Poly Lactic Acid Research Articles

Effects of Microplastic Pollution on Microbial Activity and Carbon Metabolism Function in Soil

Clarifying the ecological effects of microplastics （MPs） in soil is a frontier problem in environmental science research. A 60-d microcosmic culture experiment was conducted using soil with three relative abundances （2%, 5%, and 10%, MPs/soil）, of traditional MPs polystyrene （PS） and biodegradable MPs polylactic acid （PLA）. Additionally, the changes in microbial activity and carbon metabolism function in the soil after cultivation were analyzed. The results showed that： After cultivation with MPs, the soil pH decreased and the content of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） in the soil significantly increased. The addition of MPs significantly reduced the activities of catalase and polyphenol oxidase in the soil and the reduction degree was related to the concentration of MPs. However, the addition of PLA significantly enhanced the activity of soil urease, while PS had no significant effect on urease activity. The addition of MPs led to a decrease in the carbon metabolism ability of soil microbial communities. The carbon metabolism ability of soil microorganisms cultured with PS was higher than that of those cultured with PLA. The inhibitory effect of both on soil carbon metabolism was positively correlated with their concentration. The concentrations of PS （10%） and PLA （10%） had the strongest inhibitory effect on soil microbial carbon metabolism ability, with a decrease of 63.91% and 82.27%, respectively. PLA had a greater impact on soil microbial activity and carbon metabolism than that of PS because PLA in soil degraded easily to produce harmful dissolved organic matter and smaller plastic particles. The research results provide a theoretical basis for clarifying the ecological effects of MPs in soil and basic data for future development of standards related to soil MPs pollution.

Optimizing bonding conditions between multilayer FFF material extrusion

ABSTRACT Multi−material 3D printing using the material extrusion (ME) process is paramount for functionally graded parts. Finding the optimum parameters of the customized multi−material part is an issue in the filament ME field. Environmentally friendly materials, such as polylactic acid (PLA) or composites of PLA/wood (PLAW), can be 3D-printed under similar conditions to PLA. This work’s main objective is optimizing the printing speed and temperature of multi−materials in sandwich form using PLAW as a core between two PLA sheets in 3D-printing bending parts. To this extent, nine 3D-printings were performed under different printing conditions on PLA, PLAW, and PLA/PLAW/PLA, showing that the PLA/PLAW/PLA has an average bending strength similar to PLA (71.05 vs. 88.5 MPa) and four times higher than the PLAW (71.5 vs. 17.34 MPa). The 210°C and 45 mm/s printing temperature and speed optimize the bonding quality of all parts. This work will be valuable for digitally designed multi-layer parts.

Structure-based drug design of pre-clinical candidate nanopiperine: a direct target for CYP1A1 protein to mitigate hyperglycaemia and associated microbes

ABSTRACT Diabetes is attributed to an increased vulnerability to bacterial infection linked to unregulated hyperglycaemia. The present study highlights the formulation of nanoparticles with phyto-compound piperine (PIP) encapsulated within non-toxic biodegradable polymer poly-lactide co-glycolide (PLGA) which showed a variety in surface functionality, biocompatibility, and the ability to tailor an optimized release rate from its polymeric enclosure. The observations revealed that nanopiperine (NPIP) pre-treatment in mice inhibited alteration in hepatic tissue architecture and hepato-biochemical parameters in diabetes and its associated bacterial infections. NPIP also decreased the propensity of lipids to undergo an oxidation process and stabilized the membrane lipids in vivo, thereby lowering oxidative stress and preventing enzymatic activation of CYP1A1. This result is corroborated with the in silico molecular docking study where PIP binding with CYP1A1 gave −11.32 Kcal/mol dock score value. The antibacterial activity of PIP was further demonstrated by the in silico PIP and Ef-Tu protein-binding efficacy revealing −6.48 Kcal/mol score value which was coupled with the results of in vitro studies where the zone of inhibition assay with NPIP against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Thus, NPIP could serve as a potential drug candidate in modulating targeted proteins to inhibit the progression of hyperglycaemia and its associated microbes.

