Polygonum Indigo Research Articles

Azoreductase from alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. AO1 catalyzes indigo reduction.

Indigo is an insoluble blue dye historically used for dyeing textiles. A traditional approach for indigo dyeing involves microbial reduction of polygonum indigo to solubilize it under alkaline conditions; however, the mechanism by which microorganisms reduce indigo remains poorly understood. Here, we aimed to identify an enzyme that catalyzes indigo reduction; for this purpose, from alkaline liquor that performed microbial reduction of polygonum indigo, we isolated indigo carmine-reducing microorganisms. All isolates were facultative anaerobic and alkali-tolerant Bacillus spp. An isolate termed AO1 was found to be an alkaliphile that preferentially grows at pH9.0-11.0 and at 30-35°C. We focused on flavin-dependent azoreductase as a possible enzyme for indigo carmine reduction and identified its gene (azoA) in Bacillus sp. AO1 using homology-based strategies. azoA was monocistronic but clustered with ABC transporter genes. Primary sequence identities were < 50% between the azoA product (AzoA) and previously characterized flavin-dependent azoreductases. AzoA was heterologously produced as a flavoprotein tolerant to alkaline and organic solvents. The enzyme efficiently reduced indigo carmine in an NADH-dependent manner and showed strict specificity for electron acceptors. Notably, AzoA oxidized NADH in the presence, but not the absence, of indigo. The reaction rate was enhanced by adding organic solvents to solubilize indigo. Absorption spectrum analysis showed that indigo absorption decreased during the reaction. These observations suggest that AzoA can reduce indigo in vitro and potentially in Bacillus sp. AO1. This is the first study that identified an indigo reductase, providing a new insight into a traditional approach for indigo dyeing.

Bacillus fermenti sp. nov., an indigo-reducing obligate alkaliphile isolated from indigo fermentation liquor for dyeing

The indigo-reducing, facultatively anaerobic and obligately alkaliphilic strains Bf-1T, Bf-2 and Bf-4 were isolated from an indigo fermentation liquor used for dyeing, which uses sukumo [composted Polygonum indigo (Polygonum tinctorium Lour.) leaves] as a basic ingredient and was obtained from a craft centre in Date City, Hokkaido, Japan. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses indicated that the closest neighbours of strain Bf-1T are Bacillus maritimus DSM 100413T (98.3 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Bacillus persicus DSM 25386T (98.2 %) and Bacillus rigiliprofundi LMG 28275T (97.7 %). The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain Bf-1T was almost identical to the sequences of strains Bf-2 and Bf-4 (99.9 %). Cells of strain Bf-1T stained Gram-positive and formed straight rods that achieved motility through a pair of subpolar flagella. Strain Bf-1T grew at temperatures of between 15 and 45 °C with optimum growth at 33‒40 °C. The strain grew in the pH range of pH 8‒12, with optimum growth at pH 10. The isoprenoid quinone detected was menaquinone-7 (MK-7), and the DNA G+C content was 41.7 %. The whole-cell fatty acid profile mainly (>10 %) consisted of iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. Phylogenetically related neighbours, although demonstrating high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (>97.6 %) with strain Bf-1T, exhibited less than 9 % relatedness in DNA-DNA hybridization experiments. Based on evidence from this polyphasic study, the isolates represent a novel species, for which the name Bacillus fermenti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of this species is Bf-1T (=JCM 31807T=NCIMB 15079T).

Paralkalibacillus indicireducens gen., nov., sp. nov., an indigo-reducing obligate alkaliphile isolated from indigo fermentation liquor used for dyeing.

Obligately alkaliphilic, indigo-reducing strains, designated Bps-1T, Bps-2 and Bps-3, were isolated from an indigo fermentation liquor used for dyeing, which was produced from sukumo (composted Polygonum indigo leaves) obtained from a craft centre in Data City, Hokkaido, Japan, by using medium containing cellulase-treated sukumo. The 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogeny suggested that Bps-1T has a distinctive position among the alkaliphilic species of the genus Bacillus, with its closest neighbours being Bacillus pseudofirmus DSM 8715T, Bacillus lindianensis DSM 26864T and Bacillus alcalophilus DSM 485T (96.1, 95.8 and 95.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, respectively). The 16S rRNA sequence of strain Bps-1T was identical to those of strains Bps-2 and Bps-3. Cells of the novel isolate were Gram-stain-positive and were facultatively anaerobic straight rods that were motile by means of a pair of flagella (subpolar and centre sides). Spherical endospores were formed in the terminal position. Strain Bps-1T grew between 18 and 40 °C with optimum growth at 33 °C. The isolate grew in the pH range 8‒11, with optimum growth at pH 9‒10. The isoprenoid quinone detected was menaquinone-7 (MK-7), and the DNA G+C content was 40.3 %. The whole-cell fatty acid profile (>10 %) mainly consisted of anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 0. On the basis of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, the isolates represent a novel species of a novel genus, for which the name Paralkalibacillus indicireducens gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of this species is Bps-1T (JCM 31808T=NCIMB 15080T), with strains Bps-2 and Bps-3 representing additional strains of the species.

