Polymerization Of Aniline Research Articles

Polyaniline as a dual flame retardant and electrostatic dissipative additive in polyethylene nanocomposites

AbstractPolyolefins, such as polyethylene (PE), are highly flammable and electrically insulative, limiting their applicability. The study explored the flame‐retardancy and electrical conductivity of PE/polyaniline (PE/PANI) nanocomposites containing undoped PANI, PANI doped, and co‐doped with various acids and PANI modified with a double layered hydroxide or ammonium polyphosphate (APP). The nanocomposites were synthesized through in situ chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline and compression molding. Flame retardancy was evaluated using UL 94 tests and cone calorimetry. All nanocomposites, except the de‐doped PANI nanocomposite, attained a UL 94 V2 rating. Cone calorimeter results showed that PANI doped with H3PO4 reduced the peak heat release rate by 20% compared to neat PE, whereas co‐doping PANI with H3PO4 and phytic acid reduced it by 31%. The nanocomposites exhibited volume resistivity for suitable for electrotactic dissipation applications but showed marginally reduced mechanical properties. This study demonstrates the potential to develop electrostatic dissipative and flame‐retardant PE nanocomposites incorporating PANI.Highlights PE/PANI nanocomposites were synthesized. PANI doped with H3PO4 reduced the peak HRR by 20%. Co‐doping PANI with H3PO4 and phytic acid further reduced peak HRR. Nanocomposites attained a UL 94 V2 rating. PE/PANI nanocomposites were electrostatic dissipative.

Tetra aniline-based polymers ameliorate BPA-induced cardiotoxicity in Sprague Dawley rats, in silico and in vivo analysis

AimsBisphenol A (BPA), xenoestrogen, is an environmental toxicant, that generates oxidative stress leading to cardiotoxicity. The oxidative stress can be neutralized by natural and synthetic antioxidants. The present study elucidates the highly selective antioxidative potential of synthetic tetra aniline polymers Es-37 and L-37 against Bisphenol A-induced cardiac cellular impairments and the role of miRNA-15a-5p in the regulation of different apoptotic proteins. Materials and methodsThe molecular docking of L-37 and Es-37 with three proteins (p53, Cytochrome c, and Bcl-2) were performed. The dose of 1 mg/kg BW of BPA, 1 mg/kg BW Es-37 and L-37 and 50 mg/kg BW N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) was administered to Sprague Dawley rats. The miRNA and target gene expression were confirmed by qRt-PCR and Immunoblotting. Key findingsIn our results, BPA administration significantly elevated the reactive oxygen species (ROS), p53, cytochrome c, and particularly miRNA-15a-5p expression; however: these changes were notably reversed by Es-37 and L-37 treatment. Additionally, molecular docking of synthetic polymers validated that L-37 has a greater binding affinity with the target proteins compared to Es-37, with the highest binding values reported for the enzymatic protein cytochrome c. SignificanceThese results suggest that both synthetic polymers Es-37 and L-37 have the potential to scavenge free radicals, boost-up antioxidant enzyme activities, and avert (BPA-induced) toxicity, thus, may serve as cardioprotective agents. Moreover, this study first time proposes that miRNA-15a-5p overexpression is associated with oxidative stress and coincides with BPA induced cardiotoxicity, thus may serve as potential therapeutic target in future.

