Extraction Of Polyphenols Research Articles

In Vitro Inhibitory Mechanism of Polyphenol Extracts from Multi-Frequency Power Ultrasound-Pretreated Rose Flower Against α-Glucosidase

This paper explored the in vitro inhibitory mechanism of polyphenol-rich rose extracts (REs) from an edible rose flower against α-glucosidase using multispectral and molecular docking techniques. Results showed that REs had an inhibitory effect on α-Glu activity (IC50 of 1.96 μg/mL); specifically, the samples pretreated by tri-frequency ultrasound (20/40/60 kHz) exhibited a significantly (p < 0.05) stronger inhibitory effect on α-Glu activity with an IC50 of 1.33 μg/mL. The Lineweaver–Burk assay indicated that REs were mixed-type inhibitors and could statically quench the endogenous fluorescence of α-Glu. REs increased the chance of polypeptide chain misfolding by altering the microenvironment around tryptophan and tyrosine residues and disrupting the natural conformation of the enzyme. Molecular docking results showed that polyhydroxy phenolics had a high fit to the active site of α-Glu, so REs with high polymerization and numerous phenolic hydroxyl groups had a stronger inhibitory effect. Therefore, this study provides new insights into polyphenol-rich REs as potential α-glucosidase inhibitors.

Extraction, in vitro hypoglycaemic activity and active ingredient analysis of polyphenols from walnut green husk

A variety of polyphenols in walnut green husk have shown physiological benefits, but their primary hypoglycemic active ingredients remain unclear. We report the extraction of walnut green husk polyphenols (WGHP) and their hypoglycemic effects in vitro. WGHP was extracted using ultrasound-assisted ethanol extraction, with optimization via response surface methodology resulting in 88.0 ± 0.1 % purity after D101 macroporous resin purification. WGHP effectively inhibited α-glucosidase and α-amylase, with IC50 values of 3.42 μg/mL and 2.56 mg/mL, respectively. It also increased glycogen synthesis in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells and enhanced glucose consumption in 3T3-L1 and insulin-resistant HepG2 cells. Screening six α-glucosidase ligands from WGHP using affinity ultrafiltration and UPLC-MS/MS, combined with molecular docking, identified hydrogen bonds and binding energies between the ligands and the enzyme. These results highlight the hypoglycemic potential of walnut green husk polyphenols and provide a basis for future therapeutic research.

Native corn (Zea mays L., cv. ‘Elotes Occidentales’) polyphenols extract reduced total cholesterol and triglycerides levels, and decreased lipid accumulation in mice fed a high-fat diet

Obesity is a complex disease with numerous molecular and metabolic implications that could be prevented through proper diet and lifestyle. Native corn is a promissory underutilized plant species containing bioactive compounds that could reduce the impact of obesity. This research aimed to characterize and evaluate the anti-obesogenic effect of a polyphenols-rich extract of native corn (‘Elotes Occidentales’) in HFD-fed mice. The powdered extract was administered using gelatins to C57BL/6 J mice randomly divided into four groups (n:8/group) for 13 weeks: standard diet (SD) group, HFD group, HFD+200 mg extract/kg body weight (BW), and HFD+400 mg extract/kg BW/day. Ellagic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, and kaempferol were the most abundant phenolics (2022.44–4028.43 µg/g). Among the HFD groups, the highest dose of the extracts promoted the lowest BW gain, and fasting triglycerides and cholesterol levels. Moreover, the HFD+400 mg/kg BW group showed the lowest epididymal and subcutaneous adipose tissue weight and adipocytes’ diameter and area between the HFD-treated animals. The extract administration prevented hepatic lipid accumulation. Rutin demonstrated the highest in silico binding affinity with proteins from the AMPK pathway (ACACA, SIRT1, and SREBP1) (-6.70 to −8.70 kcal/mol). Results indicated beneficial effects in alleviating obesity-associated parameters in vivo due to bioactive compounds from native maize extracts.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Nettle Polyphenolic Extract: Impact on Human Colon Cells and Cytotoxicity Against Colorectal Adenocarcinoma

