Poly Methyl Methacrylate Microspheres Research Articles

Polyphenol assisted assembly of prussian blue analogs nanocrystals decorated 3D GO functional microspheres for polymer fiber bifunctional membrane with high oil-water emulsion permeability and powerful photocatalytic self-cleaning ability

Due to the intricate components of wastewater and physical stacking of graphene oxide (GO), the current GO membranes exhibit the fatal defects of low porosity and poor anti-fouling ability. Herein, a three dimensional (3D) FeCo-PBA@GO functional microsphere was constructed via anchoring GO nanosheets onto hard template of 3D polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) microsphere driven by hydrogen bond and van der Waals force. On this basis, the Prussian blue analogs nanocrystals (FeCo-PBA) grew in situ on such functional microsphere and further assembled onto porous polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber mat through the tannic acid assisted spraying technique, resulting in highly permeable and photocatalytic self-cleaning FeCo-PBA@GO/PAN fibrous composite membrane. Interestingly, the unique 3D nanostructure of FeCo-PBA@GO microsphere arranging on membrane surface effectively prevented the dense physical stacking of GO nanosheets and increased the oil repellence property, thereby regulating the water channel and breaking through permeability limitation of membrane. As a result, the composite membrane exhibited superior separation fluxes (˃3029 L m−2 h−1) for different oil/water (O/W) emulsions, with rejection rate above 99.0 %. Owing to rich active sites and enhanced electron/mass transport property of FeCo-PBA functional layer, the composite membrane could effectively degrade various dyes by peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation, with the degradation efficiency of 93.1–96.9 % within 40 min and demonstrated favorable antifouling and photocatalytic self-cleaning ability after cycling separation of O/W emulsion. In addition, the generated multiple reactive oxygen species and photocatalytic mechanism were proposed. This work provides a versatile pathway to prepare multifunctional GO advanced membranes for large-scale treatment of complex emulsified oily wastewater.

Formulation of optimized TCA using PDMS epoxy and Ag-coated PMMA for high-efficiency Si tandem solar cell applications

In this study, we aimed to develop and characterize Transparent Conductive Adhesive (TCA) materials for mechanically stacked tandem solar cell applications. The research objectives were to enhance the transparency, conductivity, and adhesive strength of TCAs to improve the efficiency and practicality of tandem solar cells. The TCA formulation comprises a combination of polymers and Ag-coated particles, with flexible poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA) micro-spheres serving as conductive particles and SYLGARD 184 silicon elastomer poly-di-methyl-siloxane (PDMS), mixed in a 10:1 ratio of base to curing agent, serving as the transparent adhesive. We conducted systematic experiments with Ag-particle coverage areas ranging from 0.34 % to 21.61 % at temperatures of 80 °C and 100 °C, under 500 mb pressure. The optimal conductivity was achieved at 2 wt% Ag-particle coverage, measuring 5.26 × 10⁷ S/m, with over 93 % transparency. These key results indicate the significant potential of the optimized TCA in enhancing the performance of mechanically stacked tandem solar cells, thus contributing to the advancement of renewable energy technologies.

Effects of Au Addition to Porous CuO2-Added SnO2 Gas Sensors on Their VOC-Sensing Properties

The effects of Au addition on the acetone response of Cu2O-added porous SnO2 (pr-Cu2O-SnO2) powders, which were synthesized by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis employing polymethyl methacrylate microspheres as a template, were investigated in this study. The 3.0 wt% Au-added pr-Cu2O-SnO2 sensor showed the largest acetone response among all sensors. In addition, the magnitude of the acetone response was much larger than those of the ethanol and toluene responses. The catalytic activities of these gases over Au-added pr-Cu2O-SnO2 powders were also examined to clarify the key factors affecting their acetone-sensing properties. The Au addition increased the complete oxidation activity of all gases, and the complete oxidation activity of acetone was much higher than those of ethanol and toluene. These results indicate that the oxidation behavior during the gas-diffusion process in the sensitive Au-added pr-Cu2O-SnO2 layer of the sensors is quite important in enhancing the acetone-sensing properties.

