Polyhedral Disease Research Articles

Beyond the lung involvement in COVID-19 patients.

Since COVID-19 spread all over the world becoming a pandemic illness, researchers have better characterized route of virus transmissibility and clinical signs and symptoms of the disease. Since viral transmission occurs through the droplets emitted during coughing or sneezing, the lungs are primarily affected. However, SARS-CoV-2 can affect several human organs due to high expressions of ACE2 receptor which is the main viral target, and the virus may affect not only higher and lower respiratory tracts, but also heart, kidney, gastro enteric tract, liver, pancreas, nervous system and skin. This review focuses on extra pulmonary involvement underlying atypical presentation of COVID-19. There is a great body of evidence concerning several human organ abnormalities associated to the SARS-CoV-2, enough to consider COVID-19 as a multisystemic and polyhedral disease.

СОВУҚ ИНДУКЦИЯНИНГ ОИЛАВИЙ ШАРОИТДА БОҚИЛАДИГАН ТУТ ИПАК ҚУРТЛАР ҲАЁТЧАНЛИГИГА ТАЪСИРИ

The article represents the findings from the studies of the impacts of cold induction on the viability of caterpillars in the course of a family fattening. Due to the provocation of the latent virus of a nuclear polyhedral disease by cold exposure on caterpillars of the ‘Ya-120’ and ‘Ipakchi 2’ breed families as well as on those of lines 27 and 28, the ‘Ya-120’ and ‘Ipakchi 2’ caterpillar breeds were proved to be the most viable.

The process of the crystalline substances formation in the nucleus of cylindrical cells in the mid-gut of the cytoplasmic polyhedral disease of the silkworm

The process of the crystalline substances formation in the nucleus of cylindrical cells in the mid-gut of the cytoplasmic polyhedral disease of the silkworm

The Polyhedral Virus of Heliothis armigera (Hbn.)

WITH reference to the communication by Dr. G. H. Bergold and Dr. W. E. Ripper on the polyhedral virus of Heliothis armigera 1, it has evidently escaped their notice that the virus of this nuclear polyhedral disease has already been isolated and characterized on the electron microscope. Furthermore, experiments in the use of this virus in the control of the American cotton bollworm in Uganda are now actively in progress in collaboration with Mr. T. H. Coaker, of the Empire Cotton Growing Corporation2.

A cytoplasmic polyhedral disease of the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar L.

DURING 1954 and 1955 we investigated an outbreak of the gypsy moth in middle Slovakia and collected material from infested oak forests. In some of the caterpillars reared from these samples the faeces were abnormally white. Examination of these under the optical microscope revealed the presence of great quantities of polyhedra-like bodies. This was unexpected, since only one type of polyhedral disease has so far been described from the gypsy moth, a nuclear polyhedrosis affecting many organs of the caterpillar but not the gut. Infected larvae progressively lost their appetite and finally died, revealing in dissected specimens a milky white gut.

An Exploratory Investigation of the Effect in Vivo and in Vitro of Cockroach Tissues on the Viability of Newcastle Disease Virus1

Some microorganisms which are pathogenic to higher animals exhibit pathogenicity to insects also, whereas a number of non-pathogenic organisms are quite virulent for insects. However, as a group, insects in general have a relatively high natural immunity to most organisms which are pathogenic to higher animals. Moreover, the rate of immunization is extremely rapid for insects, usually being accomplished within 24 hours after injection of the antigen. For these reasons the prospects of employing insects in virus studies appear to offer great promise. Although considerable research has been conducted on the polyhedral diseases which affect many insects, and on the rickettsial and viral diseases of which insects are the known or suspected vectors, there has been very little investigation of the effects of insects on the viability of foreign viruses.

Notes on a Polyhedral Disease of Black-Headed Budworm

A polyhedral disease was discovered to be one of the natural agents attacking the black-headed budworm, Acleris variana (Fern.) in the coastal region of British Columbia during the outbreak of this insect, 1940-45. This disease became the most important single factor contributing to the decline of the outbreak (Prebble and Graham 1). The present report includes observations on some of the symptoms and microscopic characteristics of the disease.