Urtica dioica L. is one of the most widely utilized medicinal plants commonly applied in the form of tea, juice, and dietary supplements. This study aimed to assess the effect of the U. dioica ethanol–water extract (UdE) and polyphenolic fraction isolated from the extract (UdF) on normal human colon epithelial cells and to evaluate their protective activity against induced oxidative stress. The cytotoxic potential against human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT29) and the anti-inflammatory effects were also investigated. UPLC-MS-DAD analysis revealed that both extracts were abundant in caffeic acid derivatives, specifically chlorogenic and caffeoylmalic acids, and therefore, they showed significant protective and ROS scavenging effects in normal human colon epithelial cells. Moreover, they had no negative impact on cell viability and morphology in normal cells and the extracts, particularly UdF, moderately suppressed adenocarcinoma cells. Furthermore, UdF significantly decreased IL-1β levels in HT29 cells. Our research indicates that U. dioica may provide significant health advantages because of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

The Optimisation of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction for the Polyphenols Content and Antioxidant Activity on Sanguisorba officinalis L. Aerial Parts Using Response Surface Methodology

The aim of this study was to optimise ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of the herb Sanguisorba officinalis L. in terms of the antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP method) and total polyphenol content (TPC). Optimisation was performed using the response surface methodology (RSM) with a third-degree (33) Central Composite Design (CCD) approach. The RSM was applied to obtain the optimal combination of (1) raw material content (2.25–7.5 g raw material/100 mL of solvent), (2) ethanol concentration (20–60% v/v), and (3) extraction time (1–15 min). The optimal conditions for the extraction of polyphenols and antioxidant potential were a raw material content of 7.5 g/100 mL of solvent (solid/solvent ratio 13.3 mL/g), an ethanol concentration of 47% v/v, and an extraction time of 10 min. At these optimal extraction parameters, the maximum extraction of polyphenols and antioxidant activity obtained experimentally was found to be very close to its predicted value and was 12.9 mmol Trolox/L (DPPH method), 19.4 mmol FeSO4/L (FRAP method), and 2.1 g GA/L (TPC). The mathematical model developed was found to fit with the experimental data on the antioxidant potential and polyphenol extraction. The n-octanol/water partition coefficient of the optimised extract was used to determine their lipophilicity. Our studies have shown that the optimised extract is highly hydrophilic (log P < 0). Optimal parameters can be used for the industrial extraction of the S. officinalis herb for the needs of, among others, the pharmaceutical or cosmetic industry.

Phytochemical characterization and biomedical potential of Iris kashmiriana flower extracts: a promising source of natural antioxidants and cytotoxic agents.

Iris kashmiriana belongs to the family Iridaceae and is an important endemic medicinal plant of Kashmir. The current study was designed to determine the phytoconstituents, antioxidant, and cytotoxic potential of ethyl acetate (IRK-ETH) and methanol (IRK-MTH) extracts of Iris kashmiriana flowers. IRK-MTH extract demonstrated maximum radical scavenging activity in DPPH, ABTS, and Superoxide anion radical antioxidant assays with IC50 values of 73.15μg/ml, 79.05μg/ml, and 86.52μg/ml respectively. IRK-ETH and IRK-MTH extracts possessed phenolic (70.9 and 208.5 mgGAE/gdw) and flavonoid (487.7 and 40.55mgRE/gdw) contents respectively. In MTT assay IRK-ETH demonstrated the highest cytotoxicity towards the MCF-7 cell line with a GI50 value of 49.13μg/ml. Phase contrast and fluorescence microscopic studies in MCF-7 cells revealed that IRK-ETH extract caused condensation of chromatin, rounding of cells, and nuclear condensation in cells which shows the apoptotic potential of the extract. GCMS analysis for phytochemical characterization revealed the presence of 9 compounds in both extracts which have been reported to possess antibacterial, cytotoxic, and anti-oxidant activities. HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of different polyphenols in both extracts with IRK-MTH extract having maximum polyphenols like epicatechin, rutin, quercetin, vanillic acid, sinapic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and ellagic acid. These findings suggest that the flowers of Iris kashmiriana possess very good antioxidant and cytotoxic potential owing to its rich phytoconstituents.

GC-MS/HPLC Profiling and Sono-maceration Mediated Extraction of Osbeckia parvifolia Polyphenols: In Silico and In Vitro Analysis on Anti-Proliferative activity in Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines.