Graphene/polyaniline waterborne composite coatings for metallic bipolar plates

Waterborne composite coatings were formulated for protection of metallic bipolar plates. The challenges lied in two aspects, one was the confliction between high electrical conductivity and good corrosion protection properties; the other was the water dispersibility of the constituent phases. Water-solubility of polyaniline (PANI) were controlled by adding polystyrene sulfonic acid during the polymerization of aniline. Graphene was functionalized by p-aminobenzoic acid and p-phenylenediamine to enhance the compatibility with PANI, while keeping the electrical conductivity of graphene at around 169 S/cm. Upon in-situ polymerization of the functionalized graphene/PANI composites, the electrical conductivity varied significantly from 41 S/cm to 91 S/cm with the surface functionality of graphene. The composite coatings were prepared thereafter with functionalized graphene/PANI/carbon black on the surface of 316 L stainless steel by centrifugal spraying coating. The interfacial contact resistance of the coatings reached 4 mΩ·cm2, comparable to Au coatings, but the corrosion current density was 4.37 μA/cm2 due to the existence of the hydrophilic groups in waterborne coatings, like amino groups and sulfonic acid groups. A post-treatment was carried out to consume some of the amino groups, so that the corrosion current density was decreased to 0.88 μA/cm2.

An environmentally sustainable ultrasonic-assisted exfoliation approach to graphene and its nanocompositing with polyaniline for supercapacitor applications

In the present work, a green high-yielding method for the preparation of graphene is introduced via ultrasonic-assisted liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) of graphite in a green solvent medium, since the common preparation method of graphene via graphite oxide is hazardous. A high concentration of 3.2 mg/ml graphene is achieved here in a comparatively short duration of 3 h ultrasonication. By using a mixed solvents strategy (acetophenone and isopropyl alcohol, 1:19 V/V), surface energy requirements needed for the exfoliation of graphite are satisfied here with acetophenone, where isopropyl alcohol further facilitated the exfoliation via non-conventional CH-π and OH-π interactions. Turbostratic graphene in high-yield (16 %) in a simple means of ultrasonic assisted LPE is the added attraction of the present procedure. The less-defective structure of graphene, its few-layered turbostratic nature, and edge functionalization of the sheets are evident from the material characterization via Raman spectroscopy, XRD, TEM-SAED, and XPS analyses. Here, we report a combination of the attractive conducting polymer polyaniline (PANI) with the as-prepared graphene for supercapacitor applications, where the PANI/graphene nanocomposites with different aniline concentrations (PANI1.125/G, PANI4.5/G, and PANI9/G) have been prepared via in-situ polymerization of aniline in the graphene dispersion. The structure and morphology of the nanocomposites are investigated using different characterization techniques which revealed that the molecular structure of the PANI is retained in the nanocomposites even with a strong interaction with graphene. FESEM and TEM images revealed the good coverage of graphene sheets with PANI that limit the volume change of PANI during the repeated charge-discharge processes. Electrochemical studies showed that PANI4.5/G has the highest specific capacitance of 126.16 mF/cm2 at a current density of 1 mA/cm2, resulting from the perfect combination of the pseudocapacitance behavior of the PANI along with the electrical double layer capacitance of graphene. A symmetric supercapacitor device is also fabricated with PANI4.5/G, which showed the highest areal capacitance of 116.38 mF/cm2 similar to that with three-electrode studies and also good cycling stability with 87 % capacitance retention in the specific capacitance after 6000 cycles. It also exhibited an energy density of 16 µWh/cm2 (0.29 Wh/kg) and a power density of 3.99 mW/cm2 (72.72 W/kg).

Construction of Solution Processable NUS-8/PANI Nanosheets via Template-Directed Polymerization for Ultratrace Gas Sensing.

The advancement of wireless gas sensing signifies a substantial leap forward in gas detection and intelligent monitoring technologies. This necessitates stringent design criteria for gas sensitive materials with good solution processability, conductivity, and porosity, whose design and synthesis remain challenging yet highly sought-after. Herein, the fabrication of NUS-8/polyaniline (PANI) nanosheets is presented with excellent solution processability, high porosity, triboelectric property, and superior electrical conductivity via a template-directed polymerization strategy. Solution processable NUS-8 nanosheets, synthesized directly by a "one-pot" approach, serve as templates to enhance the "on-site" polymerization of aniline, resulting in the formation of PANI layer on NUS-8 nanosheets with a thickness of 7nm. The resultant NUS-8/PANI nanosheets exhibit outstanding solution processability, and a film conductivity of 8.6 Sm-1. The solution processability enables the facile fabrication of homogeneous and compact NUS-8/PANI films and thus their integration onto electronic devices targeted for multifunctional sensing. The NUS-8/PANI coated sensors demonstrate sensitive and selective detection at room temperature toward ultratrace ammonia with a detection limit of 120 ppb. A wireless sensing system based on the NUS-8/PANI-coated sensor is capable to monitor the spoilage process of meat. This study paves novel avenues for designing and synthesizing gas-sensitive materials for practical applications.

