Polymeric Dye Research Articles

In-plane doping profile control of plate-like organic single crystals grown by a method combining electrospray and low vapor pressure liquid film

Although the molecular doping of single crystal organic semiconductors is expected as a key technology that imparts attractive functions in optical and electrical properties, the doping technology in single crystal organic material is still in the initial stages. In this study, doping profile control in the organic single crystal was examined by using an organic single crystal growth method in which a low vapor pressure liquid thin film is used as a crystal growth field and solutes are supplied by electrospray deposition. Steep doping profile control with a transition region of around 1–2 μm was demonstrated using dopants of small molecule red dye and green fluorescent polymer into plate-like single crystal of widegap fluorescent small molecule. We also evaluated the doping profile of the small molecule red dye in microwire-like single crystals of green fluorescent metal complex small molecule.

New Type of Eco‐Friendly Polymeric Dye by Covalently Bonding Anthraquinone into Polyphenylsulfone

AbstractEco‐friendly polymeric dyes with excellent thermal stability, good mechanical performance, and robust chemical stability are highly desired for their diverse and practical applications in food, medicine, electronics and aerospace, etc. However, it remains a big challenge to develop them. Herein, a novel type of eco‐friendly polymeric dye is fabricated by covalently bonding anthraquinone chromophores onto polyphenylsulfone at a molecular level. The obtained polymeric dyes exhibit excellent thermal stability, with a weight loss of 5% at temperatures above 500 °C in air and negligible changes in both color appearance and transparency after being treated at 200 °C in air for 8 h, good mechanical performance with a tensile strength around 70 MPa, and robust chemical stability with demonstrated insolubility and very outstanding colorfastness and anti‐permeability against strong acidic or basic solutions for 7 days at room temperature. These outstanding properties make these polymeric dyes suitable for use in harsh conditions, exceeding existing polymeric dyes, which makes them good to use in some special engineering plastics.

Modified magnetic chitosan microparticles as novel superior adsorbents with huge "force field" for capturing food dyes.

In this study, modified magnetic chitosan microparticles (MCDs) were fabricated and used as adsorbents for the removal of Food Yellow 3 (FY3) and Acid Yellow 23 (AY23) from aqueous solution. The magnetic microparticles were characterized by scanning electronic microscope, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area, elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetry analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and vibrating-sample magnetometer. Then, the effects of pH value, initial dye concentration, and contact time on the adsorption of FY3 and AY23 by MCDs were investigated. Evidently, MCDs showed excellent adsorption performance for both food dyes, and their adsorption capacities (833.33 mg/g for FY3 and 666.67 mg/g for AY23) were considerably higher than those of unmodified adsorbents, which could be attributed to the electrostatic interaction and ion exchange between the grafted cationic polymer and food dyes. Adsorption isotherm and kinetic data of the magnetic microparticles were well fitted by Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model, respectively. The regeneration and reusability of MCDs were also explored. Results showed that more than 80% adsorption capacities of MCDs for FY3 and AY23 remained after five adsorption-desorption cycles.

A study on the preparation of alkyne functional nanoparticlesviaRAFT emulsion polymerisation

We evaluate the parameters surrounding the preparation of colloidally stable alkyne functional latex nanoparticlesviaRAFT emulsion polymerisation.

Rapid prototyping of a novel and flexible paper based oxygen sensing patch via additive inkjet printing process.