Osbeckia parvifolia, an endemic edible plant of Western Ghats, was investigated in the present study for its polyphenolic compounds, including content, constituents, extraction through an ultrasonic-assisted maceration technique and therapeutic potential in biomedical applications. The methanolic extract (OPM) exhibited an IC50 value of 1.25 µg/mL against 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts also strongly inhibited 5-lipoxygenase, especially OPM (84.93%), which was comparable to standard curcumin. OPM also elicited cytotoxicity in SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells (93.80%), surpassing paclitaxel. Bio-accessibility analysis demonstrated that the release of phenolic compounds and antioxidant potential were very high (above 100%), revealing the possibility of synergistic efficacy of polyphenolic complexes in drug development. Gas Chromatography -Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed 22 bioactive polyphenolic compounds in OPM, such as epicatechin, quercetin, and psoralidin. This was confirmed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and High-Pressure Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) analyses, which revealed a high quantity of catechin (37.45 mg/g). Molecular docking revealed the significant binding affinity of these proteins for the ovarian oncoproteins PI3K (-8.52 kcal/mol) and Casp-8 (-8.41 kcal/mol). Adsorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity (ADMET) profiling indicated the favorable pharmacokinetic properties of these compounds, supporting their candidacy in drug formulations against ovarian cancer.

Optimizing polyphenol extraction and UPLC-MS/MS analysis from red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) species using response surface methodology

Polyphenols were extracted from red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) plants following conventional extraction. The combined factors of ethanol concentration (60–80%), extraction time (15–45 min) and extraction temperature (40–80°C) were evaluated. Central composite design software was used to conduct Response Surface Methodology (RSM) modelling and optimize the polyphenol yield from the red clover. Total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass-spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis were used to quantify polyphenols. The RSM model identified ethanolic composition having greatest influence (p < 0.05) on the polyphenol yield with extraction yields increasing with percentage ethanol. The optimal extraction conditions were identified as 80% ethanol for 45 minutes at 40°C. When compared with an exhaustive polyphenol extraction method (70% ethanol for 21 h at room temperature), the optimal extraction resulted in a 25.6% increase in TPC yield. UPLC-MS/MS was performed to quantify the individual polyphenols present within the sample, in which biochanin A and formononetin were present in abundance. The outcomes of this modelling and optimization study demonstrate that polyphenols from red clover can be extracted efficiently with minimal environmental and energy cost and thus had the capability to serve as a source of valuable nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products.

Antimicrobial activities of polyphenol-based metabolites present in lettuce and recent methods for their estimation

The tissue structure of fresh-cut lettuce is easy to be damaged during processing and transportation, which leads to the reduction of its edible quality and safety. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) combined with time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (TMS) metabolomics was used to identify the differential metabolites related to the antibacterial activity in lettuce and explore their bacteriostatic mechanism. The experimental results revealed that the growth of Escherichia coli was quite different when different varieties of lettuce were used as the nutrient substrate. Between the varieties Beizisheng No. 3 (BZ3) and Shooter 101 (SS), 204 differential metabolites showed significant changes (P &lt; 0.05), 86 metabolites showed changes between the varieties BZ3 and Beisansheng No. 1 (BS1). Among the metabolites, isoquercitrin was the upregulated differential metabolite in BZ3 compared to SS and BS1. The content of isoquercitrin in lettuce juice positively correlated with the antibacterial activity of polyphenol extract, but negatively correlated with the growth of E. coli. The bacteriostatic property of polyphenol extract destroys the morphological structure of E. coli. The higher the isoquercitrin content, the stronger the resistance of fresh-cut lettuce to E. coli.

