Polystyrene Plastic Waste Research Articles

Studi Eksprimental Dengan Metode Marshall Pemanfaatan Plastik Polystyrene Sebagai Bahan Aspal AC-BC

Polystyrene plastic waste is difficult to decompose naturally and becomes microplastics which pollute the environment. Therefore, plastic waste is utilized in road pavement mixtures. This research aims to find out whether the addition of Polystyrene to AC-BC asphalt with levels of 4% and 5% can improve the quality of asphalt based on the 2018 General Bina Marga specifications. This research was carried out in a laboratory and analyzed using the Marshall method. AC-BC asphalt test results with polystyrene content of 4% and 5%, show that only the VIM value at 4% plastic content with a value of 3.88% meets and 5% plastic content with a value of 2.58% does not meet the range of 3%-5%. , then apart from the VIM value of AC-BC asphalt it meets the specifications. Keywords: AC-WC, AC-BC, Polystyrene, Marshall

Comparison of Antioxidants to Increase the Oxidation Stability of Pyrolysis Oils of Three Plastics Using Iodine Value

Pyrolysis is an excellent method for recovering mixed and contaminated plastics that are no longer recyclable. Special attention must be paid to the stability of the fuel to avoid the formation of undesirable products. This can be achieved by additives such as antioxidants. In this study, high-density polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene plastic waste are slowly pyrolyzed to a maximum of 470 degrees Celsius. A gasoline fraction (0–190 °C) and a diesel fraction (190–320 °C) are then obtained from these. Three antioxidants are added to these fractions: pyrocatechol, phenol, and freshly produced algal pyrolysis oil; the latter is described in the literature as containing particularly high levels of antioxidants. The oxidation stability of these mixtures and the change in the iodine number over time are measured using a newer method than the commonly used method of Wijs. Phenol improves the oxidation stability best, followed successively by algae pyrolysis oil and pyrocatechol. The oxidation stability of the gasoline fraction of the polypropylene pyrolysis oil with phenol is 49% higher than that of the same fraction without antioxidants.

Preparation of photochromic and afterglow concrete from recycled polystyrene plastic waste immobilized with strontium aluminate nanoparticles

Strontium aluminate nanoparticles (SAN) were immobilized into recycled polystyrene plastic (PSP) waste to produce transparent photoluminescent concrete. The prepared SAN@PSP plastic showed strong optical transmittance, ultraviolet protection, photochromism, high mechanical strength, durability, photostability, and afterglow emission. Recycled polystyrene waste was mixed with different amounts of SAN (17–42 nm) to make a smart concrete with an afterglow emission. A bright afterglow smart concrete was casted from a mixture of the generated colorless PSP plastic and SAN. The excitation and emission spectra were recorded to learn more about its photoluminescence capabilities. The colorless polystyrene plates became bright green beneath ultraviolet supply and greenish-yellow beneath darkness, as measured by photoluminescence parameters. An emission peak at 518 nm, and an excitation peak at 365 nm were monitored in the polystyrene smart concrete. CIE color space results were employed to confirm the homogeneous transparency of the photochromic concrete. The hydrophobicity, hardness, photostability, and UV shielding all increased with an increase in the SAN ratio. When exposed to UV light, fast and reversible fluorescence was shown by the luminescent polystyrene substrates with a low SAN ratio, whereas luminescent polystyrene substrates with a larger SAN concentration exhibited afterglow.

Effect of time on alternative hydrocarbon production from waste PS with biodiesel of candlenut oil using catalytic cracking and Si/Al-Ceramic as catalyst

In the present study, the catalytic cracking process of polystyrene (PS) plastic waste and biodiesel of candlenut oil was carried out using Si/Al-ceramic catalyst with a mass ratio of 7:3 at 300 °C. This study aimed to investigate the effect of reaction time on the distribution of hydrocarbon fuel fractions produced. They are characterized by XRD, SEM-EDX, FTIR, and N2 gas adsorption-desorption. The products components of PS catalytic cracking were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The liquid fuel obtained was mixed with commercial fuel, Premium RON 88, and methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) additive to determine its physicochemical properties and performance in a generator engine with gasoline-based fuel. The result showed that an increase in reaction time from 60 minutes to 120 minutes of PS cracking over Si/Al-Ceramic catalyst leads to the enrichment of long-chain hydrocarbon fraction (> C12) by 25.61% which is attributed to the formation of styrene dimer. The fuel has thermal efficiency of 26.49% with density of 0.7405 g/cm3, flashpoint of < -50 °C, calorific value of 9642.42 kcal/kg, and octane number of 92.2. These characteristics are in accordance with SNI 06-3506-1994 standard. Therefore, liquid fuel from catalytic cracking of polystyrene plastic wastes can be used as a potential alternative fuel in the gasoline range.