Chitosan-Polyaniline (Bio)Polymer Hybrids by Two Pathways: A Tale of Two Biocomposites.

Previous research highlights the potential of polyaniline-based biocomposites as unique adsorbents for humidity sensors. This study examines several preparative routes for creating polyaniline (PANI) and chitosan (CHT) composites: Type 1-in situ polymerization of aniline with CHT; Type 2-molecular association in acidic aqueous media; and a control, Type 3-physical mixing of PANI and CHT powders (without solvent). The study aims to differentiate the bonding nature (covalent vs. noncovalent) within these composites, which posits that noncovalent composites should exhibit similar physicochemical properties regardless of the preparative route. The results indicate that Type 1 composites display features consistent with covalent and hydrogen bonding, which result in reduced water swelling versus Type 2 and 3 composites. These findings align with spectral and thermogravimetric data, suggesting more compact structure for Type 1 materials. Dye adsorption studies corroborate the unique properties for Type 1 composites, and 1H NMR results confirm the role of covalent bonding for the in situ polymerized samples. The structural stability adopts the following trend: Type 1 (covalent and noncovalent) > Type 2 (possible trace covalent and mainly noncovalent) > Type 3 (noncovalent). Types 2 and 3 are anticipated to differ based on solvent-driven complex formation. This study provides greater understanding of structure-function relationships in PANI-biopolymer composites and highlights the role of CHT as a template that involves variable (non)covalent contributions with PANI, according to the mode of preparation. The formation of composites with tailored bonding modalities will contribute to the design of improved adsorbent materials for environmental remediation to versatile humidity sensor systems.

Preparation and Characterization of Graphene Oxide/Carbon Nanotube/Polyaniline Composite and Conductive and Anticorrosive Properties of Its Waterborne Epoxy Composite Coatings.

The organic coating on the surface is common and the most effective method to prevent metal materials from corrosion. However, the corrosive medium can penetrate the metal surface via micropores, and electrons cannot transfer in the pure resin coatings. In this paper, a new type of anticorrosive and electrically conductive composite coating filled with graphene oxide/carbon nanotube/polyaniline (GO/CNT/PANI) nanocomposites was successfully prepared by in situ polymerization of aniline (AN) on the surface of GO and CNT and using waterborne epoxy resin (WEP) as film-forming material. The structure and morphology of the composite were characterized using a series of characterization methods. The composite coatings were comparatively examined through resistivity, potentiodynamic polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and salt spray tests. The results show that the GO/CNT/PANI/WEP composite coating exhibits excellent corrosion resistance for metal substrates and good conductivity when the mass fraction of GO/CNT/PANI is 3.5%. It exhibits a lower corrosion current density of 4.53 × 10-8 A·cm-2 and a higher electrochemical impedance of 3.84 × 106 Ω·cm2, while only slight corrosion occurred after 480 h in the salt spray test. The resistivity of composite coating is as low as 2.3 × 104 Ω·cm. The composite coating possesses anticorrosive and electrically conductive properties based on the synergistic effect of nanofillers and expands the application scope in grounding grids and oil storage tank protection fields.

Redox-Active Polyaniline Covalently grafted Black Phosphorus Nanosheets for Integrated Digital-Analogue Memristors.