Rechargeable Self-Powered pressure sensor based on Zn-ion battery with high sensitivity and Broad-Range response

Flexible pressure sensors find broad applications in electronic skin, human–computer interaction, and health monitoring. However, developing self-powered flexible sensors capable of detecting both dynamic and static pressures with high sensitivity and a wide detection range remains a significant challenge. Here, we report the design and fabrication of a new rechargeable Zn-ion battery-type flexible self-powered pressure sensor (RZIB-FPS). In the device, the anode of a flexible Zn-ion battery is designed into a sandwich configuration with a porous isolation layer in between a conductive layer decorated with polymethylmethacrylate microspheres and a flexible Zn electrode. The self-powered pressure sensing mechanism relies on the variation in output voltage resulting from the resistance change of the anode when subjected to external pressure. This RZIB-FPS exhibits an open-circuit voltage of 1.46 V, an energy density of 392 µWh cm−2, a high sensitivity (up to 42.6 mV kPa−1), a wide pressure detection range (up to 330 kPa), and excellent cycling stability (up to 12,000 cycles). Furthermore, the proposed all-in-one device design demonstrates excellent charge–discharge performance, manifesting its high integration level and potential for sensor miniaturization. This study introduces a new strategy for developing high-performance sensors for future self-powered smart wearable electronics.

Micro-flow cell washing technique combined with single-cell Raman spectroscopy for rapid and automatic antimicrobial susceptibility test of pathogen in urine

Facing the rapid spread of antimicrobial resistance, methods based on single-cell Raman spectroscopy have proven their advances in reducing the turn-around time (TAT) of antimicrobial susceptibility tests (AST). However, the Raman-based methods are still hindered by the prolonged centrifugal cell washing procedure, which may require complex labor operation and induce high mechanical stress, resulting in a pretreatment time of over 1 h as well as a high cell-loss probability. In this study, we developed a micro-flow cell washing device and corresponding Raman-compatible washing chips, which were able to automatically remove the impurities in the samples, retain the bacterial cell and perform Raman spectra acquisition in situ. Results of washing the 5- and 10-μm polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) microspheres showed that the novel technique achieved a successful removal of 99 % impurity and an 80 % particle retention rate after 6 to 10 cycles of washing. The micro-flow cell washing technique could complete the pretreatment for urine samples in a 96-well plate within 10 min, only taking 15 % of the handling time required by centrifugation. The AST profiles of urine sample spiked with E. coli 25922, E. faecalis 29212, and S. aureus 29213 obtained by the proposed Raman-based approach were found to be 100 % consistent with the results from broth micro-dilution while reducing the TAT to 3 h from several days which is required by the latter. Our study has demonstrated the micro-flow cell washing technique is a reliable, fast and compatible approach to replace centrifuge washing for sample pretreatment of Raman-AST and could be readily applied in clinical scenarios.

Chiral resolution of ketoprofen by modified polymethyl methacrylate microspheres

AbstractDue to unique structural characteristics and chiral environment, β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) has a strong chiral separation ability. 4‐Chlorophenyl isocyanate (4CPI) also plays an important role in separating chiral drugs. In this paper, a chiral stationary phase: 4‐CPI‐β‐CD stationary phase (4CPI‐β‐CD@PMMA) was designed and prepared. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) microspheres with uniform particle size and good monodispersity were prepared by modified seed polymerization and seed expansion methods. Using diazo resin as a coupling agent, PMMA microspheres were connected with 4CPI‐β‐CD to prepare a stationary phase with chiral recognition ability. PMMA microspheres and 4CPI‐β‐CD were also characterized. Compared with the traditional silica gel column, PMMA microspheres have higher preparation efficiency, better monodispersity, and better mechanical properties as chromatographic fillers. Finally, the chiral separation of ketoprofen was carried out by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography, and the separation conditions were optimized. This paper is a good idea for the preparation of the chiral stationary phase.

