Polysaccharide Supplementation Research Articles

Extraction, Characterisation and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Probiotic Growth Potential of Water-Soluble Polysaccharides from Ulva rigida Macroalgae.

Ulva rigida green macroalgae contain a variety of polysaccharides. A recent study investigated the optimum concentration and yield of polysaccharide extraction from oven-dried U. rigida biomass using a water-soluble polysaccharide extraction method that adhered to safety standards. This study utilised complete factorial experiments to examine the effects of varying factors on polysaccharide extraction. Results showed a positive correlation between increased levels of all factors and higher polysaccharide extraction yield. This study also found that the main factors and their interaction had a significant impact on the extracted polysaccharides from U. rigida. The highest polysaccharide content and yield were 9.5 mg/mL and 189 mg/g, respectively. Water-soluble polysaccharides demonstrated the presence of reducing sugar (8 mg/g), phenolics (0.69 mg/g) and flavonoids (1.42 mg/g) and exhibited antioxidant properties. Results revealed that freeze-dried polysaccharide powders were primarily composed of the monosaccharide rhamnose. Preliminary results on the effect of these powders on probiotics demonstrated that supplementation of polysaccharides from U. rigida promoted viable Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 53103 growth during cultivation. This discovery has the potential to revolutionise the human food industry and promote the development of functional ingredients for novel and future food products, with numerous applications in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.

Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharide Supplementation Significantly Activates T-Cell-Mediated Antitumor Immunity and Enhances Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy Efficacy in Colorectal Cancer.

Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP) is a prebiotic with immunomodulatory effects. However, the therapeutic potential of GLP in tumor immunotherapy has not been fully explored, especially in T cell-mediated antitumor immunity. In this study, we found that GLP significantly inhibited tumor growth and activated antitumor immunity in colorectal cancer (CRC). In the spleens and tumor tissues, the proportion of cytotoxic CD8+T cells and Th1 helper cells increased, while immunosuppressive Tregs decreased. Additionally, microbiota dysbiosis was alleviated by GLP, and short-chain fatty acid production was increased. Meanwhile, GLP decreased the ratio of kynurenine and tryptophan (Kyn/Trp) in the serum, which contributed to antitumor immunity of T cells. More importantly, the combination of GLP and the immune checkpoint inhibitor anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody further enhanced the efficacy of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Thus, GLP as a prebiotic has the potential to be used in tumor immunotherapy.

The impact of daily supplementation with rhamnogalacturonan-I on the gut microbiota in healthy adults: A randomized controlled trial

Pectin and its derivatives have been shown to modulate immune signaling as well as gut microbiota in preclinical studies, which may constitute the mechanisms by which supplementation of specific pectic polysaccharides confers protection against viral respiratory infections. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled rhinovirus (RV16) challenge study, healthy volunteers were randomized to consume placebo (0.0 g/day) (N = 46), low-dose (0.3 g/day) (N = 49) or high-dose (1.5 g/day) (N = 51) of carrot derived rhamnogalacturonan-I (cRG-I) for eight weeks and they were subsequently challenged with RV-16. Here, the effect of 8-week cRG-I supplementation on the gut microbiota was studied. While the overall gut microbiota composition in the population was generally unaltered by this very low dose of fibre, the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium spp. (mainly B. adolescentis and B. longum) was significantly increased by both doses of cRG-1. Moreover, daily supplementation of cRG-I led to a dose-dependent reduction in inter- and intra-individual microbiota heterogeneity, suggesting a stabilizing effect on the gut microbiota. The severity of respiratory symptoms did not directly correlate with the cRG-I-induced microbial changes, but several dominant groups of the Ruminococcaceae family and microbiota richness were positively associated with a reduced and hence desired post-infection response. Thus, the present results on the modulation of the gut microbiota composition support the previously demonstrated immunomodulatory and protective effect of cRG-I during a common cold infection.

Lycium barbarum polysaccharide ameliorates the accumulation of lipid droplets in adipose tissue via an ATF6/SIRT1-dependent mechanism.

