Viral Polymerase Chain Reaction Research Articles

Exposures and coexisting conditions in pediatric nodular tracheobronchitis.

The aim of our study was to investigate the prevalence of coexisting conditions and exposures in children with nodular tracheobronchitis diagnosed by flexible bronchoscopy. We conducted a single-center retrospective review of 100 children diagnosed with nodular tracheobronchitis by flexible bronchoscopy between 2012 and 2023. Common coexisting diagnoses included gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD, 50%), dysphagia/aspiration (40%), asthma (30%), recurrent croup (30%), tracheostomy dependence (19%) and eosinophilic esophagitis (EOE) (12%). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) demonstrated cellular inflammation with elevated proportions of neutrophils in 63%, and lymphocytes in 24%. Among 88 patients in whom bacterial cultures were performed, 52% were positive, with Moraxella, Haemophilus, Streptococcal and Pseudomonas species predominating. Among 30 patients who underwent viral testing, 57% were positive, with rhinovirus (82%) and adenovirus (29%) predominating. Patients with neutrophilic inflammation were more likely to have a positive respiratory bacterial culture and/or viral polymerase chain reaction (p = 0.003, 0.005). Evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract included 79 patients with a history of esophagogastroduodenoscopy, 45 patients with a videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS), and 45 patients with multi-channel intraluminal impedance and pH testing. The majority of VFSS were abnormal (60%) demonstrating either laryngeal penetration (33%) or intratracheal aspiration (27%). Median pH reflux and impedance proximal reflux indices were 3.8% and 0.5% respectively. Potential contributing factors in the pathophysiology of nodular tracheobronchitis include bacterial and viral infections, GERD, dysphagia/aspiration, and EOE. When nodular tracheobronchitis is observed during bronchoscopy, further evaluation to assess for these conditions should be considered.

Cardiomyocyte regeneration in human myocarditis

Abstract Background Newly generated cardiomyocytes (NGC) concur to recovery of human myocarditis. Purpose describe NGC’s contribute with age and their modality of myocardial homing and integration. Methods We retrospectively assessed NGC in 213 consecutive patients with endomyocardial biopsy diagnostic for myocarditis, normal coronaries and valves. Tissue samples were processed for histology and immune-histochemistry for CD3+ T lymphocytes, alpha-sarcomeric-actin, junctional connexin-43, Ki-67, phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) and Western Blot (WB) for HMGB1. Frozen samples were analyzed with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for cardiotropic viruses. Controls included 20 normal surgical biopsies. NGC were defined as small myocytes (diameter < 10 µ) with nuclear positivity to Ki-67 and p-STAT3, positive immunostaining for cytoplasmic alpha-sarcomeric-actin and connexin 43. Their number/mm2, relation with age and pathway of integration were evaluated. Results PCR was positive for viral genomes in 16% of cases. NGC mean diameter was 6.6 ± 3.34 vs 22.5 ± 3.11 µm adult cells; their number, in comparable LVEF, was 86.3 ± 10.3/mm2 in patients between 10 and 40 years; 50.4 ±13.8/mm2 in those between 41 and 60; 15.1 ± 5.7/ mm2 in those between 61 and 80; control NGC were 0.2± 0.2/mm2 ; NGC were no statistically different in viral and non-viral myocarditis. HMGB1 and STAT-3 were remarkably higher than controls. NGC crossed the membrane and grew integrated within the empty necrotic myocytes. Conclusions NGCs are constantly recognizable in acute human myocarditis. Their number declines with age. Their integration within necrotic myocytes consents preservation of cardiac structure and function.

Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of rapid antigen tests for COVID-19 compared to the viral genetic test in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The objective of this review was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the currently available and upcoming point-of-care rapid antigen tests (RATs) used in primary care settings relative to the viral genetic real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test as a reference for diagnosing COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 in adults. Accurate COVID-19 point-of-care diagnostic tests are required for real-time identification of SARS-CoV-2 infection in individuals. Real-time RT-PCR is the accepted gold standard for diagnostic testing, requiring technical expertise and expensive equipment that are unavailable in most primary care locations. RATs are immunoassays that detect the presence of a specific viral protein, which implies a current infection with SARS-CoV-2. RATs are qualitative or semi-quantitative diagnostics that lack thresholds that provide a result within a short time frame, typically within the hour following sample collection. In this systematic review, we synthesized the current evidence regarding the accuracy of RATs for detecting SARS-CoV-2 compared with RT-PCR. Studies that included nonpregnant adults (18 years or older) with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection, regardless of symptomology or disease severity, were included. The index test was any available SARS-CoV-2 point-of-care RAT. The reference test was any commercially distributed RT-PCR-based test that detects the RNA genome of SARS-CoV-2 and has been validated by an independent third party. Custom or in-house RT-PCR tests were also considered, with appropriate validation documentation. The diagnosis of interest was COVID-19 disease and SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review considered cross-sectional and cohort studies that examined the diagnostic accuracy of COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 infection where the participants had both index and reference tests performed. The keywords and index terms contained in relevant articles were used to develop a full search strategy for PubMed and adapted for Embase, Scopus, Qinsight, and the WHO COVID-19 databases. Studies published from November 2019 to July 12, 2022, were included, as SARS-CoV-2 emerged in late 2019 and is the cause of a continuing pandemic. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were critically appraised using QUADAS-2. Using a customized tool, data were extracted from included studies and were verified prior to analysis. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive, and negative predictive values were calculated and presented with 95% CIs. When heterogeneity was observed, outlier analysis was conducted, and the results were generated by removing outliers. Meta-analysis was performed on 91 studies of 581 full-text articles retrieved that provided true-positive, true-negative, false-positive, and false-negative values. RATs can identify individuals who have COVID-19 with high reliability (positive predictive value 97.7%; negative predictive value 95.2%) when considering overall performance. However, the lower level of sensitivity (67.1%) suggests that negative test results likely need to be retested through an additional method. Most reported RAT brands had only a few studies comparing their performance with RT-PCR. Overall, a positive RAT result is an excellent predictor of a positive diagnosis of COVID-19. We recommend that Roche's SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Test and Abbott's BinaxNOW tests be used in primary care settings, with the understanding that negative results need to be confirmed through RT-PCR. We recommend adherence to the STARD guidelines when reporting on diagnostic data. PROSPERO CRD42020224250.

Prevalence of hepatitis A and E viruses in wastewater in Asian countries

Hepatitis A and E viruses (HAV and HEV, respectively) remain a significant global health concern despite advancements in healthcare and vaccination programs. Regular monitoring and vaccine efficacy of HAV are still lacking in different countries. This study aimed to investigate HAV and HEV prevalence in developed, developing, and least-developed Asian countries using wastewater as a surveillance tool. A total of 232 untreated wastewater samples were collected from six wastewater treatment plants, a sewage treatment plant, or an open drainage in six countries [Nepal (n = 51), Indonesia (n = 37), Thailand (n = 30), Vietnam (n = 27), the Philippines (n = 17), and Japan (n = 70)] between April and October 2022. Viruses in wastewater were concentrated by simple centrifugation or polyethylene glycol precipitation method, followed by viral RNA extraction and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. HAV and HEV RNA were detected in the samples from Nepal (51 % for HAV and 2 % for HEV), Thailand (3 % for both viruses), and Japan (1 % for HAV and 24 % for HEV). Only HAV RNA was found in 11 % of the samples in Indonesia, whereas only HEV RNA was detected in Vietnam and the Philippines, with a positive ratio of 15 % and 12 %, respectively. These results highlighted the geographic variability in HAV and HEV prevalence, underscoring the need for localized public health strategies to address specific viral hepatitis challenges in each country.

Cardiomyocyte Regeneration in Human Myocarditis.