A temperature sensor based on multi-beam capture and interference

In this study, we proposed and validated a temperature fiber sensor based on optical signal capture Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (OSC-MZI) with high-precision temperature measurement capabilities. By creating three air cavities on a continuously offset-spliced no-core fiber (NCF), the optical signal experiences reflection and divergence within these cavities, which enhances the optical path of propagating light. Gradually, filling these NCF cavities with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) microspheres to increase the light coupling efficiency and as a sensing unit. Due to the directly contact between the optical fiber waveguide and PMMA, the state of incident lights is easily influenced by the refractive index (RI) variations of PMMA. When the environmental temperature changes, RI of the PMMA with high thermal-optic coefficient shows marked change, which finally leads to the obvious wavelength shift of interference dips in the transmission spectrum. Experimental results show that MZI coated with the polymer materials achieves a temperature sensitivity of up to 2.04 nm/°C within the temperature range of 25–50 °C. Furthermore, as an interference-based MZI sensor, its total length is only 4.75 mm. The proposed OSC-MZI provides a new approach for combining optical fiber sensors with polymer materials.

Facile way of preparing PMMA@TiO2@SiO2 (P@T@S) composite microspheres with high haze and light transmittance for diffusion film

AbstractIn recent years, optical diffusion film materials with high transmittance and high haze have been widely reported, while there is relatively rare research on their functionalization and practical application especially in real scenario. In this work, optical diffusion films using polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)@TiO2@SiO2 (P@T@S) composite microspheres were fabricated, which exhibited sufficiently high light transmittance and haze. The binding mode of PMMA microspheres and nanoparticles suggested that PMMA microspheres with a positive surface potential combined with nanoparticles with a negative surface potential through electrostatic attraction to achieve mutual binding. The prepared P@T@S composite microspheres showed better heat and swelling resistance than those of PMMA microspheres. The P@T@S diffusion film, whose excellent light diffusion effect was clearly demonstrated, exhibited the best optical performance among all optical diffusion films prepared. After passing through the P@T@S diffusion film, the laser light was not only uniform but also bright. The findings from this work can provide some insight into further research on optical diffusion films applied in optoelectronic device areas.

Synthesis of silica inverse opal and evaluation of its potential as an optical chemical sensor for detection of metal salts

In this paper, SiO2 inverse opal photonic crystals, made by the co-assembly of SiO2 and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microspheres, were used to detect 20 different metal salts with a concentration of 0.002 mol/L. Surprisingly, two different behaviors were observed. Some metal salts caused a redshift in photonic bandgap (PBG) while the others led to a PBG’s blueshift. The observed different behaviors of salts are due to their distinct influence on the lattice constant of the inverse structures which was precisely investigated by analyzing the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. It has been revealed that the competition between the hydrophilicity of SiO2 and the hygroscopicity of metal salts led to a shift of PBG toward blue or red. The maximum shift in the PBG range was observed for mercury (II) nitrate salt (19 nm), which indicates a sensitivity of 9.5 nm per concentration unit (mM). Furthermore, the lowest displacement of the PBG was observed for the sodium nitrate salt (5 nm), which represents a sensitivity of 2.5 nm/mM. The lowest and highest values of the detection limit (LOD) for mercury (II) nitrate salt and sodium nitrate salt equal 0.193 mmol/L and 0.887 mmol/L, respectively. In addition, according to the calibration curve, with a regression coefficient of R2 > 0.95, there is a linear relationship between the salt concentration and the displacement of the PBG of the structure. Based on the results illustrating the sensitivity of the synthesized inverse opal to the type and concentration of the salts, inverse opal can be regarded as a promising structure to create a new perspective in the field of chemical sensing.

Infraorbital Injections of Polymethylmethacrylate Microspheres: Treatments for Delayed Granulomatous Inflammation.

Infraorbital Injections of Polymethylmethacrylate Microspheres: Treatments for Delayed Granulomatous Inflammation.