Orange peel: Low cost agro-waste for the extraction of polyphenols by statistical approach and biological activities

Food waste is an excellent source of various bioactive secondary metabolites. In addition, food waste is a global issue, and more research is being focused on the conversion of value-adding products from food waste, especially fruits. In this study, bioactive polyphenols were extracted from orange peels. The parameters that affect the extraction of polyphenols from orange peels were optimized using response surface methodology. Ethanol was used to extract bioactive polyphenols, and the extraction time (min), extraction temperature, and ethanol concentration (%) were analyzed. Orange peels are an excellent source of polyphenols, and the yield was increased under optimized extraction conditions (p&lt;0.05). The polyphenol content increased twofold (38.4 mg GAE/g) under the optimized extraction conditions (53% ethanol, 51 degrees centigrade and 96 min extraction time). Crude polyphenols exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis (19±1 mm zone of inhibition), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (17±2 mm zone of inhibition) (p&lt;0.05). In addition, orange peel extract exhibited antifungal activity against A. flavus and C. albicans. The ethanol extract exhibited DPPH activity (1.61±0.03 mg GAE/100 g) and ABTS reducing power (1.48±0.01 mg GAE/100 g). The polyphenol compounds exhibited antibiofilm activity against biofilm-producing Bacillus subtilis and increased in a dose-dependent manner (p&lt;0.05).

Protective mechanisms of Hovenia dulcis Thunb extracts on acute alcoholism and liver injury

As a traditional Chinese medicine for anti-alcoholism, Hovenia dulcis Thunb (HDT) is widely used in the treatment of alcoholism and alcohol-related liver diseases. However, the scientific evidence of its mechanism has not been clearly established. In this study, a mouse model of acute alcoholism was established to explore the protective mechanisms of three kinds of HDT extracts on acute alcoholism and liver injury from the perspectives of behavioral indicators, serum and liver biochemical indicators, alcohol metabolic enzyme activity, intestinal flora, and liver metabolomics. The results showed that the extracts of HDT shortened the time of sobering up, significantly increased the activity of alcohol metabolic enzymes and antioxidant capacity, promoted ethanol metabolism, and had a certain preventive effect on alcoholic liver injury while preventing adverse reactions caused by alcohol. Notably, HDT water extract (HDTs) demonstrated superior anti-alcohol and liver protective properties compared to polysaccharide and polyphenol extracts of HDTs. It may be through the regulation of intestinal flora imbalance, specifically Muribaculaceae and Dubosiella to modulate biosynthetic pathways of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, ultimately mitigating oxidative stress caused by ethanol consumption. This suggests that HDTs may have potential in preventing acute alcoholism and liver injury.

Provinols™, a Polyphenolic Extract of Red Wine, Inhibits In-Stent Neointimal Growth in Cholesterol-Fed Rabbit.

Background/Objectives: Epidemiological studies indicate a potential correlation between the consumption of polyphenols and a reduced risk of developing cardiovascular disorders. The present study investigates the potential of a red wine polyphenol oral extract, Provinols™, to reduce neointimal hyperplasia following angioplasty in a hypercholesterolemic rabbit model. Methods: New Zealand white rabbits were fed 1% cholesterol-enriched chow for a period of eight weeks prior to the induction of iliac balloon injury and subsequent stent placement. Following the implantation of the stent, Provinols™ (20 mg/kg/day) or an identical placebo was administered orally for a period of four weeks in a randomized manner. Twenty-eight days following the stenting procedure, the arteries were harvested after euthanasia and subjected to histology assignment analysis. Results: The administration of Provinols™ did not result in a statistically significant change in either blood pressure or plasma cholesterol levels. However, Provinols™ treatment led to a notable reduction in the growth of the intima within the stented area, as well as a reduction in the thickness and surface area of the intima. It is of note that treatment with Provinols™ was associated with a reduction in the accumulation of fat within the arteries and a diminished inflammatory response to injury. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that oral administration of Provinols™ has the potential to reduce in-stent neointimal growth and lipid deposition, likely due to its anti-inflammatory properties in iliac arteries from hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Additionally, these findings provide an evidence-based rationale for the potential therapeutic benefits of plant-derived polyphenols in the prevention of restenosis associated with stent placement.