Surface covalent modification of black phosphorus (BP) with organic polymers represents a promising strategy to enhance its stability and tailor its electronic properties. Despite this potential, developing memristive materials through suitable polymer structures, grafting pathways, and polymerization techniques remains challenging. In this study, polyaniline (PANI)-covalently grafted black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNS) are successfully prepared with redox functionalities via the in situ polymerization of aniline on the surface of 4-aminobenzene-modified BPNS. The PANI coating protects the BP from direct exposure to oxygen and water, and it endows the material with analog memristive properties, characterized by a continuously adjustable resistance within a limited voltage scan range. When subjected to a broader voltage scan, the Al/PANI-g-BPNS/ITO device demonstrates a typical bistable digital memristive behavior. The integration of both digital and analog memristive functionalities in a single device paves the way for the development of high-density, multifunctional electronic components.

High cycling stability polyaniline/carbon sphere/graphene ternary nanocomposite cathode material for asymmetric supercapacitors

Here, an asymmetric supercapacitor of the ternary nanocomposite polyaniline/carbon sphere/graphene (PANI/CS/G) is developed through a green strategy via the in-situ polymerization of aniline in carbon sphere/graphene (CS/G) dispersion prepared in a ball-mill method coupled with hydrothermal treatment. A strong interaction and thus the coverage of CS/G with PANI is revealed from the material characterization using XRD, FTIR and Raman spectroscopic techniques, and also from FESEM and HRTEM images. Uniform distribution of PANI over the CS/G provided an effective conducting network and enhanced diffusion of the electrolyte ions. PANI/CS/G showed a specific capacitance of 145.02 mF/cm2 at a current density of 1 mA/cm2 in 1 M H2SO4 originating from the electrostatic double layer capacitance behavior of the CS/G and pseudocapacitance of PANI. The fabricated asymmetric coin cell device with PANI/CS/G cathode and CS/G anode showed the highest areal capacitance of 320.78 mF/cm2 (@ 1 mA/cm2), a maximum energy density of 18.99 Wh/kg (@ 0.21 A/g), and a highest power density of 6088.48 W/kg (@ 8.68 A/g). The device displayed 101.6 % capacitance retention after 10000 cycles, indicating the effect of CS/G in diminishing the volume changes of PANI during the charge-discharge process, which usually affects the cyclic stability. By lighting a green LED, the real sense energy storage application of the supercapacitor is evaluated.

Construction of PANI@V2O5-ZnIn2S4 Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts for highly effective degradation of industrial dyes and antibiotics

From an environmental protection, the highly effective photodegradation of organic dyes and antibiotics in wastewater needs to be solved expeditiously. Fortunately, the construction of Z-scheme heterojunction for photocatalytic degradation is considered to be an effective method. In this paper, after the fabrication of V2O5 by calcination and loading of PANI on its surface by aniline polymerization, a novel PANI@V2O5-ZnIn2S4 composite photocatalysts prepared by one-pot synthesis method and used for the degradation of industrial dyes (crystalline violet, Congo red) and antibiotics (tetracycline-TC). Under the optimal photodegradation conditions, the 30 wt% PANI@V2O5-ZnIn2S4 heterojunction photocatalysts resulted in more than 95 % degradation of CR, CV and TC solutions after 32 min of irradiation. The optimal photodegradation conditions of the simulated pollutants in real aqueous environments catalyzed by the as-synthesized photocatalysts were explored via response surface methodology (RSM). Multiple material characterization techniques, such as FESEM, HRTEM, XPS valence band spectrum, photoelectrochemistry, radical trapping experiments and EPR tests verified the existence of Z-scheme heterojunction. Especially, the coating of conductive PANI on the V2O5 surface can further improve the separation and transfer efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers, thereby enhancing the photocatalytic activity of the semiconductor photocatalyst. This study will provide a robust option for the design and construction of Z-scheme heterojunctions photocatalysts for environmental pollution remediation.