Preparation of photo-grafted magnetic nano-silver composites and their catalytic studies on organic dyes

More active and stable catalyst is needed for degradation of organic dyes in wastewater. A new kind of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) microsphere hybridized with Ag and Fe3O4 was developed as catalyst. PMMA microspheres were prepared by photoinitiated dispersive polymerization, and then acrylic acid (AA) was photo-grafted on the surface of microspheres with 365 nm UV light to prepare PMMA-AA microspheres whose carboxyl group was up to 164 × 1021 per microsphere. Under the effect of NaBH4, the Ag nanoparticles on the surface of PMMA and PMMA-AA microspheres were successfully modified with the help of carboxyl groups on the surface of PMMA and PMMA-AA microspheres. Fe3O4 particles were adsorbed onto the microsphere surface to obtain two kinds of microspheres (PMMA@Ag@Fe3O4, PMMA-AA@Ag@Fe3O4) for the catalytic reduction of methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (Rh-B), respectively. PMMA-AA@Ag@Fe3O4 microspheres exhibited excellently catalytic performance that the apparent rate coeffcients of MB and Rh-B were 0.045 s−1 and 0.036 s−1 respectively. The catalytic efficiency of PMMA-AA@Ag@Fe3O4 heterogeneous catalyst can reach 90% even after 8 cycles for MB. It has excellent catalytic performance, high non-selective adsorption and good reusability. Excellent catalytic performance, high non-selective adsorption and reusability even in the presence of mixed dyes.

Layer multiplication co‐extrusion of cross‐linked polymer microsphere‐filled systems

AbstractLayer multiplication co‐extrusion allows for creation of advance structures with highly tunable properties, with relative ease. Multi‐layer co‐extrusion using the layer multiplication technique was used to create 33‐layered structures of polymer microsphere‐filled layers alternating with unfilled layers. Cross‐linked polyurethane (PU) microspheres (of two different rigidities) and ultra‐highly cross‐linked polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microspheres were used to examine the effect of particle rigidity in confinement on overall mechanical properties. Layer structures were successfully created with particle‐filled layers; once layer size approaches the particle size, the particles deform the unfilled counter‐layer. In certain conditions, impingement of the counter‐layer occurs, decreasing the mechanical properties. High‐density polyethylene‐grafted‐maleic anhydride (HDPE‐g‐MA) was subsequently utilized as a compatibilizer to improve the interface between the particles and the matrix. The HDPE‐g‐MA was effective in increasing the mechanical performance of the co‐extruded product made with the PU microspheres but inefficient in improving the product made with the PMMA microspheres.

Rational design of size-controlled spongy porous carbon microspheres with wide-frequency microwave absorption properties

Porous carbon materials have garnered significant attention due to their effective microwave absorption properties. However, the design and preparation of precisely size-controlled porous carbon materials is still a great challenge. Spongy porous carbon microspheres (SPCMs) with adjustable size and uniform particles were successfully synthesized for large-scale production. This synthesis method employed affordable polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) microspheres as sacrificial templates and phenolic resin oligomers as carbon sources. In addition to size considerations, different carbonization temperatures exert substantial influence on the complex dielectric constant and microwave absorption characteristics. SPCMs samples, characterized by a size of 5 μm and carbonization temperature of 700 °C, exhibited exceptional microwave absorption performance, despite a loading of only 10 wt%. The minimum reflection loss (RLmin) for the matched 2.6 mm thick sample reached −68.2 dB at 15.0 GHz, and the effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) for the matched 2.9 mm thick sample spanned 7.5 GHz. The outstanding microwave absorption capabilities of SPCMs can be attributed to their continuous porous structure, well-suited impedance matching, appropriate conductivity, and abundant interfacial polarization. This work serves as a crucial guide for the development of highly efficient microwave absorbers characterized by thin profiles, lightweight composition, strong absorption characteristics, and a wide EAB.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of 3D printed porous Al2O3–ZrO2 laminated ceramics with tailored porosity

A 3D printing technique was proposed to fabricate porous Al2O3–ZrO2 laminated ceramics by controlling the content of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) microspheres. The flexural performance of the 3D printed porous laminated ceramics was assessed through three-point bending tests and compared with theoretical predictions. The experimental results agree with analytical projections. The present study investigated the influence of porosity and its distribution on the microstructure and flexural properties of porous Al2O3–ZrO2 laminated ceramics. The findings reveal that an increase in PMMA microsphere content in the outer layer leads to a decrease in both flexural modulus and strength for the type A ceramics. Among all type B samples, TB1 exhibits the highest flexural strength while TB3 displays the lowest. Furthermore, the crack deflection in the laminated ceramics was examined to elucidate the underlying mechanism of failure. It was determined that both type A and type B Al2O3–ZrO2 porous laminated ceramics exhibit brittle behavior under bending. The orientation of the maximum principal stress at the interface between the lower and inner layers being not align with the axis of the beam leads to the crack deflection. Overall, this study provides valuable guidance for designing and additively manufacturing porous Al2O3–ZrO2 laminated ceramics.