Development of a controlled-release mosquito RNAi yeast larvicide suitable for the sustained control of large water storage containers

Large household water storage containers are among the most productive habitats for Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762), the primary mosquito vector for dengue and other arboviral pathogens. Increasing concerns for insecticide resistance and larvicide safety are limiting the successful treatment of large household water storage containers, which are among the most productive habitats for Aedes juveniles. The recent development of species-specific RNAi-based yeast larvicides could help overcome these problems, particularly if shelf stable ready-to-use formulations with significant residual activity in water can be developed. Here we examine the hypothesis that development of a shelf-stable controlled-release RNAi yeast formulation can facilitate lasting control of A. aegypti juveniles in large water storage containers. In this study, a dried inactivated yeast was incorporated into a biodegradable matrix containing a mixture of polylactic acid, a preservative, and UV protectants. The formulation was prepared using food-grade level components to prevent toxicity to humans or other organisms. Both floating and sinking versions of the tablets were prepared for treatment of various sized water containers, including household water storage tank-sized containers. The tablets passed accelerated storage tests of shelf life stability and demonstrated up to six months residual activity in water. The yeast performed well in both small and large containers, including water barrels containing 20-1000 larvae each, and in outdoor barrel trials. Future studies will include the evaluation of the yeast larvicide in larger operational field trials that will further assess the potential for incorporating this new technology into integrated mosquito control programs worldwide.

Enhancing thermo-mechanical properties of additively manufactured PLA using eggshell microparticle fillers

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a widely studied polymer for potential biomedical applications and is one of the most commonly used polymers for additive manufacturing or 3D printing. Additive manufacturing (AM) technology is a fast-rising method of fabrication of polymer parts compared to other traditional fabrication techniques. In recent years, natural plant-based and animal-based fibers have shown immense potential to be used as fillers or reinforcements for polymer composites. In this study, chicken eggshell particles (ESP) have been used as inorganic calcium carbonate fillers to enhance PLA's mechanical properties. Four different concentrations (0 wt%, 1 wt%, 3 wt%, and 5 wt%) of PLA/ESP composite filaments have been extruded using a single screw extruder. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses were used to determine the chemical composition of eggshell powder, showing peaks matching with that of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis show the effect of the filler on the PLA composite's thermal stability, indicating that pristine PLA has the highest melting temperature of 152 °C while the 5 wt% has the lowest melting temperature of 147 °C. The addition of eggshell particles slightly enhanced the compressive strength and dynamical mechanical properties of the PLA/ESP composites. The eggshell powders enhanced the dynamic mechanical property of PLA, with the 3 wt% concentration having the highest storage modulus at room temperature, with 5.2 % and 3.6 % increase for the filament and 3D printed samples respectively. Finally, the eggshell particles did not have much effect on the tensile and flexural strength of the composite, however, it enhanced the compressive strength of PLA with the 5 wt% sample having an average strength of 66.50 MPa and modulus of 2.27 GPa, respectively.

Effect of biochar content and particle size on mechanical and water absorption properties of landscaping waste/polylactic acid composites

The high-value utilization of landscaping waste to produce wood-plastic composites provides a promising approach to waste management, yet remains a challenge. In this study, wood-plastic composites were prepared using landscaping waste and polylactic acid (PLA) through an extrusion-molding process, with biochar (BC) as the reinforcing material. First, the effects of biochar content (0.5 %, 1 %, 2 %, 3 %, 4 %) and particle size (100mesh, 300mesh, 800mesh, 1200 mesh) on the physico-mechanical and dynamic thermo mechanical properties of the composites were analyzed. A multivariate nonlinear model was employed to fit the flexural properties of the composites. Additionally, the water absorption properties were investigated under immersion conditions at three different temperatures (20°C, 35°C, 50°C). The results demonstrated that biochar significantly improved the interfacial compatibility between landscaping waste and PLA, enhancing the mechanical properties of this composite. When the biochar content was 1 % and particle size was 100 mesh, flexural strength reached 25.16 MPa, respectively, representing increases of 19.20 % over composites without biochar, while the change in impact strength was small. In addition, the water absorption process of composites with 1 % BC were well fitted by Fick's law. SEM morphology observation indicated that interfacial bonding was reduced after water absorption, which was consistent with the test results. Combined with Arrhenius equation and Fick's law, the water absorption model of the composites at each water immersion temperature was obtained, which can predict the water absorption behavior at 60°C.