Polygonibacillus indicireducens gen. nov., sp. nov., an indigo-reducing and obligate alkaliphile isolated from indigo fermentation liquor for dyeing

Obligately alkaliphilic and halophilic strains, designated In2-9T and D2-7, were isolated from a fermented Polygonum indigo (Polygonum tinctorium Lour.) liquor sample obtained from a craft centre in Date City, Hokkaido, Japan. The 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogeny suggested that strain In2-9T is a member of the genus Bacillus with the closest relatives being the alkaliphilic species of the genus Bacillus, Bacillus hemicellulosilyticusJCM 9152T (96.4 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Bacillus alcalophilus DSM 485T (96.5 %). Cells of the isolate stained Gram-positive and were facultatively anaerobic straight rods that were motile by peritrichous flagella. Strain In2-9T grew between 13 and 45 °C with optimum growth at approximately 35-37 °C. The isolates grew in the pH range of 8-12 with optimum growth at pH 10. The isoprenoid quinone detected was menaquinone-6 (MK-6) and the DNA G+C content was 39.4 mol%. The whole-cell fatty acid profile mainly (>10 %) consisted of iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 0. Spore shape and location and chemotaxonomic characteristics revealed that the isolates were distinctly different from phylogenetic neighbouring alkaliphilic species of the genus Bacillus. On the basis of phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics and phylogenetic data, the isolates represent a novel species of a new genus, for which the name Polygonibacillusindicireducens gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is In2-9T (=JCM 30831T=NCIMB 14982T), and strain D2-7 is an additional strain of the species.

Fermentibacillus polygoni gen. nov., sp. nov., an alkaliphile that reduces indigo dye.

Facultatively alkaliphilic strains, designated as strains IEB3T and IEB14, were isolated as indigo-reducing strains from a fermented Polygonum indigo (Polygonum tinctorium Lour) liquor sample prepared in our laboratory using a medium containing an indigo fermentation liquor as a sole substrate. The 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogeny and similarity suggested that strains IEB3T and IEB14 exhibit distinctive positions among the members of the genus Bacillus, and their closest neighbour was Bacillus nanhaiisediminis NH3T (similarity: 97.4 %) among the species with validly published names. The 16S rRNA sequence of strain IEB3Twas identical to that of strain IEB14. The cells of the isolates stained Gram-positive and were facultatively anaerobic, straight rods that were motile by a pair of subpolar flagella. Strains IEB3T and IEB14 grew at temperatures between 12 and 40 °C with optimum growth at 30‒33 °C and in the range of pH 7.5-12. Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) was detected as the major isoprenoid quinone. The DNA G+C contents of strains IEB3T and IEB14 were 39.0 and 39.1 mol%, respectively. The whole-cell fatty acid profile mainly (>10 %) consisted of iso-C14:0, iso-C15:0 and anteiso-C15:0. DNA-DNA hybridization revealed a low relatedness value between strain IEB3T and the phylogenetically most closely related species, Bacillus nanhaiisediminis JCM 16507T (<7 % ). On the basis of phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics and phylogenetic data, the isolates represent a novel species within a novel genus, for which the name Fermentibacillus polygoni gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is IEB3T (=JCM 30817T=NCIMB 14984T).

천연색소 소재의 항산화 및 항비만 활성

This study investigated the antioxidant and antiobesity activity of extract powders from the following natural color resources: Polygonum indigo, Black locust, Cochineal, Catechu, Grape, Tesu flower, Henna, Chrysanthemum, Sandalwood Red, Himalayan Rhubarb, and Madder. Total phenol content was the highest in Catechu extract, at 348.25 mg/g. DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were also higher in Catechu extract. Bleaching inhibition activity in the β-carotene linoleic acid system was the highest in Black locust extract, as was α-Glucosidase inhibition activity. α-Amylase inhibition activity was the highest in Catechu extract. Trypsin inhibition activity of Black locust extract was greater than 60%, and α- chymotrypsin inhibition activity of Catechu extract was greater than 40%. Lipase inhibition activity was the highest Black locust extract, at 52.73%. Viability of 3T3-L1 cells was not affected by treatment with extracts at concentrations of 1.25~25 μg/ml. Lipid accumulation in the 3T3-L1 cells was the lowest following treatment with Catechu extract, at 55.8%, and this extract also inhibited adipocyte differentiation. These results suggest that the Catechu and Black locust extracts have high antioxidant and antiobesity activities and can be useful ingredients in functional foods.