Pmma body injection and hypercalcemia correlation: a cross-sectional observational study on the comprehensive analysis of variables

Introduction: Hypercalcemia related to aesthetic intramuscular implants exclusively made of PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) is a very rare condition. Late complications of these implants are related to poorly understood inflammatory triggers, which may reactivate stabilized implants, increase calcitriol production, and lead to hypercalcemia. Methods: Records of patients seen between 2022 and 2023 with a PMMA microsphere body implant and a subsequent diagnosis of hypercalcemia were searched. Medical history, medication use, data on PMMA implantation, and laboratory tests related to calcium metabolism were described and subjected to variable correlation analysis. The instituted treatments were described. Results: A total of 17 female patients with exclusive body PMMA implants confirmed by ultrasonography or MRI (Magnetic Resonance Image) developed hypercalcemia between 2017 and 2022. Prior renal disease, COVID-19 infection, vitamin D use, and anabolic steroid use correlated with laboratory changes in hypercalcemia. Larger PMMA implant volumes led to parathyroid hormone suppression. Conclusion: Patients with PMMA body implants may rarely present with hypercalcemia when variables such as renal disease before implantation, high doses of vitamin D or anabolic steroids are present. Based on the data presented and the available scientific literature, recommendations for patient investigation, implant volume limit, and patient follow-up after the procedure were made.

Modifying explosive behavior with additives

AbstractThe influence of additives on the detonation velocity of a polyethylene wax/RDX formulation was examined. Additives included species of various shock impedance: glass microballoons; glass microspheres; polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) microspheres; thermally expandable microspheres (TEMs); and PMMA microencapsulated pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). Performance of the insensitive explosive 2,4‐dinitroanisole (DNAN) was enhanced by addition of PETN‐either neat or encapsulated, but encapsulation did not increase the sensitivity of the formulation. The energy contribution of the encapsulated PETN to the detonation front of the insensitive explosive 2,4‐dinitroanisole (DNAN) was also demonstrated. Present in 5 wt%, the encapsulated PETN allowed DNAN to sustain a reaction (5.36 km/s) at 13 mm, well below its critical diameter.

Synthesis of PMMA Microspheres with Tunable Diameters: Evaluation as a Template in the Synthesis of Tin Oxide Coatings.

The synthesis of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) spheres with different sizes has been a challenge. PMMA has promise for future applications, e.g., as a template for preparing porous oxide coatings by thermal decomposition. Different amounts of SDS as a surfactant are used as an alternative to control PMMA microsphere size through the formation of micelles. The objectives of the study were twofold: firstly, to determine the mathematical relationship between SDS concentration and PMMA sphere diameter, and secondly, to assess the efficacy of PMMA spheres as templates for SnO2 coating synthesis and their impact on porosity. The study used FTIR, TGA, and SEM techniques to analyze the PMMA samples, and SEM and TEM techniques were used for SnO2 coatings. The results showed that PMMA sphere diameter could be adjusted by varying the SDS concentration, with sizes ranging from 120 to 360 nm. The mathematical relationship between PMMA sphere diameter and SDS concentration was determined with a y = axb type equation. The porosity of SnO2 coatings was found to be dependent on the PMMA sphere diameter used as a template. The research concludes that PMMA can be used as a template to produce oxide coatings, such as SnO2, with tunable porosities.