Lipid droplets (LDs) are dynamic organelles that store neutral lipids and are closely linked to obesity. Previous studies have suggested that Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) supplements can ameliorate obesity, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we hypothesize that LBP alleviates LD accumulation in adipose tissue (AT) by inhibiting fat-specific protein 27 (Fsp27) through an activating transcription factor-6 (ATF6)/small-molecule sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)-dependent mechanism. LD accumulation in AT is induced in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice, and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes (PAs) is induced. The ability of LBP to alleviate LD accumulation and the possible underlying mechanism are then investigated both in vivo and in vitro. The influences of LBP on the expressions of LD-associated genes ( ATF6 and Fsp27) are also detected. The results show that HFD and PA differentiation markedly increase LD accumulation in ATs and adipocytes, respectively, and these effects are markedly suppressed by LBP supplementation. Furthermore, LBP significantly activates SIRT1 and decreases ATF6 and Fsp27 expressions. Interestingly, the inhibitory effects of LBP are either abolished or exacerbated when ATF6 is overexpressed or silenced, respectively. Furthermore, SIRT1 level is transcriptionally regulated by LBP through opposite actions mediated by ATF6. Collectively, our findings suggest that LBP supplementation alleviates obesity by ameliorating LD accumulation, which might be partially mediated by an ATF6/SIRT1-dependent mechanism.

Gut microbiota-derived 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid from pumpkin polysaccharides supplementation alleviates colitis via MAPKs-PPARγ/NF-κB inhibition

Polysaccharides from Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duchesne) (PPs) have many pharmacological activities, including anti-oxidant, immune, and intestinal microbiota regulation. These activities have provided some reminders of its potential therapeutic effect on ulcerative colitis (UC), but this has not yet been confirmed. This study preliminarily confirmed its significant anti-UC activity superior to Salicylazosulfapyridine. The average molecular weight of PPs was 3.10 × 105 Da, and PPs mainly comprised Mannose, Rhamnose, Galacturonic acid, Galactosamine, Glucose, and Xylose with molar ratios of 1.58:3.51:34.54:1.00:3.25:3.02. PPs (50, 100 mg/kg) could significantly resist dextran sodium sulfate induced UC on C57BL/6 mice by improving gut microbiota dysbiosis, such as the changes of relative abundance of Bacteroides, Culturomica, Mucispirillum, Escherichia-Shigella, Alistipes and Helicobacter. PPs also reverse the abnormal inflammatory reaction, including abnormal level changes of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-18. Metabolomic profiling showed that PPs supplementation resulted in the participation of PPAR and MAPK pathways, as well as the increase of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) level. 5-HIAA also exhibited individual and synergistic anti-UC activities in vivo. Furthermore, combination of PPs and 5-HIAA could also elevate the levels of PPARγ in nuclear and inhibit MAPK/NF-ĸB pathway in the colon. This study revealed that PPs and endogenous metabolite 5-HIAA might be developed to treat UC.

Laminaria japonica Polysaccharides Improves the Growth Performance and Faecal Digestive Enzyme Activity of Weaned Piglets.

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of Laminaria japonica polysaccharide (LJP) supplementation at levels of 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg on the growth performance, faecal digestive enzyme activity, and serum biochemistry and amino acids of weaned piglets. One hundred and twenty weaned piglets (Barkshire × Licha Black, 21 days old, 6.13 ± 0.16 kg) were randomly divided into four groups with five replicates of six piglets in each group based on body weight. Piglets were fed with different levels (0, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) of LJP for a 21-day trial. On day 21, faecal and blood samples were collected from one piglet per pen. The results showed that the supplementation of the 200 and 400 mg/kg LJP significantly increased average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared to the control group (p = 0.007; p = 0.002), and dietary LJP linearly increased ADG and ADFI (p = 0.002; p < 0.001). In addition, the supplementation of the 200 and 400 mg/kg LJP significantly increased faecal amylase activity (p < 0.001) compared to the control group, and dietary LJP linearly increased faecal amylase and lipase activities (p = 0.001; p = 0.037). Moreover, dietary LJP at 400 mg/kg increased serum histidine content compared to the other groups (p = 0.002), and dietary LJP linearly increased the contents of serum histidine and asparagine in piglets (p < 0.001; p = 0.046). In conclusion, supplementation of 200 and 400 mg/kg LJP could enhance growth performance and faecal digestive enzyme activity and modulate the serum amino acid content of weaned piglets, potentially contributing to the health of weaned piglets.

