Polysaccharide-enriched Extracts Research Articles

Phosphorus fertilizer coated with polysaccharide-enriched extracts from the red seaweed Schizymenia dubyi for slow release and water retention

Phosphorus fertilizer coated with polysaccharide-enriched extracts from the red seaweed Schizymenia dubyi for slow release and water retention

Gut microbiome modulation and gastrointestinal digestibility in vitro of polysaccharide-enriched extracts and seaweeds from Ulva rigida and Gracilaria fisheri

• Ulva rigida and Gracilaria fisheri improve gut health in vitro differently. • Seaweed polysaccharides are not digestible by small intestinal enzymes. • Seaweeds and polysaccharides stimulate beneficial microbes and SCFAs output in vitro . • The red seaweed Gracilaria fisheri has more potential as a source of prebiotics. This study explored the gut health potential of the green seaweed Ulva rigida (SW-U) and the red seaweed Gracilaria fisheri (SW-G), as well as polysaccharide-enriched extracts (PF-U and PF-G, respectively). The polysaccharide-enriched extracts were not digestible by small intestinal enzymes, but the morphology of samples was changed. After 24 h in vitro fermentation, seaweeds and polysaccharide-enriched extracts significantly increased (p < 0.05) production of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) (29.4–35.4 µmoL/mL) compared to the control (17.9 µmoL/mL). The G. fisheri showed more potential for improving gut health than U. rigida . Particularly, PF-G induced butyric acid production comparable to that of inulin control (5.4 and 6.9 µmoL/mL) and the highest production when compared with other substrates (1.8–3.3 µmoL/mL). While SW-G stimulated the growth of beneficial bacteria, including Roseburia and Faecalibacterium . These findings further demonstrate that seaweeds and their derived polysaccharides have the potential to be used as dietary supplements with gut health benefits.

The Dietary Intake of Carrot-Derived Rhamnogalacturonan-I Accelerates and Augments the Innate Immune and Anti-Viral Interferon Response to Rhinovirus Infection and Reduces Duration and Severity of Symptoms in Humans in a Randomized Trial.

Acute respiratory infections are an important health concern. Traditionally, polysaccharide-enriched extracts from plants, containing immunomodulatory rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-1), were used prophylactically. We established the effects of dietary supplementation with carrot-derived RG-I (cRG-I, 0–0.3–1.5 g/day) in 177 healthy individuals (18–65 years) on symptoms following infection with rhinovirus strain 16 (RV16). Primary outcomes were changes in severity and duration of symptoms, and viral load in nasal lavage. Secondary outcomes were changes in innate immune and anti-viral responses, reflected by CXCL10 and CXCL8 levels and cell differentials in nasal lavage. In a nested cohort, exploratory transcriptome analysis was conducted on nasal epithelium. Intake of cRG-I was safe, well-tolerated and accelerated local cellular and humoral innate immune responses induced by RV16 infection, with the strongest effects at 1.5 g/d. At 0.3 g/d, a faster interferon-induced response, induction of the key anti-viral gene EIF2AK2, faster viral clearance, and reduced symptom severity (−20%) and duration (−25%) were observed. Anti-viral responses, viral clearance and symptom scores at 1.5 g/d were in between those of 0 and 0.3 g/d, suggesting a negative feedback loop preventing excessive interferon responses. Dietary intake of cRG-I accelerated innate immune and antiviral responses, and reduced symptoms of an acute respiratory viral infection.