Newly generated cardiomyocytes (NGCs) concur with the recovery of human myocarditis occurring spontaneously in around 50% of cases. However, NGCs decline with age, and their modality of myocardial homing and integration are still unclear. We retrospectively assessed NGCs in 213 consecutive patients with endomyocardial biopsy denoting acute myocarditis, with normal coronaries and valves. Tissue samples were processed for histology (H&E), immunohistochemistry for the evaluation of inflammatory infiltrates, immunostaining for alpha-sarcomeric-actin, junctional connexin-43, Ki-67, and phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3), and Western blot (WB) for HMGB1. Frozen samples were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for cardiotropic viruses. Controls included 20 normal surgical biopsies. NGCs were defined as small myocytes (diameter < 10 µm) with nuclear positivity to Ki-67 and p-STAT3 and positive immunostaining for cytoplasmic α-sarcomeric actin and connexin-43. Their number/mm2 in relation to age and pathway of integration was evaluated. NGCs crossed the membrane and grew integrated within the empty necrotic myocytes. NGC mean diameter was 6.6 ± 3.34 vs. 22.5 ± 3.11 µm adult cells; their number, in comparison to LVEF, was 86.3 ± 10.3/mm2 in patients between 18 and 40 years, 50.4 ± 13.8/mm2 in those between 41 and 60, and 15.1 ± 5.7/mm2 in those between 61 and 80. Control NGCs' mean diameter was 0.2 ± 0.2 mm2. PCR was positive for viral genomes in 16% of cases; NGCs were not statistically different in viral and non-viral myocarditis. WB analysis revealed a higher expression of HMGB1 in myocarditis compared to myocardial controls. NGCs are constantly recognizable in acute human myocarditis. Their number declines with age. Their integration within necrotic myocytes allows for the preservation of the cardiac structure and function.

Enteroviral meningitis in children: Clinical and laboratory features with and without pleocytosis.

Enteroviruses (EV) are most common causes of the etiologically known aseptic meningitis in children. EV can be detected with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. We aimed to evaluate the clinical and laboratory characteristics of children diagnosed with PCR-confirmed EV meningitis in CSF samples. Patients aged 1 month to 17 years who underwent lumbar puncture (LP) with suspected meningitis and had CSF viral PCR and culture results between September 2012 and January 2021 at a tertiary care hospital in Turkey were included. Patients with no virus detected in CSF samples by PCR was comprised PCR-negative group. The EV PCR-positive patients were divided into two groups based on CSF pleocytosis as enteroviral meningitis (EVM) with CSF pleocytosis and EVM without CSF pleocytosis, and compared in terms of clinical and laboratory features. 78 (38.2%) were EV PCR-positive, and 126 (61.8%) were PCR-negative. Pleocytosis was detected in 55 (70.5%) EV PCR-positive patients and 94 (74.6%) of PCR-negative patients. Convulsion was significantly frequent (p=0.017) in EV PCR-positive patients with no pleocytosis. Protein and lactate concentrations in CSF were significantly higher in EV PCR-positive patients with pleocytosis (p=0.048, p=0.001, respectively). Median hospital stay was significantly longer in PCR-negative group (p<0.001). Diagnosing EVM with PCR prevents long-term hospitalization, unnecessary antibiotic use and healthcare-related complications.

Identify, screen and treat via electronic pathway: a semiautomated approach to retriaging a liver clinic waitlist.