A novel and flexible oxygen sensing patch was successfully developed for wearable, industrial, food packaging, pharmaceutical and biomedical applications using a cost-efficient and rapid prototypable additive inkjet print manufacturing process. An oxygen sensitive ink was formulated by dissolving ruthenium dye and ethyl cellulose polymer in ethanol in a 1 : 1 : 98 (w/w/w) ratio. The patch was fabricated by depositing the oxygen sensitive ink on a flexible parchment paper substrate using an inkjet printing process. A maximum absorbance from 430 nm to 480 nm and a fluorescence of 600 nm was observed for the oxygen sensitive ink. The capability of the oxygen sensitive patch was investigated by measuring the fluorescence quenching lifetime of the printed dye for varying oxygen concentration levels. A fluorescence lifetime decay (τ) from ≈4 μs to ≈1.9 μs was calculated for the printed oxygen sensor patch, for oxygen concentrations varying from ≈5 mg L−1 to ≈25 mg L−1. A sensitivity of 0.11 μs mg L−1 and a correlation coefficient of 0.9315 was measured for the printed patches. The results demonstrated the feasibility of employing an inkjet printing process for the rapid prototyping of flexible and moisture resistant oxygen sensitive patches which facilitates a non-invasive method for monitoring oxygen and its concentration levels.

The Effect of Eriochrome Black T Concentrations on the Efficiency of Dye-sensitized Solar Cells


 
 
 
 Aims: To investigate The effect of concentration on organic solar cell efficiency.
 Study Design: Polymer and natural dye Eriochrome black T were deposited on ITO glass substrate, and then the resulted cells were tested for characteristics.
 Place and Duration of Study: International University of Africa Faculty of Pure and applied science-Department of Physics collaboration with University Medical Science and Technology- Alawia Centre and AlNilain University – Faculty of Science and Technology – Department of Physics, between March 2016 and May 2017.
 Methodology: we have dye of different colour, we select three colours the dye, and then UV-visible spectrometer used for absorption spectra. After that, the relation between absorption and wavelength, absorption coefficient, and energy band gap were found graphically. Finally, cells were designed on ITO glass substrate by using spin coating deposition. Characteristics measured. 
 Results: The relation between the Eriochrome black T concentration of dye for three samples are 6.67, 6.03, and 5.43 g/L, and the corresponding efficiencies for dark blue are 0.091, 0.090 and 0.229 respectively. The efficiencies of yellow Eriochrome Black T are 0.228, 0.193 and 0.181. And the efficiencies of red Eriochrome Black T are 0.246, 0.235 and 0.193. The decreases of efficiency due to the decreases of Eriochrome Black T concentration is related to the direct relation between Eriochrome Black T concentration and solar cell.
 Conclusion: The efficiency of dye-sensitised solar cells can be increased by increasing the Eriochrome Black T dye concentrations at least within the examined range. The Eriochrome Black T dye type also affect efficiency. This includes the transparency of the Eriochrome Black T dye beside the value of the Fermi energy. In addition to the relative positions of highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbits (LUMO) to nearby layers.
 
 
 
 

Deep ultraviolet lasers for flow cytometry.

Modern flow cytometers require multiple laser wavelengths to excite the wide variety of fluorescent probes now available for high-dimensional analysis. Ultraviolet (UV) lasers (typically solid state 355 nm) have become a critical excitation source for the Brilliant Ultraviolet (BUV) series of polymer fluorochromes. The BUV dyes have pushed the number of fluorescent probes available for simultaneous analysis to nearly 30, allowing an unprecedented level of precision for immune cell analysis. However, immunologists are already seeking analyze more than 30 simultaneous parameters, requiring both new fluorochromes and corresponding laser wavelengths. A group of polymer dyes requiring deep ultraviolet (UV) excitation (~280-300 nm) is currently under development, allowing the expansion of high-dimensional cytometry beyond the current 30 color limit. In this study, we evaluated a newly available laser emitting at 280 nm as a possible laser source for exciting these dyes. Since deep UV polymer dyes are not yet available, we used quantum nanoparticles (Qdots) as a surrogate probe to assess the utility of this laser wavelength for flow cytometry. Deep UV laser light was found to excite Qdots as well as traditional UV sources. Deep UV 280 nm did not excite BUV dyes well, suggesting that BUV and deep UV polymers will be spectrally compatible with low crossbeam spillover issues. Deep UV excitation did excite considerable autofluorescence in the violet to blue range, a limitation that will need to guide deep UV fluorochrome development. A deep UV 280 nm laser may therefore be the next essential wavelength for high-dimensional flow cytometry. © 2018 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.