A comparative study of different types of viruses and their capsules in the polyhedroses and granuloses of insects

It has recently been shown (Smith & Wyckoff, 1950) that, in addition to the classical type of nuclear polyhedral disease of lepidopterous larvae, there exists a second type of polyhedrosis with spherical virus particles instead of rods. This was demonstrated in the case of two tiger-moth larvae,Arctia villicaandA. caja. The polyhedra of this type of disease do not dissolve fully when treated with weak alkali but leave behind a honeycomb-like shell pitted with round holes. We have also shown (Xeros, 1952, Smith & Xeros, 1953a) that in all our material these polyhedra occur in the cytoplasm and not in the nuclei and are confined to the cells of the midgut.

A Polyhedral Virus Disease of a Pasture Caterpillar, Pterolocera Amplicornis Walker (Anthelidae)

A new virus of the genus Borrelfna, causing a polyhedral disease in larvae of the anthelid moth Pterolocera amplicomis, is described. The polyhedral bodies are small and unusually resistant to alkaline solution. Electron micrographs reveal the presence of rods, spheres, and rods projecting from spheres in alkali-digested polyhedra. The relations between these bodies are not clear.

Studies on the Polyhedral Disease of Silkworm

Studies on the Polyhedral Disease of Silkworm

THE POLYHEDRAL DISEASE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM,CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA(CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

In investigations of the polyhedral disease of the spruce budworm, the polyhedral bodies have been purified and the isolated virus rods described. Quantitative infection tests indicate a high resistance or immunity of the insects against the virus. Some remarks are made regarding epizootiology.

Structure within Polyhedra Associated with Insect Virus Diseases

FOR some time we have been examining with the electron microscope thin sections of caterpillars infected with their polyhedral diseases. In this way it is possible to follow the development of the disease, to see the crystal-like polyhedra as they are formed in situ and to observe the fine structure of their contents.

バイラス病體のプロテアーゼに關する研究

In the previous paper some properties of proteases of virus-diseased silkworm were described. I have assumed that before the formation of virus molecules in living cells protoplasma proteids, especially nucleoprotein must be rearranged. Furthermore it is supposed that the proteolytic enzymes in living tissues participate certainly in this rearrangement of proteins. As it was reported, in the silkworm body the virus can be formed by artificial means. A group of silkwors was warmed, the second group was fed with mulberry leaves which were wetted with a hydroxylamine solution and the third was given barium peroxide. The treated worms were attacked with a polyhedral disease. It was found that the proteolytic action of worm body was elevated by these treatments. The maximal activity of proteases was observed in the virus-diseased worm.

INTRANUCLEAR INCLUSIONS IN VIRUS INFECTED PLANTS

SummaryTwo kinds of intracellular inclusions in solanaceous plants infected with severe etch virus are described. One occurs in the cytoplasm and is similar to the X‐bodies found in many other plant virus diseases. The other occurs only in the nuclei. These intranuclear inclusions appear to be crystalline, have the form of thin rectangular plates, and resemble the inclusions described in the polyhedral disease of silkworms more than any other type of previously recognized virus‐inclusion.

The experimental induction of melanism, and other effects, in the geometrid moth Selenia bilunari esp

In the autumn of 1927, Hughes, wishful to repeat the work of Harrison and Garrett (1926) on the induction of melanism in the Lepidoptera, visited my laboratory to consult me about material and methods. As a result of the information supplied, his investigations were initiated in the spring of 1928. Very soon, however, he informed me that his progress was being materially hampered by the fact that the broods with which he was dealing were “full of lethal factors.” This complaint he repeated with still greater emphasis when the important work with treated larvæ was proceeding. Now Selenia bilunaria has been a favourite experimental subject of mine for more than 25 years, and, further, my wild broods have been derived from no less than forty-seven different localities in England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland and Germany; in spite of these wide oppor­tunities, never at any time have I encountered trouble in rearing large broods, nor have any difficulties ever arisen which could be interpreted by appeal to lethal factors. Hence I was forced to suspect that Hughes’ cultures were probably infected with polyhedral disease (due to a filterable virus) or with others, sporozoan or bacterial in their origin.