Long specialist outpatient waiting lists are a source of clinical risk. Triage assignment is based on subjective assessment of referrals and fails to account for dynamic changes in disease status while patients await clinical review. To pilot an innovative triage method using a trifold approach to conduct noninvasive assessment of fibrosis and to determine the feasibility of reflex hepatitis C virus (HCV) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. A total of 1006 patients awaiting an initial liver clinic appointment at a tertiary Australian hospital were sent a short message service (SMS) requesting a blood test be completed. The first 60 patients received an SMS only, and the subsequent 946 patients also received a phone call from a Liver Care Guide (LCG), a nonclinician employed to increase patient engagement. Liver fibrosis assessment through noninvasive testing was performed using an aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI) and fibrosis-4 (FIB4) score. Patients with an APRI ≥1, FIB4 ≥3.25 or positive HCV PCR were retriaged to Category 1. Four hundred ninety (49%) patients completed testing and 40 (4%) were triaged to Category 1. Subanalyses demonstrated increased response rates with LCG input (P = 0.012). Retriaged patients had been on the waitlist for a median of 216 days, exceeding initial category recommendations. This study successfully implemented a semiautomated strategy that prioritises patients with probable advanced liver disease or active HCV, demonstrating enhanced patient engagement with LCG support. It highlights the burden of patients referred for specialist care and the need for innovative strategies for monitoring and objective risk stratification.

Impact of antibiotic therapy in patients with respiratory viral infections: a retrospective cohort study

Objectives The impact of antibiotics in patients with positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for respiratory viruses without evidence of a respiratory bacterial co-infection is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the association of antibiotics on 30-day mortality and length of hospital stay in patients with an acute respiratory infection and PCR documented presence of respiratory viruses. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adult patients admitted to hospital between 2012 and 2021 with positive PCR for influenza virus (H3N2, H1N1, influenza B), respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. We used logistic regression, the Kaplan–Meier estimator and Poisson’s regression to assess the impact of antibiotic therapy on outcomes. Results Among 3979 patients, 67.7% received antibiotics. In adjusted analyses, antibiotics initiated in the emergency department (adjusted OR 1.23, 95% CI 0.77–1.96) and days of antibiotic therapy (adjusted OR per day of therapy 0.98, 95% CI 0.95–1.00) had no significant impact on mortality, whereas antibiotics initiated later during admission (adjusted OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.26–4.02) was associated with increased mortality. Patients prescribed antibiotics had longer duration of hospital admission. Conclusions We observed no protective association between in-hospital antibiotic therapy and outcomes, suggesting overuse of antibiotics in respiratory infections with proven respiratory viruses. A restrictive antibiotic strategy may be warranted.

Ocular Sarcoidosis Masquerading as Acute Retinal Necrosis: Two Case Reports.

To report two cases of ocular sarcoidosis (OS) initially presenting as unilateral acute retinitis, which mimicked acute retinal necrosis. Retrospective descriptive case reports. Two middle-aged healthy Asian women experienced progressive vision loss in their left eyes over a one-month period. Anterior uveitis, vitritis, and diffuse peripheral retinal infiltration were observed. Comprehensive diagnostic evaluations were conducted, including blood work-up, viral polymerase chain reaction of anterior chamber paracentesis samples, and chest X-ray, all yielding negative results. Despite prompt initiation of antiviral therapy, retinal infiltrations remained unchanged within the first 10 days. Chest CT imaging revealed multiple lymphadenopathies consistent with sarcoidosis. Case 1 was presumed OS, and case 2 was definite OS based on lung and lymph node biopsy results in accordance with the 2017 revised international workshop on OS (IWOS) criteria. In both cases, the retinal lesions gradually resolved after several weeks of systemic corticosteroids, and the best corrected vision of the affected eye improved to 20/25 at the 12 and 6-month follow-ups, respectively. Acute unilateral retinal infiltration in the peripheral region, exhibiting rapid progression resembling acute retinal necrosis, can be a rare manifestation of OS. Chest CT imaging can provide valuable assistance in the diagnostic process, especially when systemic examinations yield no significant findings.