Effect on photovoltaic performance of D–A–π–A motif polymer dye sensitizers by adopting the complex of metal with diamine as auxiliary electron acceptor

Donor–acceptor–π bridge–acceptor (D–A–π–A) dyes are promising sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). With the aim to obtain high conversion efficiencies solar cells, three novel D–A–π–A efficient sensitizers coded PIDT–NCo, PIDT–NZn and PIDT–NCd had been synthesized and applied to DSSCs. These sensitizers adopting Co(II), Zn(II) or Cd(II) complexes as auxiliary electron acceptors (A), indacenodithiophene (IDT) derivatives as electron donor (D) and 8-quinolinol derivative as π bridge and acceptor (A). The results of photovoltaic test indicated that the three polymeric metal complex dye sensitizers have relatively higher performance among polymer dye sensitizers, and the device sensitized by PIDT–NCd shows the highest power conversion efficiency of 6.43% under simulate AM 1.5 G solar irradiation. Besides all dyes exhibited excellent thermal stability (Td > 320 °C). The research data have potential values for the development of coordination chemistry and provided a brand new idea to design efficient polymer dyes for DSSCs.

Electrochemical DNA Sensor Based on Carbon Black-Poly(Neutral Red) Composite for Detection of Oxidative DNA Damage.

Voltammetric DNA sensor has been proposed on the platform of glassy carbon electrode covered with carbon black with adsorbed pillar[5]arene molecules. Electropolymerization of Neutral Red performed in the presence of native or oxidatively damaged DNA resulted in formation of hybrid material which activity depended on the DNA conditions. The assembling of the surface layer was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The influence of DNA and pillar[5]arene on redox activity of polymeric dye was investigated and a significant increase of the peak currents was found for DNA damaged by reactive oxygen species generated by Cu2+/H2O2 mixture. Pillar[5]arene improves the electron exchange conditions and increases the response and its reproducibility. The applicability of the DNA sensor developed was shown on the example of ascorbic acid as antioxidant. It decreases the current in the concentration range from 1.0 μM to 1.0 mM. The possibility to detect antioxidant activity was qualitatively confirmed by testing tera infusion. The DNA sensor developed can find application in testing of carcinogenic species and searching for new antitumor drugs.

Nonlinear optical properties of polymer [PMMA] thin films doped with dye lasing compounds, Rhodamine 6G and Acriflavine in chloroform solvent by using dip coating method

The fluorescence emission of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) and Acriflavine dyes in PMMA polymer have been studied by changing the irradiation and exposure time of laser light to know the effect of this parameter. It was found that the fluorescence intensity decreases in the polymer samples doped dyes as the exposure time increases and then reaches stabilization at long times, this behavior called photobleaching, which have been shown in liquid phase less than solid phase. Using 2nd harmonic with wavelength 530 nm laser, the photobleaching effect in the two dye-doped polymers different solvent but same was studied. It was observed that photobleaching of by different solution and by using dip spin coating the photobleaching seem in liquid phase more than the thin films from the mixing solutions with a thickness of (0.1 to 1 micrometer). The maximum peak of fluorescence seems as red shift with different solvent concentration.