Improving Growth, Yield, and Quality of Tomato Plants (Solanum lycopersicum L) by the Application of Moroccan Seaweed-Based Biostimulants under Greenhouse Conditions

Background: Seaweed-derived extracts have gained popularity in agriculture as bioproducts with phytostimulatory effects on plant growth and development. Methods: This study assessed the effect of polysaccharide-enriched extracts (PEEs) derived from six Moroccan seaweeds on tomato growth, yield, and fruit quality. PPEs were applied to tomato plants as soil drench in a greenhouse experiment. Growth parameters including plant height (cm) and number of leaves, flowers, and flower buds were recorded every 15 days. Yield and quality parameters of the harvested fruits were also recorded after each harvest. Results: The obtained results showed that all PEEs improved the growth, yield, and fruit quality of treated tomato plants. According to principal component analysis, the presence of SO4, galactose, glucose, and maltose in the characterized polysaccharides was closely associated with their effect on plant growth, yield, and fruit quality parameters. Conclusions: PEEs obtained from Gelidium crinale,Schizymenia dubyi, Fucus spiralis, and Bifurcaria bifurcata exhibited the highest biostimulant effects and could be used as bioproducts for improved tomato yield and fruit nutritional quality.

Biostimulants Derived from Moroccan Seaweeds: Seed Germination Metabolomics and Growth Promotion of Tomato Plant

Polysaccharides extracted from seaweeds can function as plant biostimulants. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of Polysaccharide Enriched Extracts (PEEs) obtained from 17 Moroccan seaweeds, on tomato seed germination and plant growth. Three concentrations (0.02, 0.05 and 0.1 mg mL−1) of PEEs were applied to tomato seeds to evaluate their effect on 3 germination parameters: germination percentage (GP), germination speed (GS) and mean germination time (MGT). Metabolomic analysis by GC–MS was subsequently performed on seedlings. In the second experiment, four PEEs concentrations (0.02, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg mL−1) were used as foliar spray or as soil application to tomato plants. Their growth parameters (number of leaves, shoot length, fresh and dry weight of stem and roots) and biochemical parameters (chlorophyll a and b) were measured. Results indicated a significant increase of GP and GS associated with a significant reduction of MGT of tomato seeds treated with 0.02 mg mL−1 of PEEs obtained from Gigartina sp., Gigartina pistillata, Chondracanthus acicularis, Gelidium crinale, Schizymenia dubyi, Cystoseira. foeniculacea and Fucus spiralis. Similar results were also obtained by application of higher PEEs concentration (0.1 mg mL−1) extracted from Ulva rigida, Codium tomentosum, Codium decorticatum and Bifurcaria bifurcata. Metabolomic analysis on seedlings detected the presence of some metabolites which could possibly be involved in seed germination enhancement or inhibition. The results of the second experiment showed that the same PEEs cited above at the same concentrations enhanced plant dry weight and chlorophyll a content except Gigartina sp., C. foeniculacea and C. decorticatum. Furthermore, soil application of PEEs was more effective in improving plant growth parameters than foliar application. The study shows the potential of PEEs from Moroccan seaweed to be used as biostimulants for a sustainable agriculture.

Isolation and comparison of α- and β-D-glucans from shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) with different biological activities

A polysaccharide-enriched extract obtained from Lentinula edodes was submitted to several purification steps to separate three different D-glucans with β-(1→6), β-(1→3),(1→6) and α-(1→3) linkages, being characterized through GC–MS, FT-IR, NMR, SEC and colorimetric/fluorimetric determinations. Moreover, in vitro hypocholesterolemic, antitumoral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities were also tested. Isolated glucans exerted HMGCR inhibitory activity, but only β-(1→6) and β-(1→3),(1→6) fractions showed DPPH scavenging capacity. Glucans were also able to lower IL-1β and IL-6 secretion by LPS-activated THP-1/M cells and showed cytotoxic effect on a breast cancer cell line that was not observed on normal breast cells. These in vitro results pointed important directions for further in vivo studies, showing different effects of each chemical structure of the isolated glucans from shiitake mushrooms.