Influenza Infection and Acute Myocardial Infarction

BackgroundAcute respiratory infections can trigger acute myocardial infarction. We aimed to quantify the association between laboratory-confirmed influenza infection and acute myocardial infarction, particularly in patients with and without known coronary artery disease.MethodsThis observational, registry-based, self-controlled case series study evaluated the association between laboratory-confirmed influenza infection and occurrence of acute myocardial infarction. Laboratory records on respiratory virus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing from 16 laboratories across the Netherlands were linked to national mortality, hospitalization, medication, and administrative registries. Influenza infection was defined as a positive PCR test result. Acute myocardial infarction was defined as a registered diagnostic code for either acute myocardial infarction hospitalization or death. Using a self-controlled case series method, we then compared the incidence of acute myocardial infarction during the risk period (days 1 to 7 after influenza infection) versus the control period (1 year before and 51 weeks after the risk period).ResultsBetween 2008 and 2019, we identified 158,777 PCR tests for influenza in the study population; 26,221 were positive for influenza, constituting 23,405 unique influenza illness episodes. A total of 406 episodes were identified with acute myocardial infarction occurring within 1 year before and 1 year after confirmed influenza infection and were included in analysis. Twenty-five cases of acute myocardial infarction occurred during the risk period versus 394 during the control period. The adjusted relative incidence of acute myocardial infarction during the risk period compared with the control period was 6.16 (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.11 to 9.24). The relative incidence of acute myocardial infarction in individuals without prior hospitalization for coronary artery disease was 16.60 (95% CI, 10.45 to 26.37) compared with 1.43 (95% CI, 0.53 to 3.84) for those with prior admission for coronary artery disease.ConclusionsInfluenza infection was associated with an increased risk of acute myocardial infarction, especially in individuals without a prior hospitalization for coronary artery disease. (Funded by the Dutch Research Council [NWO].)

Innate immune responses are increased in children with acute asthma exacerbation.

Little is known about the immune responses during acute asthma exacerbation. In this study, we examined immune responses in children following an acute asthma exacerbation. We evaluated pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and gene expression profiles in blood samples from pediatric patients admitted for acute asthma exacerbation. Viral PCR was performed to differentiate between viral or non-viral-associated exacerbations. Following informed consent, clinical data were obtained from 20 children with asthma (median [interquartile range, IQR]: age 11.5 [8.0, 14.2]) years and 14 healthy age-matched controls (10.5 [7.0, 13.0]). Twelve had positive nasopharyngeal Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for viral infection (11 rhinoviruses and 1 respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)). Nine were in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and among them five required continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Mean (±SD) days on systemic steroids before drawing blood sample were 2.5 ± 1.6. Twelve had history of environmental allergies with 917 (274, 1396) IU/mL total IgE (median (IQR)). Compared with controls, IL-1RA and IL-10 levels were significantly increased and TNF-α significantly decreased in asthma subjects (p < .05 for all). RNA-seq analysis revealed 852 differentially expressed genes in subjects with asthma. Pathway analysis found upregulated genes and pathways involved in innate immune responses in subjects with asthma. Significantly reduced genes included pathways associated with T helper cell differentiation and activation. In acute asthma exacerbation, innate immune pathways remained increased while adaptive immune responses related to T helper cells are blunted and are independent of trigger or asthma severity. Our novel findings highlight the need to identify new therapies to target persistent innate immune responses to improve outcomes in acute asthma.

Respiratory syncytial virus in pediatric patients admitted to a tertiary center in Amman: clinical characteristics, and age-related patterns

BackgroundRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections, particularly in infants and young children during winter. We aimed to study the demographics and clinical characteristics of RSV infections and age-related patterns.MethodsThis retrospective study evaluated pediatric respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections conducted in Jordan from September 2021 to March 2022. Patients under the age of five who had viral polymerase chain reaction results showing RSV infection from nasopharyngeal aspiration were included. In addition, demographic information, medical history, and clinical data were gathered. These included comorbidities, outcomes, length of stay, ICU hospitalization, use of antibiotics, and oxygen supplementation.ResultsA total of 199 patients were included. Most patients were males (56.8%) and less than one year (43.7%). Children aged between 1 and 2 years presented with more shortness of breath (90.1%) than infants and children more than two years (66.7% and 87%, respectively) (p < 0.001). Older children (> 2 years) were significantly more likely to use antibiotics and have ICU admission than younger children ≤ 2 years (p = 0.045 and 0.018, respectively). There was no relationship between age groups, recurrent hospitalization, previous RSV infection, oxygen therapy, coinfection, and hospitalization duration. The respiratory rate was higher among patients with co-infection (p = 0.031).ConclusionThe current study provides information on the demographics and clinical characteristics of RSV infections. These findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of RSV infections in the specified population, emphasizing age-specific variations and clinical implications for better management strategies.