Enhanced anti-fatigue and exercise performances due to Huáng qí polysaccharide supplementation in mice

In modern society, people have busy and competitive lives, with different stresses causing fatigue and overwork, which may ultimately harm their health. We investigated the beneficial effects of Astragalus polysaccharide (rAPS) on fatigue and exercise performance. Forty male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were randomly divided into four groups according to body weight (BW): control group (distilled water), 1-fold dose group (0.70 g rAPS/kg BW/day), 2-fold dose group (1.40 g rAPS/kg BW/day) and a 5-fold dose group (3.50 g rAPS/kg BW/day). In terms of exercise performance, rAPS supplementation significantly improved grip strength performance and time to exhaust-loaded swim times when compared with controls (p < 0.05). Moreover, rAPS supplementation significantly reduced fatigue-related biochemical parameters, including blood lactate and BUN levels, while significantly improve muscle strength and swimming endurance times t(p < 0.05). Hence, we recommend that rAPS elicit antifatigue and performance-enhancing health benefits.

Yeast polysaccharide supplementation: impact on lactation, growth, immunity, and gut microbiota in Dezhou donkeys.

The Dezhou donkey, a prominent Chinese breed, is known for its remarkable size, rapid growth, and resilience to tough feeding conditions, and disease resistance. These traits are crucial in meeting the growing demand for Ejiao and donkey meat. Yeast polysaccharide (YPS), a functional polysaccharide complex known for its immune-enhancing and growth-promoting properties in livestock and poultry, remains relatively understudied in donkeys. This study aimed to investigate the impact of YPS supplementation on lactating and growing Dezhou donkey jennies and foals. Twelve 45-day-old Dezhou donkey foals and their jennies, matched for body weight and age, were randomly allocated to two dietary groups: a control group receiving a basal diet and an experimental group receiving the basal diet supplemented with 10 g/pen of YPS. The experiment was conducted over a 23-day period, during which donkey foals and lactating jennies were co-housed. The findings revealed that YPS supplementation had no adverse effects on milk production or composition in Dezhou donkey jennies but significantly increased feed intake. Additionally, YPS was associated with increased plasma glucose and creatinine concentrations in foals, while tending to decrease alkaline phosphatase, white blood cell count, red blood cell count, and hemoglobin levels (p < 0.10). Immune indices demonstrated that YPS supplementation elevated the levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) in jennies (p < 0.05) and increased complement component C4 concentrations in foals (p < 0.05). Moreover, YPS positively influenced the fecal microbiome, promoting the abundance of beneficial microorganisms such as Lactobacillus and Prevotella in donkey foals and Terriporobacter and Cellulosilyticum in jennies, all of which contribute to enhanced feed digestion. Additionally, YPS induced alterations in the plasma metabolome for both jennies and foals, with a predominant presence of lipids and lipid-like molecules. Notably, YPS increased the concentrations of specific lipid metabolites, including 13,14-Dihydro PGF2a, 2-Isopropylmalic acid, 2,3-Dinor-TXB2, Triterpenoids, Taurocholic acid, and 3b-Allotetrahydrocortisol, all of which are associated with improved animal growth. In conclusion, this study suggests that dietary supplementation of YPS enhances feed intake, boosts immunity by increasing immunoglobulin levels, stimulates the growth-promoting gut microbiota (Lactobacillus and Prevotella), and exerts no adverse effects on the metabolism of both Dezhou donkey jennies and foals.