Gracilibacillus alcaliphilus sp. nov., a facultative alkaliphile isolated from indigo fermentation liquor for dyeing.

A facultatively alkaliphilic, lactic-acid-producing and halophilic strain, designated SG103(T), was isolated from a fermented Polygonum indigo (Polygonum tinctorium Lour.) liquor sample for dyeing prepared in a laboratory. 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogeny suggested that SG103(T) is a member of the genus Gracilibacillus with the closest relatives being 'Gracilibacillus xinjiangensis' J2 (similarity: 97.06 %), Gracilibacillus thailandensis TP2-8(T) (97.06 %) and Gracilibacillus halotolerans NN(T) (96.87 %). Cells of the isolate stained Gram-positive and were facultatively anaerobic straight rods that were motile by peritrichous flagella. The strain grew at temperatures between 13 and 48 °C with the optimum at 39 °C. It grew in the range pH 7-10 with the optimum at pH 9. The isoprenoid quinone detected was menaquinone-7 (MK-7) and the DNA G+C content was 41.3 mol%. The whole-cell fatty acid profile mainly (>10 %) consisted of iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. Unlike other reported species of the genus Gracilibacillus, the strain lacked diphosphatidylglycerol as a major polar lipid. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments with strains exhibiting greater than 96.87 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, 'G. xinjiangensis' J2, G. thailandensis TP2-8(T) and G. halotolerans NN(T), revealed 2±4 %, 4±9 % and 3±2 % relatedness, respectively. On the basis of the differences in phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, and the results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and DNA-DNA relatedness data from reported species of the genus Gracilibacillus, strain SG103(T) merits classification as a members of a novel species, for which the name Gracilibacillus alcaliphilus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SG103(T) ( = JCM 17253(T) = NCIMB 14683(T)).

Amphibacillus iburiensis sp. nov., an alkaliphile that reduces an indigo dye

An indigo-reducing alkaliphilic strain, designated strain N314(T), was isolated from a fermented polygonum indigo (Polygonum tinctorium Lour.) liquor sample, aged for 10 months, that was obtained from Date City, Iburi Branch, Hokkaido, Japan. The 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogeny suggested that strain N314(T) is a member of the genus Amphibacillus, with the closest relatives being Amphibacillus indicireducens (98.9 % similarity to the type strain) and Amphibacillus xylanus (98.0 % similarity to the type strain), the only species with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities higher than 97 % to strain N314(T). The cells of the isolate stained Gram-positive and were facultatively anaerobic, straight rods that were motile by means of peritrichous flagella. The strain grew at 26-39 °C with optimum growth at 36 °C. It grew at pH 8.0-9.1, with optimum growth at pH 8.9-9.1. No isoprenoid quinone was detected, and the DNA G+C content was 38.4 mol%. The whole-cell fatty acid profile consisted mainly of iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. Analysis of DNA-DNA hybridization with the type strains of A. indicireducens and A. xylanus revealed 29±2 % and 10±2 % relatedness, respectively. Owing to differences in phenotypic characteristics from reported species of the genus A. and results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and DNA-DNA relatedness data, the isolate merits classification within a novel species, for which the name Amphibacillus iburiensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is N314(T) ( = JCM 18529(T) = NCIMB 14823(T)).

천연염색을 이용한 제품디자인 개발

Abstract At a time when the demand for environmentally friendly products is soaring, the fashion industry is following suit. The industry is showing particular interest in natural-dyed products. Against this backdrop, this study conducted a literature review on the history of natural dyeing for textiles and on the types of natural dyes. In addition, this study identified recent trends in the fashion industry and applied the findings from the literature review to those trends. Through this process, possibilities for new designs were suggested. This study proposed designs for various itemst shirts, one-piece dresses, blouses, skirts, and knitwearby using threads and textiles dyed from mugwort, Polygonum indigo, safflowers, Lithospermum erythrorhizon, and Sophora japonica flowers. This study is also meaningful in that it broadens the boundaries of design for natural-dyed fashion products. To that end, various designs were attempted by combining natural-dyed textiles or knits with leather, denim, and fur.Keywords: environmentally friendly products(친환경 제품) natural dyeing(천연염색)