Ocular manifestations of Monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection with viral persistence in ocular samples: A case series

ObjectiveWe describe the clinical presentation and ocular viral dynamics in patients with Monkeypox virus-related ophthalmic disease (MPXROD). MethodsIn this case series, we investigated five consecutive patients with confirmed mpox, diagnosed through a positive Monkeypox virus (MPXV) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test and presenting with ocular symptoms. They were referred from the Reference Center for Sexually Transmitted Infections in São Paulo (CRT) to the Uveitis Sector at the Federal University of São Paulo, between August and December 2022. We performed PCR testing on ocular samples and culture supernatants for MPXV in all patients. Viral sequencing was conducted in one of the cases. ResultsReplicating MPXV was identified in at least one ocular sample of all patients, between day 31 and day 145 after the onset of skin lesions. All patients presented with keratitis, 3 with uveitis (60%) and two exhibited hypopyon (40%). The onset of ocular symptoms occurred at a mean of 21.2 days after the appearance of the first skin lesion and persisted, on average, for 61,.6 days, with a worsening trend observed until the initiation of tecovirimat treatment. Tecovirimat treatment was administered to all patients, with initiation occurring between 31 and 145 days after the onset of skin lesions. MPXV genome sequencing of an isolate from one patient classified it as belonging to lineage B1 in clade IIb. ConclusionThis study reveals a late onset and persistence of sight threatening ocular disease, along with potential viral infectivity even after systemic resolution in mpox cases. These findings highlight the risk of ongoing transmission from individuals with prolonged ocular manifestations, particularly through ocular discharge.

Evaluation of 5 Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays for the Detection of Mpox Virus.

In 2022, the global dissemination of mpox virus (MPXV) outside endemic regions prompted the expansion of diagnostic testing worldwide. This study assesses the performance characteristics of 5 real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays in detecting MPXV during the 2022 outbreak. Clinical specimens collected from patients across Ontario, Canada, were tested on the following assays: RealStar Orthopoxyvirus PCR and FlexStar Monkeypox virus PCR (Altona Diagnostics), Novaplex MPXV (Seegene), VIASURE Monkeypox virus Real Time PCR Reagents (CerTest Biotec), and a laboratory-developed test. Positive percent agreement (PPA), negative percent agreement (NPA), relative limit of detection (LOD), and precision were evaluated and MPXV lineages were determined using an amplicon-based whole-genome sequencing (WGS) assay. Swabs were collected from various anatomic sites (65 positive and 30 negative). All assays demonstrated 100% NPA (95% confidence interval, 88.4%/88.1%-100.0%), with PPA ranging from 92.2% (82.7%-97.4%) to 96.9% (89.3%-99.6%). LOD and precision were comparable across assays, with coefficient of variations <3%. WGS analysis identified 6 lineages, all belonging to subclade IIb. The assays exhibited excellent PPA, NPA, LOD, and precision. Ongoing performance monitoring is essential to detect assay escape mutants and ensure universal detection of evolving MPXV strains.

Is SARS-CoV-2 Now More Like the Seasonal Coronaviruses Following Its Evolution?