Yeast β-glucans and microalgal extracts modulate the immune response and gut microbiome in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis)

One bottleneck to sustainability of fish aquaculture is the control of infectious diseases. Current trends include the preventive application of immunostimulants and prebiotics such as polysaccharides. The present study investigated how yeast β-glucan (Y), microalgal polysaccharide-enriched extracts (MAe) and whole Phaeodactylum tricornutum cells (MA) modulated the gut microbiome and stimulated the immune system in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) when administered by oral intubation. Blood, intestine and spleen samples were taken at 3 h, 24 h, 48 h and 7 days after treatment. The short-term response (within 48 h after treatment) consisted of up-regulation of il1b and irf7 expression in the gut of the Y treated group. In contrast, administration of MAe decreased expression of tnfa and the chemokine cxc10 in the gut and spleen. Both treatments down-regulated the expression of irf3 with respect to the control group. Lysozyme activity in plasma decreased at 48 h only in the MAe-treated soles. Medium-term response consisted of the up-regulation of clec and irf7 expression in the gut of the Y, MAe and MA groups and of il1b mRNAs in the spleen of the MA group compared to the control group. Microbiome analysis using 16S rDNA gene sequencing indicated that the intestine microbiome was dominated by bacteria of the Vibrio genus (>95%). All the treatments decreased the relative proportion of Vibrio in the microbiome and Y and MAe decreased and MA increased diversity. Quantitative PCR confirmed the load of bacteria of the Vibrio genus was significantly decreased and this was most pronounced in Y treated fish. These data indicate that orally administrated insoluble yeast β-glucans acted locally in the gut modulating the immune response and controlling the Vibrio abundance. In contrast, the MAe slightly reduced the Vibrio load in the intestine and caused a transient systemic anti-inflammatory response. The results indicate that these polysaccharides are a promising source of prebiotics for the sole aquaculture industry.

Polysaccharides extracted from Moroccan seaweed: a promising source of tomato plant growth promoters

The present study investigates the use of seaweed polysaccharides as biostimulants of seed germination and plant growth. Seventeen species of Moroccan seaweeds were collected and screened for their crude polysaccharide content which ranged from 0.3 to 34% (dry weight basis). Chemical analyses of the obtained polysaccharide-enriched extracts (PEEs) were performed. Two bioassays were carried out to study seed germination and growth-promoting activity of PEEs. In the first experiment, the effect of PEEs on tomato seed germination was carried out under in vitro conditions. Half-strength Murashige-Skoog medium was supplemented with different PEEs at the concentration of 0.2 mg mL−1 (w/v). The germination percentage was recorded daily over 4 days. In a second experiment, tomato plants were grown in greenhouse conditions and watered with aqueous solution of seaweed PEEs (0.1 mg mL−1). After 30 days, the evaluated plant growth parameters were plant length, fresh and dry weight of plants shoots and roots, as well as chlorophyll content. Results showed that six seaweed species were a promising source of PEEs with beneficial effect on germination, plant biomass, and chlorophyll content. Two green seaweeds: Ulva rigida and Codium decorticatum, two red seaweeds: Gigartina sp. and Chondracanthus acicularis, and two brown seaweeds: Fucus spiralis and Bifurcaria bifurcata enhanced seed germination and plant growth. Nevertheless, the PEEs obtained from the red seaweed Gigartina pistillata inhibited seed germination. Principal component analysis of the results showed positive correlation between the sulfate content of PEEs and shoot dry weight as well as chlorophyll content.

Chemical characteristics, antioxidant and anticancer potential of sulfated polysaccharides from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

The sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Cr) were isolated by hot water method using 80% alcohol and semi purified by anion-exchange column chromatography. The chemical analysis of the extract showed 78% carbohydrates, 18% reducing sugars, 60% non-reducing sugars, 2% protein, 33% sulfate, 39% uronic acid, and 4% ash. The elemental analysis of this C. reinhardtii sulfated polysaccharide-enriched extract (Cr-SPs) showed 53% carbon, 8% hydrogen, and 6% nitrogen. FTIR analysis of Cr-SPs showed characteristic bands of sulfated polysaccharides. Further, the Cr-SPs showed significant hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of 22.29–80.9% at 0.01–1 mg mL−1, 38–77% of DPPH radical scavenging activity at 0.01–1 mg mL−1, 9.8–81% ABTS radical scavenging activity, 34.5–67.6% of ferrous chelating ability, and 11.62–75% of total antioxidant capacity. Cr-SPs also showed efficient in vitro anticancer activity. Specifically, they inhibited triple-negative breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-231) proliferation with an IC50 of 172 μg mL−1. Concentration-dependent reduction in the number of colonies formed by MDA-MB-231 cells suggested their potential to inhibit the clonal expansion of the cancer cells. Higher concentrations of crude extract were found to disrupt the microtubule networks in these cells. The cells treated with Cr-SPs eventually underwent apoptosis as evidenced by the formation of characteristic DNA ladder. These results indicate that Cr-SPs find promising opportunities for cancer treatment.

Polysaccharide of Danggui Buxue Tang, an Ancient Chinese Herbal Decoction, Induces Expression of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Possibly Via Activation of NFκB Signaling in Cultured RAW 264.7 Cells.

Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT) is an ancient Chinese herbal decoction containing two herbs, Astragali Radix (AR) and Angelicae Sinensis Radix (ASR): this herbal decoction serves as dietary supplement for women during menopause. DBT has been known to modulate immune responses, and its polysaccharide is proposed to be one of the active components. However, the polysaccharide-induced signaling in immune activation is not revealed. Here, we are identifying that the immune activation, triggered by DBT, could be mediated by polysaccharide. In cultured macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells), the application of polysaccharide-enriched extract of DBT significantly increased the expressions of mRNA and protein levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor. The induction was much stronger than the polysaccharide extract generated singly from AR, or from ASR, or from their simple mixture. The induced cytokine release in cultured macrophage was revealed to be triggered by activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, including (i) degradation of IkBα; (ii) translocation of NF-κB p65 from cytosol to nuclei; and (iii) activation of NF-κB transcriptional elements. These results verified the possible role of DBT polysaccharide in modulating immune responses. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Activity of seaweed extracts and polysaccharide-enriched extracts from Ulva lactuca and Padina gymnospora as growth promoters of tomato and mung bean plants

Although marine seaweeds have been used as biostimulants since the beginning of modern agriculture, studies have only recently focused on the ability of seaweed extracts and their polysaccharides to enhance growth of plants. In this work, two bioassays were carried out to study the growth-promoting activity of seaweed extracts and polysaccharide-enriched extracts from Ulva lactuca and Padina gymnospora, obtained in neutral and alkaline conditions. Initially, the effect of seaweed extracts and polysaccharide-enriched extracts on seed germination and growth-promoting activity on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Rio Grande) plants under in vitro conditions was studied. Half-strength Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium with or without sucrose was supplemented with different concentrations of seaweed extracts (2, 4, and 10 mg mL−1) or polysaccharide-enriched extracts (0.2, 0.4, and 1.0 mg mL−1). The parameters evaluated were germination percentage, radicle and shoot length, and dry weight. In a second experiment, polysaccharide-enriched extracts at 1.0 mg mL−1 and indole-3-butyric acid as the control were studied for root inducer activity in mung bean (Vigna radiata). The majority of seaweed extracts had an inhibitory effect on seed germination. However, a significant effect (P ≤ 0.05) on tomato seedling growth (except for dry weight) was shown with seaweed extracts at 2 mg mL−1 included in half-strength MS medium with sucrose (30 g L−1). Moreover, 10 mg mL−1 neutral and alkaline seaweed extracts had an inhibitory effect on the parameters evaluated. In contrast, polysaccharide-enriched extracts obtained from U. lactuca and P. gymnospora promoted germination and stimulated growth of tomato plants compared to the controls. Additionally, treatment of mung bean hypocotyl cuttings with polysaccharide-enriched extracts of U. lactuca and P. gymnospora induced rooting more rapidly and in greater number compared to the controls. These results provide evidence that polysaccharide-enriched extracts act as an effective growth-promoting treatment.