Potential Anti-Obesity Effect of Hazel Leaf Extract in Mice and Network Pharmacology of Selected Polyphenols

Background: Obesity is gradually becoming a widespread health problem, and treatment using natural compounds has seen an increasing trend. As a by-product of hazelnut, hazel leaf is usually disposed of as waste, but it is widely used in traditional and folk medicines around the world. Aim of this study: Based on previous studies, the effects of the regulation of lipid metabolism and the mechanism of hazel leaf polyphenol extraction obesity were investigated. Methods: In this study, a high-fat diet-fed mouse model of obesity and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were established. The ameliorative effects of the hazel leaf polyphenol extract on obesity and the regulating lipid metabolisms were explored based on network pharmacology, gut microbiota, and molecular docking. Results: Network pharmacology showed that hazel leaf polyphenols may play a role by targeting key targets, including PPARγ, and regulating the PPAR signaling pathway. They significantly improved body weight gain, the liver index, and adiposity and lipid levels; regulated the gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acid contents; down-regulated the expression of lipid synthesis proteins SREBP1c, PPARγ, and C/EBP-α; and up-regulated the expression of p-AMPK in obese mice. They inhibited the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells, and the expression of related proteins is consistent with the results in vivo. The molecular docking results indicated that gallic acid, quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, quercetin, myricetin, and luteolin-7-O-glucoside in the hazel leaf polyphenol extract had strong binding activities with PPARγ, C/EBP-α, and AMPK. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that the hazel leaf polyphenol extract can improve obesity by regulating lipid metabolism, which provides a valuable basis for developing health products made from hazel leaf polyphenols in the future.

Potassium Hydroxide Extraction of Polyphenols from Olive Leaves: Effect on Color and Acrylamide Formation in Black Ripe Olives

Olive leaves are generated in large quantities in olive oil and table olive factories. This waste is currently used for multiple purposes, one of them being the extraction of bioactive substances, in particular phenolic compounds. The aims of this study were (i) to obtain a new polyphenolic extract from potassium hydroxide (KOH) -treated olive leaves; and (ii) to reduce acrylamide formation in black olives by using this extract. The results showed that olive leaves and leafless branches of the Manzanilla cultivar treated with 10 g/L KOH provide a solution that, concentrated under vacuum, had &gt;6000 mg/L hydroxytyrosol and &gt;2000 mg/L of hydroxytyrosol 4-glucoside. Moreover, the residual material generated after the treatment with KOH could be used for agronomic purposes, due to its high potassium content. The employment of this non-bitter extract during the darkening step of black ripe olive processing then resulted in darker fruits with higher potassium content. Likewise, the addition of the extract into the packing brine reduced the acrylamide formation by up to 32%, although this effect was batch-dependent. KOH olive extract could be useful for the reduction in acrylamide in black ripe olives along with the enrichment of this product in phenolic compounds and potassium.

A comparative study on sequential green hybrid techniques (ultrasonication, microwave and high shear homogenization) for the extraction of date seed bioactive compounds and its application as an additive for shelf-life extension of Oreochromis niloticus

This study focuses on the extraction of bioactive compounds from date seeds using five polyol-based deep eutectic solvents (P-DESs) in combination with hybrid green extraction techniques, specifically microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), homogenization-assisted extraction (HAE), and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The optimization of these extraction techniques was achieved using P-DESs showing the highest efficiency for extracting date seed bioactive compounds using response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) approach. The optimized conditions from three green techniques were further applied in the form of hybrid green extraction techniques, involving six binary and three ternary methods, to assess the percentage increase in the extraction efficiency of date seed bioactive polyphenolics. Among the five P-DESs tested, choline chloride: ethylene glycol (ChCl:Eg) exhibited the highest extraction efficiency for recovering date seed phenolic compounds. Using ChCl:Eg as the P-DES, the highest extraction efficacy was found with MAE, followed by > HAE and > UAE. In addition, all hybrid extraction techniques showed higher extraction efficiencies than the single extraction methods. Notably, the binary hybrid techniques combining UAE and MAE (UMAE), HAE and MAE (HMAE) resulted in significantly higher recovery of bioactive compounds, with 52 % and 49 % increases in total phenolic content, respectively, compared to single extraction techniques. The lowest MIC and MBC of P-DES (ChCl:Eg) and date seed P-DES based extract recorded against all the tested bacterial strains was 40 % and 20 % respectively. Furthermore, the date seed extract from MAE was used to extend the shelf life of Oreochromis niloticus stored at 4 °C for 10 days. The results indicated that the date seed polyphenolic extract effectively inhibited microbial growth in Oreochromis niloticus during refrigerated storage, with the total bacterial count (TBC) of all the treated samples within the recommended acceptability limit of < 6 log CFU/g compared to the untreated samples, which showed a total bacterial count (TBC) > 6 log CFU/g. This study demonstrated that sequential hybrid techniques enhance and intensify the recovery of bioactive compounds more effectively than any single green technique.