SARS-CoV-2 has evolved significantly since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 mortality has decreased due to increased population immunity and possibly the reduced intrinsic severity of the new variants. SARS-CoV-2 is now considered an endemic virus, but the extent to which its clinical findings resemble those of seasonal coronaviruses (sCoV) is not fully understood. Pediatric patients under 18 years of age who were sent for SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction between January 1, 2022 and January 14, 2023 and whose results were positive were included in this study. To include only symptomatic COVID-19 patients in the study, asymptomatic patients who were positive in their screening tests were excluded. For the sCoV patients' group, patients who had a respiratory viral polymerase chain reaction assay between January 10, 2022 and January 11, 2023 and were positive for any type of sCoV were included in the study. The 2 groups were compared for clinical and laboratory characteristics. The study included 213 patients with COVID-19 and 194 patients with sCoV infection. Fever was a more common symptom in patients with COVID-19. sCoV was associated with lower respiratory involvement while increasing age was protective. The likelihood of hospitalization was decreased by increasing age but increased by the presence of comorbid conditions and lower respiratory tract involvement. The type of virus had no effect on the likelihood of hospitalization. In conclusion, sCoV infections carry a higher risk for lower respiratory involvement than COVID-19, and COVID-19 has a milder course than sCoV infections in children.

Utilising organs from hepatitis C virus PCR-positive donors in Western Australia.

We transplanted six solid organs from three hepatitis C virus (HCV) polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive donors during 2018-2023. Recipients were treated with glecaprevir/pibrentasvir or sofosbuvir/velpatasvir for 4-12 weeks, with all six achieving sustained virological response without significant adverse events. As occurs in other jurisdictions, solid organ transplants from HCR PCR-positive donors can be safely utilised in Australia.

Patterns and predictors of positive multiplex polymerase chain reaction respiratory panel among patients with acute respiratory infections in a single center in Lebanon.

Infectious agents associated with community-acquired acute respiratory infections (ARIs) remain understudied in Lebanon. We aim to assess the microbiological profiles of ARIs by employing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and identifying predictors of positive PCR results among patients admitted for ARI. We conducted a retrospective single-center study at the American University of Beirut Medical Center, including all respiratory PCR panels performed on pediatric (< 18) and adult (≥ 18) patients presenting with an ARI from January 2015 to March 2018, prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to identify the epidemiological patterns of ARIs and the factors associated with positive PCRs in both adult and pediatric patients. Among 281 respiratory PCRs, 168 (59.7%) were positive for at least one pathogen, with 54.1% positive PCR for viruses, 7.8% for bacteria species, and 3.9% with virus-bacteria codetection. Almost 60% of the patients received antibiotics prior to PCR testing. PCR panels yielded more positive results in pediatric patients than in adults (P = 0.005). Bacterial detection was more common in adults compared to pediatrics (P < 0.001). The most common organism recovered in the entire population was Human Rhinovirus (RhV) (18.5%). Patients with pleural effusion on chest CT were less likely to have a positive PCR (95% Cl: 0.22-0.99). On multivariate analysis, pediatric age group (P < 0.001), stem cell transplant (P = 0.006), fever (P = 0.03) and UTRI symptoms (P = 0.004) were all predictive of a positive viral PCR. Understanding the local epidemiology of ARI is crucial for proper antimicrobial stewardship. The identification of factors associated with positive respiratory PCR enhances our understanding of clinical characteristics and potential predictors of viral detection in our population.

Case report: atypical presentation of mpox with massive hematochezia and prolonged viral shedding despite tecovirimat treatment