Novel pectin present in new olive mill wastewater with similar emulsifying and better biological properties than citrus pectin

Alperujo, a semi-solid by-product from the olive oil industry, is currently subjected to a novel industrial treatment, which consisted of gentle heating at 50–80 °C for 1–2 h, followed by a new three-phase centrifugation system that gave alperujo oil, olive pomace and aqueous by-products. This process is a prerequisite to reduce the humidity of the resulting solid to enable its use as biomass, and allows for the recovery of a new olive mill wastewater, which was used in this work for the isolation of water-soluble polysaccharides. Two polysaccharide-enriched extracts were obtained by ethyl alcohol precipitation with 40 and 80% (v/v) EtOH from the new aqueous by-product and purified. The pectic material presented a high molecular size and a low percentage of methyl esterification and acetylation. In comparison with commercial pectins, the extracts had better oil holding capacity and similar emulsifying activity to that of citrus pectin. For the first time, bile-acid binding and glucose retardation activity were considered for the pectic material isolated from olive by-products, which showed better results than commercial pectins. In addition, the antioxidant activities of these extracts were investigated using various in vitro assays and the two raw polysaccharide extracts, rich in associated polyphenol compounds, exhibited a stronger antioxidant activity than that observed for citrus and apple pectins. Thus, polysaccharide-enriched extracts from gentle heat treated alperujo have suitable emulsifying properties for commercial uses and the important bioactive properties of antioxidant dietary fiber.

Comparative antioxidative characteristics of polysaccharide-enriched extracts from natural sclerotia and cultured mycelia in submerged fermentation of Inonotus obliquus

The potential antioxidant property of polysaccharide-enriched extracts from the natural fungal sclerotia and the cultured mycelia in submerged fermentation of Inonotus obliquus was evaluated using three antioxidant assays. The extracts from both the natural sclerotia and cultured mycelia including extra- and intra-cellular extracts were effective in scavenging hydroxyl radicals, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, and in inhibiting lipid peroxidation. The content and type of polysaccharide present in the extracts from the natural sclerotia and the cultured mycelia were different. Both the extra- and intra-cellular extracts from the mycelia of I. obliquus with a higher polysaccharide content demonstrated a stronger free radical scavenger activity against hydroxyl radical and a greater inhibition of lipid peroxidation, shown as much lower IC50 values, than those from the natural sclerotia.

Induction of Chemoprotective Phase 2 Enzymes by Ginseng and its Components

Phase 2 detoxification enzymes protect against carcinogenesis and oxidative stress. Ginseng ( PANAX spp.) extracts and components were assayed for inducer activity of NQO1 (quinone reductase), a phase 2 enzyme, in Hepa1c1c7 cells. Ginseng extracts were analyzed for ginsenosides and panaxytriol. Korean red PANAX GINSENG extracts demonstrated the most potent phase 2 enzyme induction activity (76,900 U/g dried rhizome powder and 27,800 U/g for two similar preparations). The ginsenoside-enriched HT-1001 American ginseng ( PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUS) extract was the next most potent inducer, with activity of 15,900 U/g, followed by raw American ginseng root with activity of 8700 U/g. Neither a polysaccharide-enriched extract of American ginseng nor a commercial white PANAX GINSENG preparation showed any inducer activity. Pure ginsenosides showed no inducer activity. Protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol, deglycosylated ginsenoside metabolic derivatives, showed potent induction activity (approximately 500,000 U/g each). Synthetic panaxytriol was over 10-fold more potent (induction potency 5,760,000 U/g). There was no correlation between ginsenoside content and phase 2 enzyme induction. The most potent inducing red ginseng extract also had the highest panaxytriol content, 120.8 microg/g. We found that ginseng induced NQO1 and that polyacetylenes are the most active components.