Polymethylmethacrylate injections for augmentation and strengthening of abdominal muscles: an experimental model

Introduction: Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is a synthetic, inert, biocompatible and nontoxic polymer, the applications in the medical field are numerous, and indications are increasingly broad. Objectives: To evaluate whether the fibrous response to injection of PMMA microspheres into striated muscles confers increased volume and resistance to muscle stretch. Methods: A total of 20 Wistar rats were injected with, 30% PMMA gel into the right rectus abdominis muscle, while the left rectus muscle received SHAM injections. After 4 weeks, all abdominal rectus muscles were measured and stretched on a bench dynamometer until rupture. The samples were analyzed histologically to verify the tissue response to PMMA. Results: The right rectus abdominis muscles of rats that received PMMA gel injection had increased volume and the breaking strength was greater than 100% compared to the left rectus muscles that received SHAM injections. There was a significant deposition of type I and III collagen fibers around the PMMA injection sites. Conclusion: PMMA microspheres implanted into the rectus abdominis muscle of Wistar rats promote neocollagenesis and significantly increase the breaking strength when subjected to stretch test. The mild and desired foreign body type tissue reaction around the PMMA is not objection to the augmentation of the rectus abdominis muscle.

Permanent fillers—What is their role

AbstractBackgroundWith the growing cosmetic industry, there have been numerous advancements in nonsurgical interventions including the use of permanent dermal filler injections. Permanent fillers are relatively novel in clinical use when compared to temporary and semi‐permanent fillers. The only FDA‐approved, non‐biodegradable permanent filler uses polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microspheres. PMMA is suspended in bovine collagen and lidocaine solution for injection, absorbed by the body, and replaced overtime by collagen. ArteFill® was the first FDA approved permanent filler in 2005 for correction of nasolabial folds, with studies demonstrating rejuvenation for up to five years, trumping its predecessors in longevity. A decade later with rebranding, Bellafill® was indicated for correction of nasolabial fold and atrophic acne scars.AimsTo review the development of permanent fillers, mechanism, and safety.Materials & MethodsA qualitative systematic review was conducted on PMMA microspheres indications, contraindications, and off‐label use on benefits, risks, and adverse events.ResultsThe durability of permanent fillers has a strong appeal for both patients and practitioners, however, usage for certain patient populations demonstrates increased risk for both early and late complications compared to temporary and semi‐permanent fillers. A skin test composed of purified 3.5% bovine collagen gel administered in the volar forearm is recommended one month prior to injection, to identify any patients who may have a positive response. Bovine collagen demonstrates low immunogenicity with the incidence of preexisting hypersensitivity reported to be between 2‐4%. Bovine collagen in dermatologic formulations use pepsin‐solubilized formulations in which telopeptides are cleaved to further help reduce aberrant immunogenic responses.DiscussionEarly and late complications may outweigh the benefits in use of permanent fillers, however these complications are patient dependent.ConclusionPermanent fillers may be useful in volume replacement for nasolabial folds and atrophic acne scars, however a provider must use good clinical judgement in deciding which patients are ideal candidates.

Controlled Distributed Ti3 C2 Tx Hollow Microspheres on Thermally Conductive Polyimide Composite Films for Excellent Electromagnetic Interference Shielding.

Flexible multifunctional polymer-based electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding composite films have important applications in the fields of 5G communication technology, wearable electronic devices, and artificial intelligence. Based on the design of a porous/multilayered structure and using polyimide (PI) as the matrix and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) microspheres as the template, flexible (Fe3 O4 /PI)-Ti3 C2 Tx -(Fe3 O4 /PI) composite films with controllable pore sizes and distribution of Ti3 C2 Tx hollow microspheres are successfully prepared by sacrificial template method. Owing to the porous/multilayered structure, when the pore size of the Ti3 C2 Tx hollow microspheres is 10µm and the mass ratio of PMMA/Ti3 C2 Tx is 2:1, the (Fe3 O4 /PI)-Ti3 C2 Tx -(Fe3 O4 /PI) composite film has the most excellent EMI shielding performance, with EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of 85dB. It is further verified by finite element simulation that the composite film has an excellent shielding effect on electromagnetic waves. In addition, the composite film has good thermal conductivity (thermal conductivity coefficient of 3.49W (m·K)-1 ) and mechanical properties (tensile strength of 65.3MPa). This flexible (Fe3 O4 /PI)-Ti3 C2 Tx -(Fe3 O4 /PI) composite film with excellent EMI shielding performance, thermal conductivity, and mechanical properties has demonstrated great potential for applications in EMI shielding protection for high-power, portable, and wearable flexible electronic devices.