Activity of Herpetic Virus in Mice

Investigation concerning the nature and activity of the filtrable is limited for the most part to animal experimentation until their cultivation without the body is a practical accomplishment. This limitation is increased further by the host specificity of some of the viruses. No suitable test animal has been found for the viruses of encephalitis lethargica and varicella. Infectious myxoma and virus 111 appear to be specific for the rabbit. The filtrable chicken tumors grow only in chickens. Hog cholera, so far as our present knowledge extends, cannot be transferred to other animals. The guinea-pig is, apparently, the only animal which reacts to the salivary-gland virus. The polyhedral diseases of caterpillars are markedly specific, while the sacbrood virus affects only the larvae of honey bees and no other insect. Monkeys seem to be the only available laboratory animals which respond to the of measles and poliomyelitis, at least to such an extent that they can be used for experimental purposes. South African horse sickness can be conferred to dogs with some degree of success. While the mentioned above are specific or transmissible to only one other species, others infect a larger range of hosts. Borna disease of horses, for example, can be transferred to the monkey, rabbit, guinea-pig, rat and mouse. Cattle, sheep, goats and deer are known to be susceptible to the rinder-pest virus. Fowl pox and fowl plague are interesting virus diseases from the viewpoint of host specificity, since both are readily transmissible to a number of birds, but neither has been shown to produce symptoms in animals of another class. Foot-andmouth disease affects a large number of ruminants and also swine, dogs, cats and, according to some reports, chickens as well as man can become infected. The disease can be reproduced experimentally in the guineapig and perhaps in the rabbit. Rabies virus is thought to be capable of experimental transmission to practically all carnivorous animals and a large number of other mammals. Chickens, as well as frogs, have been reported as being susceptible to the experimental disease. Cowpox has a variety of hosts amongst the mammals, and in respect to this virus

Studies on the Polyhedral Diseases of Insects Due to Filterable Viruses.*

The so-called polyhedral affections of insects are extremely interesting and economically important diseases, and much has been written upon the subject. They have been described in many different larvae. However, cases described from forms other than those belonging to the Lepidoptera are questionable. These maladies are widespread among the moth larvae of America, Europe, Asia, and probably elsewhere, and affect many of our worst pests, producing at times huge epidemics amongst them. Such epidemics, when they occur, contribute much more towards the control of certain of our noxious cater-pillars than the combined efforts of all their hymenopterous and dipterous parasites. J. W. Chapman and the writer (1), in 1915 and 1916, listed twenty-two species, belonging to ten separate families, that are definitely known to be naturally susceptible to one of the polyhedral maladies. A useful form, the silkworm, is also unfortunately subject to one of these affections. The silk industry in certain regions suffers annually due to its ravages and no satisfactory practical remedy for it's control has yet been devised.

Societies and Academies

LONDON. Association of Economic Biologists, February 24.—Sir David Prain, president, in the chair.—J. Rennie; The present position of bee-disease research. There is a general similarity of symptoms in all adult bee diseases. With the recognition of the parasite, Nosema apis, in association with bee disease there has been at the same time a failure to appreciate a preponderance of cases of disease from which this organism was absent. Recent work at Aberdeen has shown that there are at least three adult bee diseases of importance prevalent in this country—all of which have hitherto been called Isle of Wight Disease. Besides Nosema disease, there are Acarine disease and Bee Paralysis. At the present time Nosema disease is less common than Acarine disease, but appears to be maintained to some extent by the importation of foreign bees, a proportion of which contain the parasite, Nosema apis. Acarine disease is the more formidable malady; its causal agent is a Tarsonemid mite which breeds in the thoracic trachea and feeds on the blood of the bee. An important feature in this disease, which has hitherto rendered control measures difficult, is the long period of infestation while the mite is being established in the colony, during which time the presence of the parasite is unsuspected. The systematic examination for this parasite of all stocks should be the first step in control. Bee paralysis, described by the Swedish investigator Turesson as an intoxication due to phenolic acids developed in the combs and pollen by the growth of various moulds, has also been recognised in Great Britain.—J. Rennie: Polyhedral disease of tipula species. Larvæ of Tipula paludosa, the fat body cells of which contain polyhedral bodies in the nuclei, do not complete their development; they die before pupation. This affection, known in various Lepidopterous larvae, has not hitherto been observed in Diptera. The polyhedra appear to be developed in association with a virus. Infection by feeding is readily produced, and polyhedral bodies develop within the fat body cells in some six or seven days.