Surface Engineering of N‐Doped Carbon Derived from Polyaniline for Primary Zinc‐Air Batteries

AbstractZinc‐air batteries (ZABs) with metal‐free cathodes are considered environmentally friendly and cost‐effective. However, more active and durable catalysts are required for this purpose. Herein, polyaniline (PANI)‐derived carbon materials were obtained to boost the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and, consequently, the performance of a primary ZAB. The developed porous N‐doped carbon (NDC) materials were engineered by varying the polymerization time and calcination temperature (500–900 °C). SEM micrographs and BET surface areas showed that the polymerization of aniline under cold conditions (5 °C) at 6, 8, or 24 h did not have a significant effect on the morphology or surface area. The fibrous structure of PANI was engineered by temperature, resulting in a progressive increase in the surface area until a three‐dimensional porous structure was achieved at 900 °C with the highest area of 601.9 m2 g−1. The surface doping of nitrogen species shifted from PANI‐rich N species to enriched graphitic N from 12.69 % (500 °C) to 24.26 % at 900 °C. The NDC 900 °C presented a voltage of 1.4 V and power density of 56 mW cm−2 (only 7 mW cm−2 lower than that of Pt/C). The results demonstrate that this material is an excellent candidate for high‐performance primary ZABs.

Nanocomposites for Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes Made of Silicon and Polyaniline Doped with Phytic Acid

The properties of lithium‐ion battery (LIB) anodes fabricated from nanoscale silicon Si and polyaniline (PANI) as a binder are reported. PANI is prepared by in situ polymerization of aniline in the presence of phytic acid, which serves both as dopant and as a gel‐forming agent. PANI pellets obtained by dry compression are used to investigate the morphology and to measure the resistivity of PANI and Si/PANI composites. The anodes are fabricated using the slurry technique. Their properties as a function of precursor ratio are studied in the half‐cell cells by charge–discharge characteristics, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic lifetime. It is shown that stable cycling (>350 cycles at a current of 300 mA g−1) is inherent only to thin Si/PANI layers with composite loading <0.7 mg cm−2. The discharge capacity in this case is as high as 500–800 mAh g−1.

In Situ PANI Encapsulation of Zinc Powder Enhancing the Corrosion Resistance of Zinc-Rich Epoxy Coatings

An approach to encapsulate zinc powder by in situ polymerization of aniline (PANI@Zn) is developed for Zn-rich epoxy coatings (ZRCs). With the application of PANI@Zn composites in the ZRCs, the encapsulated zinc particles are not activated due to the corrosion inhibition of PANI at the early stage of immersion, and physical shielding being mainly responsible for the protection of the steel substrate. At the stage of cathodic protection, the consumption of zinc powder is relatively uniform from the outer layer to the inner layer of the coating PANI@Zn coating, and the utilization rate of zinc powder is higher than that in the coating incorporated by the raw zinc powder. The required amount of zinc powder for achieving the same protective effect as the case of the raw zinc powder is reduced by ca. 20% after the application of the PANI@Zn composites.

Charge Photogeneration and Transfer in Polyaniline/Titanium Dioxide Heterostructure

The photoinduction process in a p-n heterogeneous structure should be in correlation with the electronic properties of its semiconductor components. Based on that assumption, a double layer made of polyaniline (PANi) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) on glass substrate is used to investigate the charge photogenerated and transferred in the structure. The PANi layer is made by in situ polymerization of aniline in HCl acidic aqueous medium, while the TiO2 layer is made by thermolysis of TiCl3 dilute solution. It has been found that the PANi/TiO2 double layer is a composition of a PANi emeraldine salt layer (p-type semiconductor) covered by a TiO2 rutile layer (n-type conductor), creating a p-n heterogeneous structure. Upon exposure to the excitation light, the light sensitivity of the PANi layer in the PANi/TiO2 structure reveals a response mode distinct from those of the neat PANi layer. The conductance of the PANi layer in the coupling structure shows two modes of response: (1) a negative mode, i.e., a decrease in conductance in response to the excitation light of wavelength 369, 396 and 447 nm, and (2) a positive mode, namely an increase in conductance, as with the excitation light of wavelength 667 nm. On the other hand, the neat PANi layer simply shows a single positive response to excitation light. Those response modes account for a modulation of the PANi/TiO2 depletion region that in turn depends upon the photoexcited electrons and holes in the heterostructure. The diffusion of excess photogenerated electrons and holes over the heterojunction results in an expansion or reduction of depletion width that gives rise to an increase or decrease of the PANi layer conductance, i.e., a positive or negative response, respectively. In addition, the negative mode in response to the excitation light of wavelength 447 nm (~2.8 eV) is assumed to be an impact of the PANi in extending the photoinduction of the TiO2 component into the vision range at the blue region.