Turning trash into treasure: Metal-free upcycling of polystyrene plastic waste to aromatics

The environmental stress of plastic waste and the high demand of aromatic commodities are both calling for sustainable solutions. In this issue of <i>Chem</i>, Das and co-workers develop an integrated strategy for both dilemmas by upcycling polystyrene plastic waste to low-molecular-weight aromatics via a metal-free catalytic photooxidation pathway.

Catalytic oxidation of polystyrene to aromatic oxygenates over a graphitic carbon nitride catalyst

The continuous increase in manufacturing coupled with the difficulty of recycling of plastic products has generated huge amounts of waste plastics. Most of the existing chemical recycling and upcycling methods suffer from harsh conditions and poor product selectivity. Here we demonstrate a photocatalytic method to oxidize polystyrene to aromatic oxygenates under visible light irradiation using heterogeneous graphitic carbon nitride catalysts. Benzoic acid, acetophenone, and benzaldehyde are the dominant products in the liquid phase when the conversion of polystyrene reaches >90% at 150 °C. For the transformation of 0.5 g polystyrene plastic waste, 0.36 g of the aromatic oxygenates is obtained. The reaction mechanism is also investigated with various characterization methods and procedes via polystyrene activation to form hydroxyl and carbonyl groups over its backbone via C–H bond oxidation which is followed by oxidative bond breakage via C–C activation and further oxidation processes to aromatic oxygenates.

Physical Thermal Effect Test for Treatment of Polystyrene Plastic Waste

Physical Thermal Effect Test for Treatment of Polystyrene Plastic Waste

Analytical characterization of color changing waste polystyrene plastic

Solubility of waste polystyrene plastic into solvent is one of the cost effective and easier process for managing the polystyrene plastic waste. In this work solubility of waste transparent polystyrene plastic waste into aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent (hexane) has been determined. Experimental results have shown to develop a white material. The solubility of waste transparent polystyrene plastic sample was investigated through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, optical microscopy, Scanning electron microscopy , measure the contact angle and differential scanning calorimetry. Therefore utilization of transparent polystyrene plastic waste is possible and solubility technique approach is an easy method for utilization of waste polystyrene plastic.

Thermal conversion of polystyrene plastic waste to liquid fuel via ethanolysis

Since decades, one of the major troublesome environmental issue to the society is Polystyrene waste. Thermal conversion method can be used to transform the plastic waste into useful energy source. In this study, liquefaction technique using ethanol as a solvent was used to produce liquid fuel from polystyrene. The experiments were performed at different temperatures (290–370 °C), ethanol to polystyrene ratios (0.25:1–4:1) and reaction times (15–75 min) in an autoclave batch reactor. After characterization, quantitative and qualitative evaluation of liquid products; results showed that at temperature of 350 °C, ethanol to polystyrene ratio of 0.5:1 and reaction time of 60 min, highest liquid yield of 84.7 wt% was achieved. The viscosity, density, pH, calorific value and flash point of the oil product at this condition was 0.36 cP, 0.88 g/mL, 6.86, 40.91 MJ/kg and 55 °C respectively. Through GC–MS analysis, it was found that the oil product was mostly composed of aromatics, alkenes and alkyls; which made the liquid oil suitable to be used as fuel. In addition, comparative study was conducted by replacing ethanol with water as solvent under same conditions. Based on results, study proved ethanol to be better solvent than water which is commonly used in liquefaction process. Lastly, the liquid fuel produced is suitable to be used as alternative energy source for conventional fossil fuels.

Effect of catalysts on the conversion of polystyrene plastic waste into fuel with the Catalytic Cracking Method

Polystyrene is useful product that widely used today. But when it becomes waste, Polystyrene can cause environmental problem such as air pollution, soil contamination, as well as economical resistence due to the increase of space and disposal costs. On the other hand Polystyrene can be converted into fuel. It is expected can be a solution of the problem. The aim of this research is to convert polystyrene plastic waste into useful fuel with catalytic cracking process. Zeolit and Al2O3 was used as catalyst in this research as musch as 8 % feed. Temperature set at 250 oC. At the optimum reaction condition (catalyst Al2O3 and the length of cracking time is 30 minutes) the liquid yield of catalytic cracking process was 29.40 %. Physical properties like density, spgr, oAPI gravity and calorific value of fuel samples is determined and compared to gasoline standard. The result showed that density, spgr, oAPI gravity and calorific value was close to the density, spgr, oAPI gravity and calorific value of gasoline standard.