Effects of dietary supplementation of Gracilaria lemaneiformis-derived sulfated polysaccharides on the growth, antioxidant capacity, and innate immunity of rabbitfish (Siganus canaliculatus).

The dietary supplementation of red seaweed-derived polysaccharides has been shown to be beneficial to fish and shellfish aquaculture. However, the function of red seaweed (Gracilaria lemaneiformis)-extracted polysaccharide (GLP) on the health status of rabbitfish (Siganus canaliculatus) is still unknown. This study explored the influences of GLP on growth performance, antioxidant activity, and immunity of rabbitfish. Herein, the fish were fed commercial pelleted feed incorporated with the diverse amount of GLP: 0 (control), 0.10 (GLP0.10), and 0.15gkg-1(GLP0.15) for 60 days. The results demonstrated that dietary GLP0.15 significantly elevated FBW and WG, while feed utilization efficiency improved (reduced feed conversion ratio and increased protein efficiency ratio) upon GLP0.10 treatment, regarding the control (P<0.05). Also, dietary administration of GLP0.15 suggestively improved the serum acid phosphatase and lysozyme activity as well as hepatic total antioxidant capacity, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activity. In contrast, GLP0.15decreased the serum alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and malonaldehyde activity when compared to the control (P<0.05). Moreover, the lipase (36.08 and 16.46 U/mgprot in GLP0.10 and GLP0.15, respectively) and amylase (0.43 and 0.23 U/mgprot in GLP0.10 and GLP0.15, respectively) activity recorded the maximum values than the control (8.61 and 0.13 U/mgprot, respectively).Further, the intestinal morphometry was developed (such as increased villus length, width, and area) in the fish fed with a GLP-supplemented diet compared to the control. The KEGG pathway analysis unveiled that several differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in control vs. GLP0.10 and control vs. GLP0.15 were associated with metabolic or immune-associated pathways like antigen processing and presentation, phagosome, complement and coagulation cascades, and platelet activation. The DEGs, namely C3, f5, fgb, MHC1, and cfb, were evaluated in control vs. GLP0.10 and C3 and MHC1 in control vs. GLP0.15, suggesting their possible contributions to GLP-regulated immunity. Additionally, the cumulative mortality of rabbitfish after the Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge was lower in both GLP0.10 (8.88%) and GLP0.15 (11.11%) than in control (33.33%) (P<0.05). Thus, these findings direct the potential use of GLP as an immunostimulant and growth promoter in rabbitfish aquaculture.

Potent Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Enhancement of Nostoc commune Vaucher Polysaccharide Supplementation Ameliorates Acute Ulcerative Colitis in Mice Mediated by Gut Microbiota.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is evolving into a global burden with a substantially increasing incidence in developing countries. It is characterized by inflammation confined to mucosa and is recognized as an intestinal barrier disease. The intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in UC pathogenesis. N. commune has long been appreciated as a healthy food and supplement worldwide and polysaccharides account for 60%. Here, we examined the amelioration of N. commune polysaccharides against acute colitis in mice induced by DSS and assessed the mediating role of gut microbiota. An integrated analysis of microbiome, metabolomics, and transcriptomics fully elaborated it markedly enhanced intestinal mucosal barrier function, including: increasing the relative abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, uncultured_bacterium_g__norank_f__Muribaculaceae, and unclassified_g__norank_f__norank_o__Clostridia_UCG-014; decreasing microbiota-derived phosphatidylcholines and thromboxane 2 levels mapped to arachidonic acid metabolism; improving mucin2 biosynthesis and secretion; enhancing ZO-1 and occludin expression; reducing neutrophil infiltration; regulating the level of colitis-related inflammatory cytokines; involving inflammation and immune function-associated signaling pathways. Further, the mediation effect of gut microbiota was evaluated by administering a cocktail of antibiotics. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that N. commune polysaccharides predominantly reinforced the gut microbiota-mediated intestinal mucosal barrier to confer protection against UC and exhibited dramatic prebiotic-like functions, providing an alternative or complementary treatment for UC.