Solvent-free synthesis of covalent-framework 2D crown ether and its application for polylactic acid nanocomposites having antibacterial property

This study showed the synthesis of a covalent-frameworked 2D crown ether, named C2O, consisting of carbon and oxygen in a 2:1 mol ratio, using solvent-free synthesis for the first time. The synthesized C2O is distinguished by its structure, which includes numerous phenol groups akin to phlorotannins, conferring high antibacterial property through contact-based mechanisms and biocompatibility. The inherent crown ether structure of C2O facilitates efficient metal adsorption, allowing for the easy facile preparation of C2O containing Cu atom (Cu@C2O). Cu@C2O exhibits enhanced antibacterial property at much lower concentrations compared to the native C2O. For practical application, polylactic acid (PLA) nanocomposite films were prepared using C2O as a filler, achieving 99.99 % of antibacterial property at just 0.1 wt% concentration. When the PLA nanocomposite films were prepared using Cu@C2O as the filler, the required concentration was further reduced to 0.03 wt%, while still demonstrating 99.99 % of antibacterial property. Additionally, the excellent copper ion adsorption capacity of Cu@C2O ensures minimal leaching, thus mitigating cytotoxicity concerns. Given their high and long-term antibacterial properties, biocompatibility, these materials represent promising candidates for various biomedical, packaging and antifouling paint applications, demonstrating significant potential across diverse domains.

Docosahexaenoic Acid-Infused Core–Shell Fibrous Membranes for Prevention of Epidural Adhesions

Avoiding epidural adhesion following spinal surgery can reduce clinical discomfort and complications. As the severity of epidural adhesion is positively correlated with the inflammatory response, implanting a fibrous membrane after spinal surgery, which can act as a physical barrier to prevent adhesion formation while simultaneously modulates postoperative inflammation, is a promising approach to meet clinical needs. Toward this end, we fabricated an electrospun core–shell fibrous membrane (CSFM) based on polylactic acid (PLA) and infused the fiber core region with the potent natural anti-inflammatory compound docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The PLA/DHA CSFM can continuously deliver DHA for up to 36 days in vitro and reduce the penetration and attachment of fibroblasts. The released DHA can downregulate the gene expression of inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) in fibroblasts. Following an in vivo study that implanted a CSFM in rats subjected to lumbar laminectomy, the von Frey withdrawal test indicates the PLA/DHA CSFM treatment can successfully alleviate neuropathic pain-like behaviors in the treated rats, showing 3.60 ± 0.49 g threshold weight in comparison with 1.80 ± 0.75 g for the PLA CSFM treatment and 0.57 ± 0.37 g for the untreated control on day 21 post-implantation. The histological analysis also indicates that the PLA/DHA CSFM can significantly reduce proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-α and IL-1β) protein expression at the lesion and provide anti-adhesion effects, indicating its vital role in preventing epidural fibrosis by mitigating the inflammatory response.

Comparative Analysis of Solvent Casting and Pickering Emulsion Techniques for Improving the Mechanical Properties of Surface-Modified Cellulose Nanomaterial-Reinforced Polylactic Acid Composites

In the present work, solvent casting and Pickering emulsion methods are studied to enhance the mechanical properties of polylactic acid (PLA) composites containing surface-modified cellulose nanomaterials. To enhance the compatibility and the adhesion at the interface, cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) was functionalized by 2,4-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and castor oil. Their results demonstrated that the Pickering emulsion method led to better dispersion of CNC in composites, resulting in improved tensile strength, flexibility, and thermal stability (compared with solvent-casted ones). In particular, the tensile strength increased by 20% and the crystallinity increased by 15% using the Pickering emulsion technique, indicating their potential as a new generation of sustainable packaging. The findings of this research could help in creating eco-friendly packaging options by improving the mechanical features of biodegradable composites and exploring potential alternatives to overcome their limitations.

