated, organophosphate-poisoned patient. Case Report: A 40-year-old man being treated for organophosphate poisoning developed episodes of high airway pressure during mechanical ventilation. These episodes initially settled spontaneously. Detailed evaluation failed to reveal any patient-, airway-, or ventilator-related cause for the high airway pressures. On the fourth hospital day, one such episode of high peak airway pressures persisted and was associated with low tidal volumes and oxygen desaturation. Several attempts at suctioning were unsuccessful and the suction catheter could not be advanced. When the endotracheal tube was removed, a piece of polythene was found at the lower end of the endotracheal tube. This polythene probably resulted in this unusual problem by behaving like a flap valve, causing fluctuating airway pressures initially, and high airway pressures subsequently. There were no further episodes of high airway pressure, and a bronchoscopy did not reveal any residual pieces of polythene. On subsequent questioning, it was revealed that the patient was discovered unconscious with a stuffed polythene cover containing the poison in his mouth. It was likely that the polythene was aspirated when the patient was drowsy, or it was pushed into the airway during intubation. Conclusion: The importance of careful visualization of the oral cavity before intubation is illustrated in this report. A bronchoscopy may aid in the evaluation of intermittent high airway pressures once pneumothorax and bronchospasm are excluded and should be considered early if an obvious cause for the high airway pressure is not evident.

Application of the Antagonistic Fungus Trichoderma harzianum (TrichoFlow WP™) to Root Zone Increases Yield of Bell Peppers Grown in Soil

ABSTRACT Effects of Trichoderma harzianum, the biocontrol fungus, on yield and fruit characteristics of bell peppers were studied. Trichoderma harzianum suspensions at the dosages of 4, 10 and 24 g m−2 were applied to soil in the root zone of the local cultivars Y-13-178, Y-13-190 and Y-122 grown initially in a high polythene tunnel and later in the open following the removal of the polythene cover. The product contained 108 cfu g−1 and was applied three times, at sowing, at transplanting to the multicelled trays and at planting in the soil in the plastic tunnel. T. harzianum significantly increased the marketable and total yield whereas the increase in early yield was not statistically significant. The 4.0 g m−2 dosage gave the highest total and marketable yield plant−1 of 788 g and 685 g, respectively. These yields from the control plants were 512 g plant−1 and 431 g plant−1, respectively. Application of Trichoderma harzianum also significantly increased the number of marketable fruits and total number of fruits plant−1 with 4.0 g m−2 producing the highest numbers of 8.7 and 9.7, respectively. Except for the number of fruits with three locules, the main effects of Trichoderma dosages were not significant on fruit characteristics such as length, weight and wall thickness. The number of fruits with three locules was increased with the application of Trichoderma where results from all the three dosages were superior to those of the control. T. harzianum applied did not have any significant effect on the number of two and four loculed fruits. It was concluded that the application of Trichoderma harzianum at a dosage of 4.0 g m−2 significantly increased bell pepper yield.

A novel method of the use of a tubular polythene cover for arms and forearms as a part of universal precautions.

A novel method of the use of a tubular polythene cover for arms and forearms as a part of universal precautions.

Physical effects of direct drilling equipment on undisturbed soils

Abstract A number of combinations of groove formation and seed covering techniques, aimed at improving the seedling emergence from grooves created by a triple disc coulter (with plain pre-disc), were tested in an initially dry soil under controlled climatic conditions. It appeared that smearing and compaction either did not occur or were not associated with a reduction in seedling emergence from the triple disc grooves. A loose soil cover over the seeds did not improve seedling emergence performance although a less permeable polythene cover improved performance markedly. When seeds were pressed into the groove base, seedling emergence also increased significantly. A hypothesis to explain the probable dependence of seedling emergence on the in-groove soil moisture vapour retained by the groove covering medium is suggested. This was termed “moisture vapour potential captivity”(MVPC).

THE CONSERVATION OF A PRESERVED HUMAN HEAD

AbstractLarge ethnographical collections sometimes contain examples of preserved human heads. There are those from the Maori of New Zealand, the well-known Jivaro Indian shrunken heads, and others from Papua-New Guinea. The article describes the preservation process as practised in Western Papua by the tribal craftsman, and then the problems of conservation in the museum laboratory. The latter include the cleaning of the skin, and the painted areas of the face, with the non-ionic surface-active agent Lissapol N in distilled water, followed by consolidation of the painted surface with an application of 2 % soluble nylon in industrial methylated spirit. Clay and fibre within the head were consolidated with a 5 % solution of the polymethacrylic ester Bedacryl 122X (I.C.I.) in xylene; and the fibre ear ornaments, after cleaning with Lissapol N, were consolidated with a 5 % solution of soluble nylon in industrial methylated spirit. The specimen was fitted with a specially made polythene cover, and stored in an...