Utilization of polystyrene waste with biodiesel from cooking oil waste as feedstock in catalytic cracking using Al-MCM-41/Ceramic and Pd/Al-MCM-41/Ceramic catalysts

Liquid fuel from polystyrene plastic waste with co-reactant of cooking oil waste biodiesel has been obtained. The catalysts used in catalytic cracking are Al-MCM-41/ceramic and Pd/Al-MCM-41/ceramic catalysts. Morphology and elemental composition were observed with SEM EDX, the crystal structure observed with XRD, surface area and pore volume were analyzed by Nitrogen adsorption-desorption each calculated by BET and BJH method, acidity determined by FTIR-Pyridine, and temperature resistance analyzed by DTA. The results of catalytic cracking were investigated using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). Characterization of the catalyst showed that acidity was reduced because the Si/Al ratio was reduced after the impregnation and the surface area of Al-MCM-41/ceramics also decreased. SEM EDX shows that the composition of the carbon element on the surface of the Pd/Al- MCM-41/ceramic catalyst is smaller compared to the Al-MCM-41/ceramic catalyst. The results of the GC-MS characterization of liquid fuels from catalytic cracking using Pd/Al- MCM-41/ceramics catalyst, have a percentage of gasoline fraction (C7-C12) of 74.9% at 120 minutes cracking. The mixture of fuel from the addition of 150 mL liquid fuel resulting from catalytic cracking with Pd/Al-MCM-41/ceramic catalyst has the highest calorific value of 19160.61 (kcal/kg) and the performance of the gasoline Genset engine has the highest thermal efficiency of 28.27%.

The conversion of expanded polystyrene waste to liquid fuel using Cu-Al2O3 by the thermal catalytic cracking process

The high use of plastic and the length of time the decomposition will worsen environmental conditions. The processing of plastic waste by incineration was not a safe method for the environment because it will produce gas emissions that potentially become pollutants. The catalytic cracking process is one of the ways to process polystyrene plastic waste into liquid fuel. The purpose of this study is to identify the effect of cracking temperature and mass of catalyst towards the volume and fuel quality of the production. The research conducted through the thermal catalytic cracking process. The mass of catalyst Cu-Al2O3 is 0.5 g, 1 g, 1.5 g. The cracking temperature is 150 °C, 200 °C, 250 °C. Cracking time is 90 minutes. The highest volume of the liquid fuel was 113 mL at a 250°C cracking temperature and the addition of 1g catalyst. The results of the best density analysis obtained at 0.74 g/mL, and the octane number of RON is 100, MON is 90, and AKI is 94.4.

Polystyrene Plastic Waste Conversion into Liquid Fuel with Catalytic Cracking Process Using Al2O3 as Catalyst

The increase in energy consumption and an increase in the plastic waste generation are two major problems that arise along with economic growth and the increase in population. Styrofoam is one type of polystyrene plastic waste that can be processed into liquid fuels by cracking process. In this study, the cracking process of polystyrene plastic waste into liquid fuel carried by the catalytic cracking process using Al 2 O 3 as a catalyst. This study aimed to determine the effect of the catalyst weight, length of cracking time and range of temperature in the catalytic cracking process of polystyrene plastic waste into liquid fuel toward the mass and characteristics of liquid fuels produced and to determine the composition of liquid fuels produced. The catalytic cracking process of polystyrene plastic waste with catalyst was done in the fixed bed type reactor by heating the reactor with a heater, where the process took place at temperature of 150°C, 200°C, 250°C and 300°C and the length of the process was varied into 20, 40, and 60 minutes and the catalyst weight was also varied, which were 4%, 6% and 8%, while the styrofoam weight was 250 grams. From the research, the highest mass of liquid fuel derived from polystyrene catalytic cracking process was in the amount of 48.8 grams and liquid yield percentage of 19.5% at temperature of 250°C, cracking time of 60 minutes and weight of 8% catalyst, while the characteristics of liquid fuel that were approaching the characteristics of gasoline was at temperatures of 250°C, cracking time of 60 minutes and weight of 6% catalyst, in which each value of density of 0.763 g/ml, specific gravity of 0.778 and o API gravity of 50.2. While other liquid fuels obtained from the cracking of polystyrene were still within the tolerance range characteristic properties of gasoline. Liquid fuels produced from the catalytic cracking process was analyzed using a GC-MS, in which the analysis results indicated that liquid fuels were included in the gasoline fraction.