Investigation of Mechanical Properties and Color Changes of 3D-Printed Parts with Different Infill Ratios and Colors After Aging

Since their inception, plastics have become indispensable materials. However, plastics used for extended periods in industrial applications are prone to aging, which negatively impacts their material behavior and performance. To ensure the long-term usability of these materials, they must be tested in real-time, in-service environments to assess degradation. In practice, however, accelerated aging techniques are commonly employed to avoid time loss. Over time, various indicators of degradation in plastics emerge, such as changes in molecular weight, cracking, and mechanical properties like strain at break and impact strength. Among these, color deterioration or change is a critical factor that helps evaluate the service life of these materials. Considering the increasing use of plastics in 3D printing today, and the growing focus on strength over aesthetics in these applications, it is particularly useful to evaluate aging in plastics based on the relationship between color and strength. The wide application of 3D printing in various industries necessitates understanding material properties under aging conditions. This study examines the effects of aging on the mechanical behavior of polylactic acid (PLA) with three different colors (yellow, orange, and red) and three different infill ratios (20%, 60%, and 100%). The samples underwent an accelerated aging process of 432 h, which included 8 h of UV radiation, 15 min of water spraying, followed by 3 h and 45 min with the UV lamps turned off. Tensile tests, bending tests, hardness measurements, and color evaluations were conducted on the samples, linking the color changes after aging with the materials’ mechanical properties. The results show that after aging, yellow samples with a 100% infill ratio exhibited a 6.9% increase in tensile strength (44.50 MPa to 47.58 MPa). Orange samples with a 100% infill ratio were less affected by aging, while red samples experienced a decrease in tensile strength across all infill ratios. Regarding bending force, increases were observed in the orange, yellow, and red samples by 10.37%, 25.05%, and 8.87%, respectively. This study underscores the importance of color selection when designing 3D-printed materials for long-term applications.

Integration of Neural Networks and First-Principles Model for Optimizing l-Lactide Branched Polymerization.

Addressing the growing demand for sustainable materials, this research paves the way for the efficient consumption and sustainable production of branched polylactide (PLA). A novel hybrid modeling approach combines first-principles (FP) model with artificial neural network (ANN) for ring-opening polymerization (ROP). The hybrid ANN, trained with FP model data, demonstrated optimal performance with a hidden layer of 20 neurons, achieving a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.004 and a regression coefficient (R2) of 0.99. The hybrid model accurately predicted key polymer properties, including average molecular weights (Mn and Mw), polydispersity index (PDI), degree of branching (DB), monomer conversion, and polymerization time. Validation was performed on various branched PLA compositions (PLLH80, PLLH94, and PLLH97). Multiobjective optimization (MOO) using NSGA-II showed strong agreement between FP model and hybrid ANN across six case studies, highlighting their effectiveness in predicting polymerization outcomes.

Green Fabrication of Biobased and Degradable Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(butylene succinate) Open-Cell Foams for Highly Efficient Oil–Water Separation with Ultrafast Degradation

Green Fabrication of Biobased and Degradable Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(butylene succinate) Open-Cell Foams for Highly Efficient Oil–Water Separation with Ultrafast Degradation

Polylactic Acid-Based Polymers Used for Facial Rejuvenation: A Narrative Review.

For decades, a diverse range of natural and synthetic materials have been utilized to enhance human tissue and achieve improved aesthetic results. Among these, dermal fillers are some of the most popular treatments. Initially, the primary role of dermal fillers was to restore lost volume. However, with advancements in biomaterial research, a variety of biostimulatory fillers have become essential in aesthetic medicine. One such filler, polylactic acid (PLA), has been extensively used for facial rejuvenation. Upon injection, PLA not only provides immediate volume restoration but also enhances skin quality and appearance while promoting the regeneration of collagen, elastin, and vasculature. This narrative review highlights PLA as a regenerative aesthetic treatment, detailing its physicochemical properties, mechanisms of regeneration stimulation, and clinical applications in facial aesthetics. It represents the cutting-edge foundation upon which further developments can be built to ensure optimal and safe outcomes in treatments using PLA-based collagen stimulators and other similar products for facial rejuvenation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Toxicity comparison of polylactic acid and polyethylene microplastics co-exposed with methylmercury on Daphnia magna