Supplementation of Sulfate Polysaccharides in the Seminal Cooling Medium of Common Curimatã (Prochilodus Brevis)

Background The use of sulfated polysaccharides (PS) in seminal cooling is known to improve seminal quality. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of different concentrations of PS, extracted macroalgae Gracilaria domigensis as a supplement to the seminal cooling medium of the reophilic fish Prochilodus brevis (common curimatã). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five semen pools were diluted in ACP-104 (treatment T1), in BTS®(T2) and in BTS®with different concentrations of PS (0.5 [T3]; 1.0 [T4] and 1.5 [T5]). The samples were cooled for different times (0, 6, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h) and after each hour they were analyzed for: morphology, membrane integrity, DNA integrity and sperm kinetics. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the treatments containing different concentrations of sulfated polysaccharides. Regarding the different cooling times, it was possible to observe that after hour 96, there was a reduction in the parameters of sperm kinetics. For DNA integrity there was no significant difference in relation to the treatments nor in relation to the hours. For membrane integrity, a reduction was noted as of hour 96, but there was no influence of polysaccharides. For the sperm morphology, there was no statistical difference between the hours, however the BTS was better than the ACP-104. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the use of polysaccharides in seminal cooling has no negative effect on sperm parameters and proves that seminal cooling keeps the material viable for up to 72 hours.

Metabolomic Characteristics of Cecum Contents in High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obese Mice Intervened with Different Fibers

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effect of single or mixed fibers (arabinoxylan, β-glucan, xyloglucan, and inulin) on the metabolome of cecum content in mice with obesity caused by a high-fat diet. Twenty-eight six-week-old male mice were divided randomly into seven groups (n = 4/group), including a normal-diet group (CON), a high-fat-diet group (HFD), and groups with the same high-fat diet but supplemented with arabinoxylan (HFAX), arabinoxylan + β-glucan (HFAβ), arabinoxylan + xyloglucan (HFAG), xyloglucan (HFXG), and xyloglucan + inulin (HFXI). A total of 66 molecules were identified and quantified in cecum content by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H-NMR). The metabolomic profiles combined with statistical analysis revealed compounds distinguishing the control group from those supplemented with fibers. In detail, a high-fat diet could significantly elevate the concentrations of acetone and methionine (p < 0.05) while decreasing the levels of methanol, arabinose, acetate, and 3-hydroxyphenylacetate (p < 0.05) in the cecum contents of mice. Compared to HFD, the supplementation caused higher levels of fumarate and hypoxanthine (p < 0.05) and lower levels of phenylacetate, acetate, fucose, formate, proline, betaine, and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) (p < 0.05). An enrichment analysis highlighted that the pathways mainly altered were amino sugar metabolism, aspartate metabolism, and arginine and proline metabolism. In conclusion, non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) supplementation could change the metabolomic profiles of cecum contents in obese mice as a result of a high-fat diet. Moreover, mixed NSPs exhibited more beneficial effects than singular form on gut metabolism.

Effects of Artemisia ordosica polysaccharide on growth performance and antioxidant capacity in broilers

ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary Artemisia ordosica polysaccharide (AOP) supplementation on broilers’ growth performance and antioxidant function. A total of 288 1-day-old Arbor Acre broilers were randomly divided into 6 groups with 6 replicates each (n = 8). The groups contained a control diet group (basal diet, CON), an antibiotic diet group (basal diet + 50 mg/kg chlortetracycline, CTC) and AOP diet groups (basal diet containing 250, 500, 750, 1000 mg/kg AOP, respectively). The experiment included starter phase (days 1–21) and grower phase (days 22–42). The results showed that adding 750 mg/kg AOP increased the average daily gain (ADG), decreased feed/gain (F/G). Adding 500–1000 mg/kg AOP in the diet of broilers increased the activities of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in spleen, liver and small intestine (P < 0.05). The addition of AOP increased the gene expression levels of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), CAT, GSH-Px and SOD in Nrf2 signalling pathway. Our data suggested that AOP could improve broilers’ growth performance and antioxidant function. Therefore, AOP may be used as a growth promotion and antioxidant feed additive in broiler chickens instead of antibiotics.