A comparative study of pulsed electric field, ultrasound, milling and soaking as pre-treatments for assistance in the extraction of polyphenols from willow bark (Salix alba)

White willow (Salix alba) has a long history of use as an herbal remedy for treating common pain and inflammation. Pre-treatment is a crucial step that assists the subsequent extraction process and may affect the extraction efficiency of polyphenols from plant materials. The objective of this work was to study the impact of pre-treatment methods on the hot water extraction of polyphenols from willow bark. Pulsed electric field (PEF) and ultrasound (US) pre-treatments were compared to commonly used pre-treatment methods, milling and soaking. All pre-treatments significantly increased the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (p < 0.05) in willow extracts. At a similar energy level, PEF with 400 pulses yielded a higher TPC (44.33mg GAE/g d.w.) and antioxidant activity (DPPH of 74.58mg AAE/g and FRAP of 186.41mmol TE/g) than US pre-treated samples, but a small increase in ultrasonic energy resulted in the highest TPC (46.20mg GAE/g d.w.) and antioxidant activity (DPPH of 76.18mg AAE/g and FRAP of 220.20mmol TE/g) of all the pre-treatments. Compared with PEF and US, milling (42.69mg GAE/g d.w.) and soaking (40.29mg GAE/g d.w.) were less effective in recovering polyphenols but they were comparable with PEF and US when employed at low energy levels. Overall results indicate emerging technologies PEF and US can be alternatives to milling to enhance the extractability of polyphenols and to reduce energy consumption. The obtained willow extracts were a rich source of polyphenols that could be used for food and pharmaceutical applications.

Carboxymethyl cellulose – Polyvinyl alcohol bioactive films loaded with green extracted date seed polyphenols for active packaging of Shiitake mushrooms

This study investigated the use of a natural deep eutectic solvent-based polyphenolic extract (DSE) from date fruit seed as a bioactive and functional component for the development of carboxyl methylcellulose-poly(vinyl)alcohol (CMCPVA) packaging films. The impacts on the physicochemical, structural, water barrier and bioactive properties of the CMCPVA films were studied. Different concentrations of DSE (1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3%) incorporated into CMCPVA film increased the total phenolic content (0.08–0.17 mg GAE/mL), DPPH scavenging activity (4.08–5.11 mmol GAE/mL), and ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power (0.82–1.46 μmol TE/mL) of the films. The antibacterial activities against S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, S. typhimurium, and E. coli were also improved. In particular, a 4–5 log reduction was recorded for CMCPVA film incorporated with 3% DSE. Also, the presence of DSE enhanced elongation at break (25.53%–93.23%) and film thickness (0.10–0.19 mm), whereas tensile strength (6.39–1.40 MPa) and Young's modulus (25.89–2.85 MPa) decreased. Furthermore, UV-shielding performance improved, opacity decreased from 2.93 to 0.86, while the water vapor permeability was not significantly affected which ranged from 3.01 to 5.83 (X 10−10 g/m.s.Pa). The application of CMCPVA film incorporated with 3% DSE (CMCPVA_3) as a bioactive film for preserving sliced and whole shiitake mushrooms at refrigeration temperature for 8–12 days was studied. The CMCPVA_3 film preserved the mushrooms' color, browning degree, and texture compared to the cling film-covered samples. There is a potential for the successful application of NADES-based polyphenolic extract in biopolymer films for food preservation.

Ultrasonic-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction and purification of polyphenols from hawk tea (Litsea coreana var. lanuginose): Investigating its impact on starch digestion

Hawk tea, a conventional herbal beverage, is renowned for its beneficial properties in enhancing digestion and mitigating hyperglycemic tendencies. However, the extraction methodology for hawk tea polyphenols (HTP) has been understudied thus far, impeding its progress and broader application. To develop an efficient approach for HTP extraction, the present study introduced and optimized the application of ultrasonic-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction. Under optimal extraction conditions, the extraction yield of polyphenols from raw HTP was 7.86 %. During purification, LX-B14 was selected due to the highest adsorption and desorption abilities. Then in an in vitro simulated digestion system, HTP significantly reduced the expected glycemic index, raised the content of resistant starch, and decreased the activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, indicating its potential for alleviating starch digestion. Accordingly, the results provide an alternative approach for efficiently obtaining phenolic compounds from hawk tea, facilitating the advanced utilization of HTP within the food industry.