The prevalence of microplastics (MPs) in aquatic ecosystems has become a significant environmental concern due to their persistence and potential toxicity. Although bioplastics, such as polylactic acid (PLA), are promoted as eco-friendly alternatives to conventional plastics, their toxicity remains poorly understood. This study compares the toxicity and pollutant vector roles of polar PLA-derived bio-microplastics (bio-MPs) with apolar low-density polyethylene (LDPE) MPs, both individually and in combination with methylmercury (MeHg), in Daphnia magna. PLA bio-MPs, both alone and in combination with MeHg, significantly reduced survival rates and reproduction while inducing oxidative stress. Additionally, PLA bio-MPs increased Hg accumulation and negatively impacted acetylcholinesterase activity and vitellogenin gene expression compared to LDPE MPs. The findings of this study suggest that PLA bio-MPs, despite being in vivo biodegradable, may pose similar or even greater environmental risks than fossil fuel-based MPs, particularly due to their potential to enhance the bioaccumulation and toxicity of coexisting pollutants.

Fabrication, thermal, mechanical, and piezoelectric characterization of PLA/BT piezocomposites

Abstract The properties of polylactide (PLA) composites containing up to 40 vol% of barium titanate (BT) powder were investigated. PLA/BT composites were fabricated using twin-screw extrusion, which ensured uniform filler dispersion. The results demonstrated that increasing the BT content in PLA improved the thermal stability, stiffness, and degree of crystallinity of the composite. The piezoelectric coefficient d33 also increased with higher BT content and longer polarization times, reaching a maximum value of 35 pC/N for composites containing 40 vol% BT. Additionally, the studies revealed that the d33 coefficient is pressure dependent. Presented PLA/BT piezocomposites highlight the suitability of these materials for applications that require both biocompatibility and piezoelectric functionality, including regenerative medicine, energy harvesting, soft robotics, and electroactive biomedical devices.

Innovative surface engineering of sustainable polymers: Toward green and high-performance materials

The development of sustainable polymers is critical to the progression of greener manufacturing processes, especially for the additive manufacturing technologies of fused deposition modeling (FDM). The study aims to explore potential application surface engineering techniques that enhance the performance of these sustainable polymers within the context of FDM. Various surface modification methods, such as plasma treatment, chemical etching, and UV irradiation, were utilized on biodegradable and recycled polymers, with the treatment process conducted under controlled conditions. Mechanical testing was done using a Tinius Olsen universal testing machine, with surface morphology analyzed through scanning electron microscopy. The outcome indicated that the tensile strength of polylactic acid improved by 15% with plasma treatment, while the thermal stability of recycled polyethylene terephthalate improved by 12% with chemical etching. Surface engineering developments on various techniques will be reviewed, particularly in optimizing them within FDM processes for different types of polymers. Different surface modifications will be compared here, analyzing aspects such as adhesion, endurance, and more overall performance. This comparison provides a fundamental outlook into the relationship between surface treatment and polymer performance, paving the way for optimization of FDM processes in sustaining material applications. These findings serve as further guidance toward making additive manufacturing much more sustainable and efficient through advanced surface engineering. The numerical improvement of material properties observed in the study will aid in further endeavors towards achieving sustainability and efficiency in additive manufacturing.

A review of exploring the synthesis, properties, and diverse applications of poly lactic acid with a focus on food packaging application.

Polylactic acid (PLA) is an aliphatic polyester, which is primarily synthesized from renewable resources through the polycondensation or ring-opening polymerization of lactic acid (LA)/lactide. LA can be conveniently produced via the fermentation of sugars obtained from renewable sources such as corn and sugar cane. Due to its biodegradable and biocompatible nature, PLA exhibits a vast range of applications. Its advantages include non-toxicity, environmental safety, and compatibility with human biological systems. PLA finds significant use in various biomedical applications, including implants, tissue engineering, sutures, and drug delivery systems. Additionally, PLA serves as a renewable and biodegradable polymer of extensive utility in film production, offering an alternative to petrochemical-based polymers. Moreover, the properties of PLA-based films can be tailored by incorporating extracts, polysaccharides, proteins, and nano-particles. This review encompasses LA production, PLA synthesis, and diverse applications of PLA and further explores the potential of PLA in the realm of packaging.