Synthesis and Characterization of Polyaniline/CuO Nanocomposites with Various Temperature

Polyaniline (PANI) metal oxide composites are known for their high electrical conductivity, environmental stability, and enhanced mechanical strength, making them valuable in applications such as sensors, batteries, and electromagnetic shielding. This study focuses on synthesizing and characterizing PANI/CuO nanocomposites to examine their structural, morphological, and functional properties at different synthesis temperatures. By integrating the conductive polymer PANI with copper oxide (CuO), a p-type semiconductor with a narrow band gap, the material’s capabilities are significantly enhanced. The oxidative polymerization of aniline, the process by which PANI is formed, requires precise control of oxidizing agents and reaction conditions, as these factors directly affect the polymerization, conductivity, and overall properties of the resulting nanocomposite. The PANI/CuO nanocomposites were synthesized at three different temperatures: 10℃, 25℃, and 50℃, to determine how temperature affects their characteristics. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were employed to analyze these nanocomposites. FTIR results revealed shifts in the quinoid and benzenoid rings, indicating hydrogen bonding between the NH group of PANI and the CuO surface, which accelerates charge transfer. The SEM analysis showed that while pure PANI exhibits a uniform globular morphology, the PANI/CuO nanocomposites display a nanorod morphology. These morphological differences impact the surface area and electrical conductivity of the composites, highlighting the significance of temperature in tailoring the material's properties for specific applications.

Catalytic Properties of Pd Deposited on Polyaniline in the Hydrogenation of Quinoline

A set of Pd-containing composites was prepared by the deposition of Pd on the following carriers: polyaniline (PANI); PANI doped by H2SO4; Norit GSX activated carbon or Aerosil (SiO2) coated by PANI or by H2SO4-doped PANI; PANI after thermal treatment at 300 °C in an atmosphere of H2. One sample was also prepared by the in situ polymerization of aniline in the presence of Pd2+· The decomposition of Pd was carried out via deposition from the solutions of Pd2+ salts or decomposition of Pd0 complex Pd2(dba)3, where dba is dibenzylideneacetone. The composites were studied by powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, IR and Raman spectroscopy. The hydrogenation of quinoline in the presence of composites was carried out; the catalytic performance of the composites was evaluated by the yield of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline. It was found that the doping of PANI by H2SO4, inclusion of Norit GSX activated carbon as a component of the carrier or thermal treatment of PANI prior to the deposition of Pd led to significant increase in the catalytic performance of the composites in the hydrogenation of quinoline.

Adsorptive dye removal by Cu(II)-modified silica-alumina/polyaniline nanocomposite

The accelerated rate of industrial growth causes a lot of pollutants to be released into the environment. Therefore, the present work aimed at synthesizing a novel and environmentally friendly nanocomposite for eliminating dyes from wastewater. The (silica-alumina13 %)-Cu2+/polyaniline ((Si–Al)–Cu2+/PANI) nanocomposite was synthesized by the oxidative polymerization of aniline in the presence of (Si–Al)–Cu2+ composite. The nanocomposite was characterized by the FT-IR, XRD, BET, SEM, TEM, and EDX techniques. Its surface area was 287.7 m2/g and the pore diameter was 1.92 nm. The pseudo-second-order kinetic and the Langmuir isotherm models offered a satisfactory fit to the adsorption data. The removal percentage of the Acid blue 25 dye (AB25) by the nanocomposite reached 99 % within 60 min at pH 2, while the removal capacity was 135.86 mg/g. Based on the adsorption-desorption cycle results, the efficiency of the nanocomposite (99.7 %) remained unchanged up to the third cycle with a small decrease afterward. To corroborate the experimental results, a molecular modeling study was carried out using the basis function 6–311++G(d,p) and the DFT method to obtain the best molecular structure, physicochemical properties, and spectroscopic spectra of AB25 in the gas phase and water solvent. The electrostatic potential, Fuki functions, natural bond orbital, time-dependent DFT, and theoretical FT-IR were calculated. Furthermore, the adsorption of AB25 on the nanocomposite surface was verified by the Monte Carlo simulations. The computed data correlated well with the experimental results.