Preparation of color polymeric nanomaterials containing dispersed dye by sunflower oil synergy and color transfer property by digital inkjet printing

The color polymeric nanomaterials containing highly dispersed dye molecules were designed and prepared by sunflower oil synergy microemulsion polymerization. The color nanoparticles can be applied to coat on the PET fabrics by digital inkjet printing technique. The sunflower oil as a dye solubilization and polymer plasticizer was used in the polymerization process. The structure and morphology of polymeric nanoparticles containing dispersive dyes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis. The color transfer properties from nanoparticle coating into PET fabrics by digital inkjet printing were discussed. Three color nanoparticles were homogeneous nanospheres with regular shape and size below 100 nm. The nano-balls were swelled by sunflower oil. The dye is evenly dispersed in colloidal nanoparticles. The color transfer rate of three nanoparticles containing disperse dyes with 2.43% oil by digital inkjet printing method were 97.1%, 95.3%, and 96.1%, respectively. The color transfer rates of three color nanomaterials with sunflower oil were obviously improved. The fastness properties of the PET fabrics printed with three nanoparticles with oil were excellent.

A waterborne polyurethane-based polymeric dye with covalently linked disperse red 11

A red fluorescent sulfonated waterborne polyurethane-based dye WPU-DR11 was synthesized by conjugating Disperse Red 11 (DR11) into polyurethane backbones. The expected structure of WPU-DR11 was characterized by FT-IR and UV–vis spectra. Containing the well-known dye of anthraquinone chromophores, WPU-DR11 exhibits intriguing optical behaviors. Compared with DR11, WPU-DR11 shows an obvious bathochromic shift in absorption spectra, whereas a evident hypsochromic shift in emission spectra. The fluorescence intensity of WPU-DR11 is dramatically enhanced compared with that of DR11. The fluorescence intensity of WPU-DR11 increases with the temperature, which is different from that of ordinary fluorescent materials. It is found that the fluorescence intensity of WPU-DR11 gradually increase with the increase of concentration, and then decrease. Migration rate of WPU-DR11 are only 2.0–4.0%, which is well below migration rate of DR11. The polyester fibers dyed with WPU-DR11 show high color yield, excellent breaking strength retention, good air permeability and anti-wrinkle resistance. According to the experimental results, WPU-DR11 exhibits excellent fluorescent and dyeing performance.

D-π-A conjugated polymer dyes-covered TiO2 compact layers for enhancing photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells

Three donor-conjugated units (triphenylamine (TPA)) and phenothiazine (PTZ))-side chain acceptor (cyanoacrylic acid (CAA)) donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) conjugated polymers with different conjugated units (thiophen and/or 3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) were rationally designed and synthesized. The electronic properties and energy levels could be effectively tuned via methodically altering the conjugated units of the resulted polymers (PTPAPTZ, PTPAPTZ-1 and PTPAPTZ-2). Regulating the molecular orbital energy levels can be considered as a direct and effective method to get bathchromic and broad spectra shifts in polymer dyes. Photoelectrochemical cells based on the dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) format were fabricated putting the polymers as sensitizers. Device based on PTPAPTZ-2 exhibits a power conversion efficiency of 4.71% with short circuit photocurrent density of 10.8 mA·cm−2, overrating all polymer DSSCs previously disclosed.

Comprehensive investigation of a dye-decolorizing peroxidase and a manganese peroxidase from Irpex lacteus F17, a lignin-degrading basidiomycete

Irpex lacteus F17 is well-known for its ability to degrade recalcitrant aromatic pollutants, which mainly results from the action of the manganese peroxidase (MnP) that it is able to produce. Recently, the genome sequencing and annotation of this strain provided comprehensive picture of the ligninolytic peroxidase gene family. In addition to revealing the presence of 13 MnPs, genes for five dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs) were also discovered in the I. lacteus F17 genome, which are unrelated to the fungal class II peroxidases. In the present study, amino acid sequences of five DyPs and 13 MnPs, representing two different families of heme peroxidases, were analyzed. Of these, two enzymes, a DyP (Il-DyP4) and a MnP (Il-MnP6) were expressed respectively in Escherichia coli, and were characterized by comparing their molecular models, substrate specificities, and catalytic features. The results showed that Il-DyP4 possessed a higher catalytic efficiency for some representative substrates, and a stronger decolorizing ability to a wide range of synthetic dyes in acidic conditions. Based on electrochemical measurements, Il-DyP4 was found to have a high redox potential of 27 mV at pH 3.5, which was superior to that of Il-MnP6 (− 75 mV), thereby contributing to its ability to oxidize high redox potential substrates, such as veratryl alcohol and polymeric dye Poly R-478. The results highlighted the potential of Il-DyP4 for use in industrial and environmental applications.