Green synthesis of Au nanoparticles by Scutellaria barbata extract for chemo-photothermal anticancer therapy

IntroductionThe combination of photothermal therapy and chemotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy for cancer treatment. The green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) using extracts from traditional Chinese medicine Scutellaria barbata D. Don (Scu) has revealed an economical, sustainable, and eco-friendly approach for the outstanding anticancer activities. MethodsScu extract was mixed with HAuCl4 solution to fabricate Scu-Au NPs. The synthesis process was optimized by varying the reaction temperature, reaction time, and HAuCl4 concentration. The changes in the components of Scu before and after synthesis were analyzed using the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) reduction test, the rutin colorimetric method, and the Folin–Ciocalteu method. The morphology, size, and structure of Scu-Au NPs were characterized by TEM, DLS, XRD, and XPS. The photothermal characteristics induced by near-infrared (NIR) irradiation were assessed by continuously monitoring the temperature elevation. The anticancer activity and mechanisms of Scu-Au NPs were investigated using MTT assay, cell uptake studies, ROS level detection, cell apoptosis and necrosis assays, flow cytometry analysis, intracellular Caspase-3 protein activity fluorescence detection, and Western blot analysis on A549, 4T1, and RAW264.7 cells. ResultsScu-Au NPs were successfully fabricated using Scu extract as a reducing agent. The Scu-Au NPs were spherical with a size of 50 nm. During the synthesis process, the levels of reducing sugars, flavonoids, and polyphenols in the Scu extract decreased by 80.8%, 54.3%, and 70.1%, respectively. Scu-Au NPs demonstrated excellent photothermal responsiveness, thermostability, and biocompatibility. For chemo-photothermal anticancer therapy, the cytotoxicity of Scu-Au NPs on 4T1 cells reached approximately 85% upon exposure to 808 nm NIR irradiation. The anticancer activity was attributed to the induction of apoptosis and necrosis, achieved by increasing intracellular ROS levels, causing cell cycle arrest at the S phase, and modulating the expression of apoptosis-related proteins. DiscussionOur synthesized Scu-Au NPs exhibit favorable photothermal conversion characteristics, demonstrating excellent therapeutic efficacy and safety for cancer treatment.

Life cycle assessment and yield to optimize extraction time and solvent: Comparing deep eutectic solvents vs conventional ones

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are gaining interest as eco-friendly alternatives for extracting bioactive compounds, but their environmental benefits remain unclear and need further evaluation. In this work, a case study of total polyphenols (TPC) extraction from spent coffee grounds (SCG) was environmentally evaluated using life cycle assessment (LCA). First, the most convenient extraction time (1, 10, 20, or 40 min) for water and acetone 20 % from an environmental perspective was identified. Second, a comparison of different solvents—DES (choline chloride-1,6-hexanediol), water, and ethanol 20 %—under their optimal extraction yield conditions was performed using literature data. Results from the first study revealed that the environmentally optimal extraction time (10 min) was not the one leading to the highest yield. The main contributors to the impacts were the use of acetone and electricity consumption.For the second study, DES performed worse in all studied environmental impact categories compared to both ethanol 20 % and water. Ethanol 20 % was the better option compared to water due to its higher extraction yield (9.2 mg vs. 6.5 mg TPC/g SCG, respectively). The environmental impacts associated with the DES system were primarily attributed to the DES preparation step, which requires virgin raw materials (e.g., dimethyl hexanediol), and the adsorption stage involving the use of resins. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted by optimizing the DES system to the best possible described conditions (90 % reuse of DES and maximum reduction of the macroporous resin used to adsorb the TPC after extraction). Nevertheless, the DES system still performed worse than water or ethanol 20 % systems, in 11 out of 16 impact categories.The study highlights the importance to consider environmental impacts and yield when optimizing extraction processes, especially at the laboratory scale, as the insights gained are valuable for improving eco-efficiency on an industrial scale.