Polyphenol Flavonoid Content Research Articles

Fermentation Effect of Cacao Beans Originate from Jember on Polyphenol-Flavonoid Content and Radical Scavenging Activity

Cacao is attractive for its flavor and taste and its beneficial effects. Therefore, this commodity is promising to be developed as a functional food. Many studies reported the bioactive compounds in cacao beans and their health benefits. However, to attain desirable flavor and taste, the curing process of cacao beans is a common practice, in which fermentation is one of the processes. Despite its significance, fermentation also alters the bioactive components in cacao beans. To develop a functional food rich in bioactive compounds, measuring the bioactive contents of treated and untreated cacao beans is desired. For that reason, in this study, the analysis of total polyphenol, flavonoid, catechin, and epicatechin, as well as the radical scavenging activity of fermented cacao beans, was performed. The study revealed that fermentation negatively affected all parameters. Cacao beans fermentation up to 96 h resulted in the loss of 54% of total polyphenol, 77% of total flavonoid, and 56% of radical scavenging activity. Determination of the flavan-3-ol components, catechin, and epicatechin, revealed that they were reduced as the fermentation occurred.

Ultra high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectroscopy quantification, xanthine oxidase inhibitory, and antioxidant activity profile of some medicinal plants from Albaha Region

Background: There is an urgent need to find new xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors with few adverse effects and potent activity, not only for treating gout but also to fight diseases associated with XO activity such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, and obesity. Objective: Screening of Saudi medicinal plants for XO inhibitory activity, to quantify the polyphenol–flavonoid content and to study ultra high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectroscopy (UHPLC-ESI-MS) profile of compound with best promising XO inhibitory activity among screened extracts. Materials and Methods: Sixteen methanol extracts used traditionally for treating gout and/or rheumatism were screened for total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, XO inhibitory, and antiradical activity via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The degree of XO inhibition was determined by measuring the increase in absorbance at 295 nm associated with uric acid formation. The dose-dependent inhibition profiles of the most active plants were further evaluated by estimating the IC50 values of their corresponding extracts. The most promising XO inhibitory extract, i.e., Dodonaea viscosa extract was subjected to secondary metabolites profiling using UHPLC-ESI-MS in negative ionization mode and LC-MS analysis. Results: Among screened plants, D. viscosa leaves, Punica granatum flowers, Ruta chalepensis leaves, and Solanum incanum fruits exhibited the highest activity with an inhibition of 94.4%, 83.4%, 76.2%, and 65.7%, respectively. Extracts of R. nervosus leaves, P. granatum flowers, and D. viscosa leaves showed the highest antiradical activity in the DPPH assay with IC50 values of 25.8, 27.4, and 71.2 μg/ml, respectively. The LC/MS spectrum of D. viscosa revealed the presence of 13 known compounds along with unknown compounds which belong to flavonoid, terpene, and fatty acid derivatives class. Conclusion: The findings obtained from this study revealed that the methanolic extract of D. viscosa leaf showed the highest xanthine oxidase inhibition activity and therefore is promising species for isolating active compound between the polyphenol and flavonoid content and the XO inhibitory and radical activity.

Inhibitory Effect of Pomegranate Oil on Biofilm Formation-An In vitro Study

Aim : The aim of this study is to find out the inhibitory effect of pomegranate oil on Biofilm formation. Background: The main functional value of pomegranate in oral health is in its polyphenolic flavonoid content. The available literature suggests the use of pomegranate extract in the prevention of dental caries and gingival inflammation, though in-vivo evidence is scares. In India, pomegranate phytotherapy has the potential to provide cost-effective and an indigenous solution in preventive dentistry. Method: The activity of the pomegranate seed oil at different concentrations was screened by disc diffusion technique and the zone of inhibition was measured in mm diameter. Result: The results obtained from our study shows that the pomegranate seed oil have got very good resistance against oral microbes.

Distribution patterns of flavonoids from three Momordica species by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry: a metabolomic profiling approach

Plants from the Momordica genus, Curcubitaceae, are used for several purposes, especially for their nutritional and medicinal properties. Commonly known as bitter gourds, melon and cucumber, these plants are characterized by a bitter taste owing to the large content of cucurbitacin compounds. However, several reports have shown an undisputed correlation between the therapeutic activities and polyphenolic flavonoid content. Using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry in combination with multivariate data models such as principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, three Momordica species (M. foetida Schumach., M. charantia L. and M. balsamina L.) were chemo-taxonomically grouped based on their flavonoid content. Using a conventional mass spectrometric-based approach, thirteen flavonoids were tentatively identified and the three species were found to contain different isomers of the quercetin-, kaempferol- and isorhamnetin-O-glycosides. Our results indicate that Momordica species are overall very rich sources of flavonoids but do contain different forms thereof. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, this is a first report on the flavonoid content of M. balsamina L.

ROLE OF POMEGRANATE IN PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY

T he aim of this article is to review the role of pomegranate as a potential anti - plaque agent. The main functional value of pomegranate in oral health is in its polyphenol ic flavo noid content . The available literature suggests the use of pomegranate extract in th e prevention of dental caries and gingival inflammation, though in - vivo evidence is scares. In In dia, pomegranate phytotherapy has the potential to provide cost - effective and an indigenous solution in preventive dentistry.