Cost-effective three dimensional Ag/polymer dyes/graphene-carbon spheres hybrids for high performance nonenzymatic sensor and its application in living cell H2O2 detection

We describe a facile method to synthesize a new type of catalyst by electrodepositing Ag nanocrystals (AgNCs) on the different polymer dyes, Poly (methylene blue) (PMB) or Poly (4-(2-Pyridylazo)-Resorcinol) (PAR) modified graphene‑carbon spheres (GS) hybrids. The self-assembled GS take dual advantages of carbon spheres and graphene. Carbon spheres acts as nano-spacers prevent the aggregation of graphene and guarantee the fast electron transfer of GS. Secondly, polymerized dyes used here are beneficial for AgNCs growing as a linker. The effects of dyes on the growth habits, morphologies and catalytic properties for AgNCs were investigated. A novel electrochemical nonenzymatic sensor for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) detection is fabricated based on the Ag/Polymer dyes/GS ternary composites modified glass carbon electrode (GCE) for the first time. It was found that the proposed electrodes, especially for Ag/PMB/GS/GCE, displayed a peculiar electrocatalytic activity towards H2O2 reduction synergistically as compared to Ag/PAR/GS/GCE or Ag/GS/GCE alone. Ag/PMB/GS/GCE showed a linear response over the H2O2 concentration range of 0.5 to 1112 μM. The detection limit and sensitivity is 0.15 μM and 400 μA mM−1 cm−2, respectively. These outstanding results enable the practical application of Ag/PMB/GS/GCE for the H2O2 tracking released from MCF-7 (human breast cancer cells) with satisfactory results.

Synthesis and Dyeing Properties of Three Hemicyanine-Based Fluorescent Polymeric Dyes

This research deals with the synthesis of hemicyanine-based fluorescent polymeric dyes and their use in acrylic dyeing. Three new hemicyanine dyes were synthesized by the Knoevenagel reaction, and grafted to carboxymethylchitosan (O-CMC) to form polymeric dyes. The resulting dyes were characterized using 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, indicating that these polymeric dyes were successfully synthesized. The practical utility of these polymeric dyes was demonstrated by their successful application on acrylic fabrics to give highly fluorescent colors. The fluorescence, color characteristics, and photostability of these dyed fabrics were tested using a fluorescence spectrometer, a spectrophotometer, and a lightfastness tester. Results showed that acrylic fabrics dyed with these polymeric dyes were fluorescent and had better photostability than the parent dyes.

D-A-π-A dye-sensitizers with Cd (Ⅱ) or Cu (Ⅱ) complex as auxiliary electron acceptor

In the process of structure modification for dye-sensitizers, D-A-π-A motif sensitizers stood out from various structures of dyes owing to their high efficiencies and long lifetimes. In this work, four novel polymeric metal complex dyes in D-A-π-A pattern (PCZ-QCd, PCZ-QCu, PIDT-QCd and PIDT-QCu), which use Cd (Ⅱ) or Cu (Ⅱ) complexes as auxiliary electron acceptors, indacenodithiophene (IDT) and carbazole (CZ) derivatives as donors and 8-quinolinol derivative as π bridge and acceptors (A) were designed, synthesized and applied to dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Polymers using different donors and coordination ions are discussed by testing their thermal, optical, electrochemical properties and photovoltaic performance in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). All polymers show good terminal stability with decomposition temperatures (Td) higher than 300 °C. There is a wide light absorption range in the near ultraviolet and visible region for the polymer (PIDT-QCd) with Cd (Ⅱ) as coordination ion and IDT as donor. As a result, a highest power conversion efficiency of 6.55% was achieved by PIDT-QCd-based DSSC device. This work provides a distinctive perspective for the designing of sensitizers in DSSCs.