BackgroundThe outbreak of mpox that occurred between 2022 and 2023 is primarily being transmitted through sexual contact. As of now, there is no consensus on the recommended duration of isolation to prevent sexual transmission of the virus. Moreover, this particular mpox outbreak has presented with distinct complications in comparison to previous occurrences. In this report, we present a case involving severe rectal bleeding from an ulcer in a mpox patient with a history of engaging in receptive sexual contact.Case presentationA 30-year-old Korean man presented at the hospital with complaints of fever, multiple skin lesions, and anal pain. Monkeypox virus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results were positive for skin lesions on the penis and wrist. The patient received a 12-day course of tecovirimat due to anal symptoms and perianal skin lesions. Following isolation for 12 days and after all skin scabs had naturally fallen off, with no new skin lesions emerging for a consecutive 48 hours—conforming to the criteria of the Korean Disease Control and Prevention Agency—the patient was discharged. However, 1 day after discharge, the patient returned to the hospital due to hematochezia. His hemoglobin level had significantly dropped from 14.0 g/dL to 8.2 g/dL. Sigmoidoscopy unveiled a sizable rectal ulceration with exposed blood vessels, prompting the application of hemostasis through metal clipping. Subsequent monkeypox virus real-time PCR conducted on rectal tissue and swabs yielded positive results (with cycle threshold values of 28.48 and 31.23, respectively). An abdominal CT scan exposed a perirectal abscess, for which ampicillin-sulbactam was administered.ConclusionThis case underscores the importance of monitoring for bleeding complications and confirming the resolution of rectal lesions before discharging patients from isolation, particularly in cases where patients have a history of engaging in receptive sexual contact with men or are presenting with anal symptoms.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Hospitalizations Among Children

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of hospitalization in US infants. Accurate estimates of severe RSV disease inform policy decisions for RSV prevention. We conducted prospective surveillance for children <5 years old with acute respiratory illness from 2016 to 2020 at 7 pediatric hospitals. We interviewed parents, reviewed medical records, and tested midturbinate nasal ± throat swabs by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for RSV and other respiratory viruses. We describe characteristics of children hospitalized with RSV, risk factors for ICU admission, and estimate RSV-associated hospitalization rates. Among 13 524 acute respiratory illness inpatients <5 years old, 4243 (31.4%) were RSV-positive; 2751 (64.8%) of RSV-positive children had no underlying condition or history of prematurity. The average annual RSV-associated hospitalization rate was 4.0 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.8-4.1) per 1000 children <5 years, was highest among children 0 to 2 months old (23.8 [95% CI: 22.5-25.2] per 1000) and decreased with increasing age. Higher RSV-associated hospitalization rates were found in premature versus term children (rate ratio = 1.95 [95% CI: 1.76-2.11]). Risk factors for ICU admission among RSV-positive inpatients included: age 0 to 2 and 3 to 5 months (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.97 [95% CI: 1.54-2.52] and aOR = 1.56 [95% CI: 1.18-2.06], respectively, compared with 24-59 months), prematurity (aOR = 1.32 [95% CI: 1.08-1.60]) and comorbid conditions (aOR = 1.35 [95% CI: 1.10-1.66]). Younger infants and premature children experienced the highest rates of RSV-associated hospitalization and had increased risk of ICU admission. RSV prevention products are needed to reduce RSV-associated morbidity in young infants.

Seasonal Changes of Common Viral Infections in Children After Their Return to School During COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract Introduction During the COVID-19 pandemic, return of children and adolescents to schools and colleges, with infections preventive restrictions, occurred in September 2020. In spring 2021, these restrictions were lifted. In this context, health systems noticed an apparent change in the seasonality and epidemiology of common viral infections in both adult and pediatric populations. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the results of respiratory virus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) carried out on pediatric nasopharynx samples, tested with multiplex PCR assay to detect the presence of common respiratory viruses. Results We reviewed a total of 1338 PCR samples from our microbiology laboratory. After the return to school, the most frequently identified virus was rhinovirus-enterovirus (27.8%), followed by respiratory syncytial virus (21%). An increase of positive respiratory syncytial virus PCRs was detected out of its common epidemic period from spring to summer of 2021. A peak in influenza virus infections was observed between March and May 2022. The lifting of restrictions due to COVID-19 had a significant impact on the type of virus detected. Conclusions We conclude that with the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, the return to school of children and adolescents, and lifting of preventative restrictions, the circulation of common viruses within this age group increased gradually, showing an unusual delay and peaks outside its epidemic periods.