Fucoidan from Laminaria japonica Ameliorates Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Association with Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Metabolites in Streptozocin-Treated Mice.

Chronic diseases have been a leading cause of death worldwide, and polysaccharide supplementation is an effective therapeutic strategy for chronic diseases without adverse effects. In this study, the beneficial effect of Laminaria japonica fucoidan (LJF) on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was evaluated in streptozocin-treated mice. LJF ameliorated the symptoms of T2DM in a dose-dependent manner, involving reduction in weight loss, water intake, triglyceride, blood glucose, cholesterol and free fatty acids, and increases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, catalase, glucagon-like peptide-1, and superoxide dismutase. In addition, LJF regulated the balance between insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity, reduced islet necrosis and β-cell damage, and inhibited fat accumulation in T2DM mice. The protective effect of LJF on T2DM can be associated with modulation of the gut microbiota and metabolites, e.g., increases in Lactobacillus and Allobaculum. Untargeted and targeted metabolomics analysis showed that the microbiota metabolite profile was changed with LJF-induced microbiota alterations, mainly involving amino acids, glutathione, and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism pathways. This study indicates that LJF can be used as a prebiotic agent for the prevention and treatment of diabetes and microbiota-related diseases.

Dietary sulfate-based alginate polysaccharide supplementation boosts growth, gut health, immune response and disease resistance in juvenile hybrid grouper (♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂ E. lanceolatus) fed cottonseed protein concentrate-based diets

To study the dietary prebiotic role of Sulfate-Based alginate polysaccharide (SAP) in cottonseed protein concentrate-based diets, six iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipid feeds were prepared to feed grouper, including a fishmeal control group (FM) was set at 50% fishmeal level, on this basis 5 groups replacing 50% fishmeal protein with cottonseed protein concentrate and supplementing sulfate-based alginate polysaccharide 0%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% (SAP0, SAP1, SAP2, SAP3 and SAP4 groups). The healthy and vigorous grouper (initial weight = 8.63 ± 0.01 g) were selected and randomly divided into 6 treatment groups in triplicates (30 fish in each repetition). The feeding experiment was conducted for 8 weeks, followed by a one-week Vibrio harveyi challenge. The experimental results showed that the weight gain and specific growth rate reached the significant maximums in SAP2 and SAP3 groups (P < 0.05). The malondialdehyde and triglyceride levels in serum decreased, while the antioxidant indicators and non-specific immune enzymes activity (lysozyme, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase) in serum and intestinal tissue got increased (P < 0.05). The intestinal digestive enzymes activity and histomorphology indices (plica height, plica width and muscle layer thickness) were increased (P < 0.05). Microbial sequencing revealed that the ACE and Chao1 indices increase firstly and then decreased, while the Shannon and Simpson indices showed a decreasing trend (P < 0.05). The expression level of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β and TNF-α) was down-regulated, yet the expression of anti-inflammatory factors (IL-10) was up-regulated in intestinal tissue (P < 0.05). The cumulative mortality of Vibrio harveyi challenge was significantly reduced (P < 0.05). In one word, the adverse effects on growth, immunity and intestinal health of grouper feeding cottonseed protein concentrate-based diets were repaired by the supplementing sulfate-based alginate polysaccharide. According to the binary regression analysis of specific growth rate among SAPs treatments, the optimum level of supplementing sulfate-based alginate polysaccharide of grouper was 2.25%.