Preparation of colored recycled polyethylene terephthalate nanofibers from waste bottles: Physicochemical studies

AbstractIn this study, polyethylene terephthalate‐based waste drinking bottles have been used to develop colorful nanofibers via electrospinning. The recycled polyethylene terephthalate (r‐PET) nanofibers were characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and X‐ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques and were explored for advanced colorful applications. To prepare colorful r‐PET nanofibers, two different disperse dyes, C.I Disperse Blue 56 (DB‐56) and C.I Disperse Red 167:1 (DR 167:1), were used by dope dyeing technique. The dope dyeing of r‐PET nanofibers was optimized by determining the effects of different polymer concentrations (9%–15%) and dye concentrations (1%–7%). The proposed r‐PET nanofibers offer many advantages such as good color fastness, good mechanical strength, save processing energy, and time compared to other conventional nanofibers.

Dual-responsive cellulose fabric based on reversible acidichromic and photoisomeric polymeric dye containing pendant azobenzene

An acid and UV dual-responsive cellulose fabric was developed via coating with a polymeric dye based on waterborne polyurethane and azobenzene chromophore to provide additional smart characteristics for textiles. The incorporation of azobenzene chromophore into polyurethane chain through chemical bonding enhanced the thermal stability. The maximum absorption peak of the polymeric dye and its coated fabric shifted from 410 nm to 520 nm upon pH decreasing from 6 to 1, accompanying with pronounced color change from yellow to amaranth due to structural transition from diazo to hydrazone form. The acidichromic property of the polymeric dye also presents an outstanding repetition stability. The trans-isomers in the polymeric dye transformed into cis-isomers rapidly (1 s) in response to UV irradiation, while its recovery was much slower (6 h) in dark due to the large molecular and volume of polyurethane chains. Upon trans-cis isomerism, the coated fabric presented slight color change between yellow and orange after alternative UV irradiation and dark. The stimuli-responsive cellulose fabric with reversible acidichromic and photoisomeric properties can be a promising candidate for developing a wearable and flexible sensor to monitor environmental changes.

Efficient green electroluminescence from 1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoxaline dyes in dye-doped polymer based electroluminescent devices

We demonstrate several polymer based electroluminescent devices with active poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) layer doped with diphenylpyrazoloquinoxaline (PQX) dyes, RPQX, with lateral substituent R = Me, MeO, F or Cl. The electronic properties of these fluorescence emitters and relevant electroluminescence devices are characterized by optical spectroscopy techniques. The first absorption bands of the RPQX dyes considerably overlap with the fluorescence emission band of the host PVK matrix resulting in efficient radiative energy transfer between them. Using the measured electroluminescent spectra the emission color is characterized in CIE 1931 XYZ color space. The electroluminescence devices with a dye-doped active layer PVK:RPQX (R = Me, MeO, F or Cl) emit light with different shades of green color. The electroluminescent performance is characterized in terms of current efficiency determined from the luminance-current-voltage measurements. Depending on the fluorescent dopant it ranges from about 0.5 to above 2.2 cd/A. Such efficiency has been achieved on a simple dye-doped device configuration without significant optimization. Accordingly, RPQX dyes may be considered as prospective fluorescence emitters for electroluminescent applications. The measured spectral characteristics of RPQX fluorescent emitters and relevant electroluminescent devices are compared with quantum-chemical DFT/TDDFT calculations based on re-parameterized long-range corrected functional and corrected linear response solvation. Relevant analysis, due to its good performance and predicability, appears to be helpful not only for understanding of the origin of electronic transitions, but may serve as useful tool for chemical engineering dealing with design and synthesis of novel organic dyes for optoelectronic applications.