Shock Response of Sandwich Panels with Additively Manufactured Polymer Gyroid Lattice Cores

This work evaluates the shock response of sandwich structures with gyroid lattice cores made from Polylactic Acid (PLA), Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), and Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) using shock tube experiments coupled with high-speed photography and digital image correlation (DIC). The study found that gyroid lattice structures exhibit high energy absorption capacity and good structural integrity under shock loading, making them suitable for high strength-to-weight ratio and energy absorption applications in aerospace and defense industries. The sandwich panel with a TPU-core structure exhibited the highest deformation under shock loading, with a maximum deflection of approximately 6mm, followed by ABS at 0.9mm and PLA at 0.82mm. Under shock loading, the sandwich panel with TPU gyroid core exhibited the highest specific deformation energy (0.146J/g), which is consistent with its flexibility, though it remained in the same general order as ABS (0.104J/g) and PLA (0.070J/g). Interestingly, the specific total energy of the TPU gyroid core sandwich, while the lowest at 39.310J/g, was still relatively close to ABS (54.098J/g) and PLA (52.620J/g), despite the substantial difference in inherent stiffness of TPU compared to ABS and PLA. This suggests that while TPU's stiffness is much lower compared to PLA and ABS, its total energy absorption capability in gyroid form is not as drastically reduced, indicating the importance of geometry and mass distribution within the gyroid structure. Overall, the results of this study highlight the importance of careful design and optimization of these structures to utilize their unique properties fully.

Improving the performance of polylactic acid/polypropylene/cotton stalk fiber composites with epoxidized soybean oil as a high efficiency plasticizer.

Polylactic acid (PLA) can serve as a biodegradable alternative to traditional petroleum-based plastics, but its poor impact resistance and high production costs limit its applications. In this study, different contents of epoxidized epoxy soybean oil (ESO) were added as plasticizer to melt blend with polylactic acid (PLA), polypropylene (PP) and cotton stalk fiber (CSF), examining its impact on the mechanical properties, thermal stability, microstructure, and crystallization behavior of the blends. The results indicated that ESO reacted with PLA and CSF to form branched polymers and microgels. With increasing ESO content, the blends exhibited increased initial thermal decomposition temperature, impact strength, and elongation at break, while stiffness, maximum decomposition rate, and crystallinity decreased. When the mass ratio of CSF to ESO was 2:1, the notch impact strength and elongation at break of PLA/PP/CSF/ESO blends were 1.63 times and 1.98 times higher than those of PLA/PP/CSF blends, respectively. Moreover, a reduction in surface grooves of CSF and formation of a gel layer were observed. Importantly, this study opens an effective new pathway for the utilization of waste natural fibers and the widespread application of biodegradable composite materials, contributing to environmental protection, resource conservation, and cost reduction.

Developing novel hybrid bilayer nanofibers based on polylactic acid with impregnation of chamomile essential oil and gallic acid-stabilized silver nanoparticles

This study presents fabrication and characterization of novel chamomile essential oil (CMO)/gallic acid-stabilized silver nanoparticles (gallic acid-nanosilver, GNS), embedded into polylactic acid (PLA)-based hybrid bilayer nanofibers (NFs). Where CMO was impregnated into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution and electrospun simultaneously with PLA to obtain PLA/PVA-PEG-CMO NFs (PLA/CMO A2). Meanwhile, GNS were added to PVA-PEG-CMO and electrospun to obtain PLA/PVA-PEG-CMO-GNS NFs (PLA/CMO-GNS A3). Where pure PLA/PVA-PEG NFs were coded pure PLA/A1. Physicochemical properties of fabricated bilayer-NFs were performed using various approaches. Besides, porosity%, swelling, biodegradability, CMO release pattern, antioxidant, antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity were investigated. Study investigation revealed PLA-based bilayer NFs exhibited a biphasic release profile for impregnated CMO. Due to presence of GA, antioxidant property and biocompatibility of PLA/CMO-GNS A3 was superior compared to pure PLA/A1 and PLA/CMO A2. Antibacterial activity was enhanced in presence of CMO in PLA/CMO A2 than pure PLA/A1. Furthermore, addition of GNS in PLA/CMO-GNS A3 displayed highest antibacterial activity due to synergy of CMO/GNS. Finally, MTT assay with HFB4 fibroblasts demonstrated absence of cytotoxicity of bilayer-based NFs. Thus, study suggests that developed PLA/PVA-PEG NFs could be a promising candidate for tissue regeneration and food edible packaging in particular when impregnated with both CMO/GNS.