Hericium erinaceus mycelium-Derived Polysaccharide Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis and Modulates Gut Microbiota in Cynomolgus Monkeys.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is rapidly increasing worldwide but prolong use of available corticosteroids treatment is associated with numerous adverse effects. There is the urgent need to develop novel therapeutic options. However, this requires the use of suitable disease models, but current models are generated with chemical agents mainly in rodents, which are unable to recapitulate the human occurrence. The aim of this study is to validate the occurrence of spontaneous UC in cynomolgus monkeys and explore the potential of Hericium erinaceus mycelium-derived polysaccharide in reversing UC pathologies. Postmortem bowel evaluation and biochemical analysis including inflammatory markers and fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) as well as nutrition status parameters, confirm the non-artificial induced spontaneous occurrence of UC in cynomolgus monkeys. Subsequently, H. erinaceus mycelium-derived polysaccharide supplementation significantly attenuates UC pathologies, improves nutritional status, reduces the incidence of diarrhea, and reduces inflammation in UC monkeys. Importantly, the polysaccharides administration enhances intestinal function and reshapes the gut microbiota. The study confirms the spontaneous UC monkeys can closely mimic the occurrence of UC in humans. Moreover, H. erinaceus mycelium-derived polysaccharide can effectively restore UC in monkeys, which show the prospects as precision nutritional supplement for the management of UC.

Regulatory effects of Auricularia cornea var. Li. polysaccharides on immune system and gut microbiota in cyclophosphamide-induced mice.

The immuno-regulating potential of edible fungus polysaccharides has gained more and more attention. However, there is little information about the study of Auricularia cornea var. Li. polysaccharides regulating immunomodulatory activity. The objective of this work to analyze the immunomodulatory activity and the mechanism of A. cornea var. Li. polysaccharides supplementation in an immunosuppressed mice model induced by cyclophosphamide. The effects of A. cornea var. Li. polysaccharides on immune system including immune organ indices, immunoglobulin contents, and inflammation cytokines in immunosuppressed mice were determined. In addition, the regulatory effects of A. cornea var. Li. polysaccharides on the gut microbiota and their metabolites were analyzed. Results showed that A. cornea var. Li. polysaccharides significantly elevated immune organ indexes, remarkably enhanced the levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG and IgM in serum and secretory IgA (sIgA) in the intestinal mucosa, conspicuously stimulated the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, and IL-10 in the serum. A. cornea var. Li. polysaccharides also could restore gut microbiota to the pattern that is similar with that of the control group with increase of the relative abundances of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing bacteria. Furthermore, the content of SCFAs were increased after A. cornea var. Li. polysaccharides supplementation. This study provides useful information for applications of A. cornea var. Li. polysaccharides in immune-regulated foods and medicine.

Yeast cell-wall polysaccharides improve immunity and attenuate inflammatory response via modulating gut microbiota in LPS-challenged laying hens

Effects of dietary supplementation of yeast cell-wall polysaccharides (YCWP) on production performance, ileal microbial composition, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-challenged laying hens, were evaluated. A total of 288 35-week-old Hy-Line Brown layers were randomly assigned into 4 dietary treatments: 0, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg YCWP, respectively. After a 12-week feeding period, a total of 32 birds were selected from the control (n = 16) and 1000 mg/kg YCWP group (n = 16). For each group, half (n = 8) received Escherichia coli LPS and half (n = 8) received PBS at 1 mg/kg body weight, intravenously. Results showed that YCWP enhanced feed efficiency and egg production linearly, with optimal laying performance notable in the 1000 mg/kg YCWP group. Dietary YCWP enhanced serum IgM and expression of ileal avian β-defensin, alleviated the LPS-induced elevated levels of serum IL-6 and IL-1β and the up-regulated expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-6 in spleen and/or ileal mucosa. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of YCWP were linked with its enhancement effect on microbial diversity, proliferation of Bifidobacteriaceae, Lactocillus, Candidatus_Arthromitus, Streptomyces, Bacillaceae, and Desulfovibrio, and reduced abundance of Shigella. Therefore, YCWP has the potentials to be utilized as safe prebiotics and gut enhancer in laying hens.