Plastic waste to liquid oil through catalytic pyrolysis using natural and synthetic zeolite catalysts

This study aims to examine the catalytic pyrolysis of various plastic wastes in the presence of natural and synthetic zeolite catalysts. A small pilot scale reactor was commissioned to carry out the catalytic pyrolysis of polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) and their mixtures in different ratios at 450°C and 75min. PS plastic waste resulted in the highest liquid oil yield of 54% using natural zeolite and 50% using synthetic zeolite catalysts. Mixing of PS with other plastic wastes lowered the liquid oil yield whereas all mixtures of PP and PE resulted in higher liquid oil yield than the individual plastic feedstocks using both catalysts. The GC–MS analysis revealed that the pyrolysis liquid oils from all samples mainly consisted of aromatic hydrocarbons with a few aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds. The types and amounts of different compounds present in liquid oils vary with some common compounds such as styrene, ethylbenzene, benzene, azulene, naphthalene, and toluene. The FT-IR data also confirmed that liquid oil contained mostly aromatic compounds with some alkanes, alkenes and small amounts of phenol group. The produced liquid oils have high heating values (HHV) of 40.2–45MJ/kg, which are similar to conventional diesel. The liquid oil has potential to be used as an alternative source of energy or fuel production.

Investigation of the Effect of Polystyrene (PS) Waste Washing Process and Pyrolysis Temperature on (PS) Pyrolysis Product Quality

Abstract: Pyrolysis has been proposed as a viable processing route for recovering the organic compounds from polystyrene (PS) plastic wastes as fuels and chemical feedstock. In this study, PS plastic wastes were collected; some portion of them was washed in field-simulated laboratory scale system. Both washed and unwashed PS plastic waste samples were pyrolyzed at fixed bed reactor pyrolysis equipment. The pyrolysis process has been applied at 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700°C with 5°C/min heating rate. The effect of pyrolysis temperature and plastic washing process on the pyrolysis yields and solid, oil and gas products quality were investigated. The solid products (char) were characterized by FTIR and SEM. Oil and gas products were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The heat values were determined using an automatic calorimetric bomb. Pyrolysis oil products composed of heavy hydrocarbons (C10-C40). Heating values were found between 4300-4800 kCal. Pyrolysis gases of both wased and unwashed PS mainly contain gas samples contain pentene, pentane, hexane, benzene, heptane, toluene, octane, ethylbenzene and styrene. Each of these components has potential for use as fuel or as raw materials for various industrial processes after proper separation process.

Effect of plastic waste types on pyrolysis liquid oil

This paper aims to examine the effect of different plastic waste types such as polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) on the yield and quality of produced liquid oil from the pyrolysis process. A small pilot scale pyrolysis reactor was commissioned for this purpose, and operated at optimum temperature and retention time of 450 °C and 75 min respectively. PS plastic waste showed maximum production of liquid oil (80.8%) along with least production of gases (13%) and char (6.2%) in comparison to other plastic types. Liquid oils from all plastic types contained mostly aromatic compounds with some alkanes and alkenes. Liquid oil from PS pyrolysis contained styrene (48.3%), ethylbenzene (21.2%) and toluene (25.6%). Pyrolysis liquid oils found to have ranges of dynamic viscosity (1.77–1.90 mPa s), kinematic viscosity (1.92–2.09 cSt), density (0.91–0.92 g/cm3), pour point (−11(-60 °C)), freezing point (−15-(-65 °C)), flash point (28.1–30.2 °C) and high heating value (HHV) (41.4–41.8 MJ/kg) similar to conventional diesel, thus have potential as an alternative energy source for electricity generation. Upgrading of liquid oil using different post-treatment methods such as distillation, refining and blending with conventional diesel is required to make it suitable as a transport fuel due to presence of high aromatic compounds. The recovery of aromatic compounds especially styrene from pyrolysis oil can be a potential source of precursor chemical in industries for polymerization of styrene monomers.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PYROLYSIS OIL BATCH POLYETHYLENE AND POLYSTHYRENE PLASTIC WASTE AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES

Efforts are being carried out in order to utilize polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS) plastic waste by converting them into fuel or oil. One technology that can be used is pyrolysis. This study aims to (1) determine the quantity and the characteristics of oil from the results of pyrolysis polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS) plastic waste at various temperatures which include characteristics of physics (specific gravity, heating value, flash point, pour point, and kinematic viscosity) and chemical characteristics (composition compounds in oil), (2) determine the optimal conditions of process pyrolysis related to the quality and quantity of oil by pyrolysis, and (3) determine the potential treatment of PE and PS plastic waste by pyrolysis method.The materials used in this study were the type of polyethylene (plastic bags) and polystyrene/styrofoam (for fruits or vegetables) plastic waste. The selected temperature variations are T = 400oC, 450oC, and 500oC. Pyrolysis oil was weighed and measured its volume to obtain v/wo and yield.The results showed that the quantity of pyrolysis oil from polyethylene (PE) plastic waste at temperatures of 400, 450, and 500oC based on v/wo (ml/g) respectively were 0.3429 ml/g; 0.5129 ml/g; and 0.199 ml/g while the results of polystyrene (PS) plastic waste at temperatures of 400, 450, and 500oC respectively were 0.89 ml/g; 0.905 ml/g; and 0.915 ml/g. The results of pyrolysis oil based on yield of polyethylene (PE) plastic waste at temperatures of 400, 450, and 500oC respectively were 33.33 wt%; 38.61 wt%; and 15.55 wt% while polystyrene (PS) plastic waste at temperatures of 400, 450, and 500oC respectively were 80.94 wt%; 79.79 wt%; and 80.14 wt%. While the characteristics shown by the results of pyrolysis oil from PE plastic with a temperature of 400oC were closer to kerosene while at temperatures of 450 and 500oC were closer to the characteristics of diesel fuel. As for pyrolysis oil results of PS plastic with temperatures of 400, 450, and 500oC were closer to the characteristics of gasoline. Optimal conditions of pyrolysis oil related to the quantity of pyrolysis of PE plastic at a temperature of 450oC was obtained when the highest of v/wo and yield respectively were 0.5129 ml/g and 38.16 wt%, while for the pyrolysis of PS did not have any optimal conditions. For, oil produced was relatively constant despite the increasing temperatures. Based on technical analysis, handling PE and PS plastic waste using pyrolysis methods provides benefits to society making it feasible to do.

Emission of volatile organic compounds from solid waste disposal sites and importance of heat management

The emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from a solid waste disposal site for municipal solid wastes was quantified. The VOCs contained in the landfill gas taken at the site were benzene, toluene, xylenes, ethyl benzenes, and trimethyl benzenes, while the concentrations of chlorinated compounds were very low. The concentration of benzene in the landfill gas samples ranged from below the detection limit to 20 mg m(-3), and the ratio of benzene to toluene ranged from 0.2 to 8. The higher concentrations of VOCs in landfill gas and in leachates were observed with the samples taken at high temperature areas of the target site. Polystyrene plastic waste was identified as one of the sources of VOCs in solid waste disposal sites at a high temperature condition. The appropriate heat management in landfill sites is an important countermeasure to avoid unusually high emission of VOCs because the heat generated by the biodegradation of organic solid wastes may promote the release of VOCs, especially in the case of sites which receive both biodegradable and plastic wastes.

Pyrolysis of Polystyrene Plastic Wastes with Some Organic Compounds for Enhancing Styrene Yield

Pyrolysis of polystyrene (PS) plastic waste was investigated in this experimental work harnessing a pressured autoclave surrounded by a furnace. PS was thermally degraded with various organic compounds, such as phenol, quinone, naphthalene, and diphenylamine. Experiments varied the temperature between 350 and 450°C. The main products of PS waste pyrolysis were mainly styrene monomer, ethyl benzene, toluene, and methyl styrene. The product spectrum can be described as a function of pyrolysis temperature and used organic compounds. The yield styrene of liquid products at various temperatures and at 400°C and 60 min with organic compounds were about from 60 to 74%. The optimum pyrolysis temperature to maximize styrene monomer yield (about 60%) was 400°C, and the maximum styrene yield was obtained with naphthalene as 74% in this study. The amount of styrene was found to increase in the following order: diphenylamine < thermal < phenol < quinone < naphthalene.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in polystyrene derived pyrolysis oil

Polystyrene plastic waste was pyrolysed in a static batch reactor with secondary cracking of the volatile products at 500, 600 and 700°C. The condensed pyrolysis oil was analysed for its content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The oils were high in styrene, styrene oligomers and alkylated derivatives. In addition, the oil contained PAH in high concentration, some of which were of known biological activity. The PAH were found to increase with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Catalytic upgrading of the oils using zeolite ZSM-5 reduced the concentration of styrene oligomers and increased the concentration of PAH.