Experimental Study and Kinetic Modeling of Aniline Polymerization

Experimental Study and Kinetic Modeling of Aniline Polymerization

Layered double hydroxide/conductive polymer nanocomposites: Toward multifunctional biocompatible nanoadsorbents for wastewater treatment applications

ABSTRACT Layered double hydroxide (LDH)/conductive polymer nanocomposites combine the promising adsorption capabilities of 2D layered nanomaterials and the electric properties of conductive polymers, resulting in multifunctional adsorbents for wastewater treatment. In this work, a simple in situ polymerization of aniline was conducted in the presence of Zn-Fe LDH to synthesize a Zn-Fe LDH/PANI nanocomposite, which was characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, and BET. The composite showed a particle-like morphology with a size of 30–60 nm and a BET surface area of 23.27 m2/g and was used as an adsorbent for carbamazepine (CBZ). Zn-Fe LDH/PANI removed 98% of CBZ at pH 7, 0.2 g/L, and 40 mg/L CBZ. For biocompatibility, acute toxicity was assessed in vivo for ten days using male albino rats, and probit analysis (after 2, 6, and 24 hours) was used to determine the LD0, LD20, LD50, LD90, and LD100 values, which were calculated to be 890, 1051, 3188, 6371, and 11,300, respectively. During this time, the rats were weighed, and other observations were made, including mortality, behavior, injuries, and any symptoms of toxicity or side effects. Histopathological examination of organs such as the liver, kidney, brain, skin, intestine, and cecum for any pathological alterations was performed. Two green metrics were applied, the Analytical Eco-scale and the Analytical GREEness Calculator (AGREE).

Functional post-processing of extrusion-based 3D printed parts: polyaniline (PAni) as a coating for thermoplastics components

PurposeThis study aims to evaluate in situ oxidative polymerization of aniline (Ani) as a post-processing method to promote extrusion-based 3D printed parts, made from insulating polymers, to components with functional properties, including electrical conductivity and chemical sensitivity.Design/methodology/approachExtrusion-based 3D printed parts of polyethylene terephthalate modified with glycol (PETG) and polypropylene (PP) were coated in an aqueous acid solution via in situ oxidative polymerization of Ani. First, the feedstocks were characterized. Densely printed samples were then used to assess the adhesion of polyaniline (PAni) and electrical conductivity on printed parts. The best feedstock candidate for PAni coating was selected for further analysis. Last, a Taguchi methodology was used to evaluate the influence of printing parameters on the coating of porous samples. Analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test were used to identify the best levels for each parameter.FindingsColorimetry measurements showed significant color shifts in PP samples and no shifts in PETG samples upon pullout testing. The incorporation of PAni content and electrical conductivity were, respectively, 41% and 571% higher for PETG in comparison to PP. Upon coating, the surface energy of both materials decreased. Additionally, the dynamic mechanical analysis test showed minimal influence of PAni over the dynamic mechanical properties of PETG. The parametric study indicated that only layer thickness and infill pattern had a significant influence on PAni incorporation and electrical conductivity of coated porous samples.Originality/valueCurrent literature reports difficulties in incorporating PAni without affecting dimensional precision and feedstock stability. In situ, oxidative polymerization of Ani could overcome these limitations. However, its use as a functional post-processing of extrusion-based printed parts is a novelty.