Effect of iron-binding polypeptides and non-starch polysaccharides supplementation on growth performance and fecal scores of weaning pigs

Background: Weaning is the most stressful event in pig’s life, resulting in postweaning diarrhea and growth retardation. The supplementation of Advanced Digestion Enhancing Protein Plus Technology (ADEPPTTM), which contains iron-binding polypeptides and non-starch polysaccharides, to nursery diets may reduce the occurrence of diarrhea and enhance growth performance of weaning pigs. Objective: To evaluate the effect of ADEPPTTM supplementation on growth performance and fecal score in weaning pigs. Methods: At weaning, a total of 54 weaning pigs (initial body weight: 7.42 ± 0.52 kg) were assigned to 3 treatments in 3 replicates with 6 pigs per pen based on sex, breed, and body weight for a 28-d feeding trial. The pigs were fed corn-soybean meal-based diets containing 0.0, 0.5, and 1.0% of the ADEPPTTM product in 2 phases (d 0-14 and d 15-28 postweaning, respectively). In the first week (d 3-5 postweaning) of the trial, a pig was removed from each pen when diarrhea was observed, housed in a separate pen within treatment, and then treated for 3 days with a 100-ml solution of electrolytes and ADEPPTTM by drenching. Growth performance and fecal score (1=normal to 4=watery diarrhea) were measured. Results: In the feeding trial, there were no significant differences in body weight, average daily gain, and average daily feed intake throughout the overall period. However, a quadratic trend was observed in gain to feed ratio (p=0.09) for d 0-7 postweaning and overall period with increasing ADEPPTTM supplementation levels in which the greatest value was observed in the 0.5% ADEPPTTM level. The fecal score tended to decrease linearly with increasing ADEPPTTM levels during d 0-7 (p=0.11) and 0-14 (p=0.12) postweaning. There was no significant difference on fecal score of diarrheic pigs and average daily gain tended to increase linearly in d 21-28 postweaning (p=0.08) with increasing ADEPPTTM levels. Conclusion: These results indicate that 0.5% ADEPPTTM supplementation has a potential to enhance growth performance of weaning pigs and might be effective to prevent and control postweaning diarrhea.

Effects of Compound Polysaccharides Derived from Astragalus and Glycyrrhiza on Growth Performance, Meat Quality and Antioxidant Function of Broilers Based on Serum Metabolomics and Cecal Microbiota.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of compound polysaccharides derived from Astragalus and Glycyrrhiza on growth performance, meat quality, antioxidant function, cecal microbiota and serum metabolomics of broilers. A total of 480 one-day-old male Arbor Acres (AA) broilers were randomly divided into four treatments with six replicates comprising 20 broilers each. Treatments: CON group was the basal diet; ANT group was supplemented with Terramycin calcium; LAG group was supplemented with 150 mg/kg Astragalus polysaccharides and 75 mg/kg Glycyrrhiza polysaccharides; HAG group was supplemented with 300 mg/kg Astragalus polysaccharides and 150 mg/kg Glycyrrhiza polysaccharides. The results showed that LAG and HAG supplementation increased growth performance, antioxidant function and meat quality compared with the CON group and ANT group and, especially, the effect of LAG treatment was better than HAG. Analysis of cecal microbiota showed that LAG and HAG supplementation altered cecal microbial diversity and composition in broilers. Serum metabolomics analysis showed that a total of 193 differential metabolites were identified in CON and LAG groups, which were mainly enriched in linoleic acid metabolism and glutathione metabolism pathways. Moreover, there was a close correlation between serum metabolites, cecal microbiota and phenotypic indicators. Conclusion: Dietary supplementation of 150 mg/kg Astragalus polysaccharides and 75 mg/kg Glycyrrhiza polysaccharides could improve the growth performance, antioxidant function and meat quality of broilers by changing the serum metabolites and cecal microbiota composition.