Oceanobacillus polygoni sp. nov., a facultatively alkaliphile isolated from indigo fermentation fluid

A facultatively alkaliphilic, lactic-acid-producing and halophilic strain, designated SA9(T), was isolated from a fermented Polygonum indigo (Polygonum tinctorium Lour.) liquor sample prepared in a laboratory. The 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogeny suggested that strain SA9(T) was a member of the genus Oceanobacillus with the closest relative being Oceanobacillus profundus KCCM 42318(T) (99.3% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). Cells of strain SA9(T) stained Gram-positive and were facultative anaerobic straight rods that were motile by peritrichous flagella. The strain grew between 5 and 48 °C (optimum, 35 °C) and at pH 7-12 (optimum, pH 9). The isoprenoid quinone detected was menaquinone-7 (MK-7) and the DNA G+C content was 40.6 ± 0.9 mol%. The whole-cell fatty acid profile mainly consisted of iso-C(15:0), anteiso-C(15:0), C(16:0) and anteiso-C(17:0). DNA-DNA hybridization with Oceanobacillus profundus DSM 18246(T) revealed a DNA-DNA relatedness value of 23 ± 2%. On the basis of the differences in phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, and the results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and DNA-DNA relatedness data from recognized species of the genus Oceanobacillus, strain SA9(T) merits classification as a representative of a novel species of the genus Oceanobacillus, for which the name Oceanobacillus polygoni sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SA9(T) ( =JCM 17252(T) =NCIMB 14684(T)). An emended description of the genus Oceanobacillus is also provided.

Oceanobacillus indicireducens sp. nov., a facultative alkaliphile that reduces an indigo dye

An indigo-reducing facultatively alkaliphilic and halophilic strain, designated strain A21(T), was isolated from a fermented Polygonum indigo (Polygonum tinctorium Lour.) liquor sample aged for 4 days prepared in a laboratory. 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogeny suggested that strain A21(T) was a member of the genus Oceanobacillus with the closest relative being the type strain of Oceanobacillus chironomi (similarity: 96.0 %). The cells of the isolate stained Gram-positive and were facultatively anaerobic straight rods that were motile by peritrichous flagella. The strain grew between 18 and 48 °C with optimum growth at 39 °C. It grew in the pH range of 7-12. It hydrolysed casein, gelatin and Tween 20 but not Tweens 40, 60 and 80, starch or DNA. No isoprenoid quinone was detected and the DNA G+C content was 39.7 mol%. The whole-cell fatty acid profile mainly consisted of iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 0. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments with O. chironomi revealed 13 % relatedness. Owing to the differences in phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, and phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and DNA-DNA relatedness data from reported Oceanobacillus species, the isolate merits classification as a representative of a novel species, for which the name Oceanobacillus indicireducens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is A21(T) ( = JCM 17251(T) = NCIMB 14685(T)). The description of the genus Oceanobacillus is also emended.

Amphibacillus indicireducens sp. nov., an alkaliphile that reduces an indigo dye

Two indigo-reducing alkaliphilic strains, designated strain C40(T) and strain N214, were isolated from a fermented Polygonum Indigo (Polygonum tinctorium Lour.) liquor sample aged for 10 months and obtained from Date City, Hokkaido, Japan. 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogeny suggested that strains C40(T) and N214 were members of the genus Amphibacillus with the closest relative being Amphibacillus xylanus JCM 7361(T) (97.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with strain C40(T)), which is the only strain having a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity higher than 97 % with strain C40(T). Cells of strain C40(T) were Gram-stain-positive, facultatively anaerobic, straight rods that were motile by means of peritrichous flagella. The strains grew between 17 and 39 °C (optimum, 35 °C) and in the pH range of 9.0-12.0. No isoprenoid quinone was detected and the DNA G+C content was 37.5-37.7 mol%. The whole-cell fatty acid profile mainly consisted of iso-C(15 : 0) and anteiso-C(15 : 0). DNA-DNA hybridization of strain C40(T) with Amphibacillus xylanus JCM 7361(T) revealed a DNA-DNA relatedness value of 10±3 %. Owing to the differences in phenotypic characteristics and phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, as well as DNA-DNA relatedness data from reported species of the genus Amphibacillus, the isolates merit classification as a novel species in the genus Amphibacillus, for which the name Amphibacillus indicireducens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is C40(T) ( = JCM 17250(T) = NCIMB 14686(T)). An additional strain of the species is N214. An emended description of the genus Amphibacillus is provided.

Environmental Management Portfolio of Korean Fashion Brands

Abstract Green growth or green management practices originating from advanced countries proliferated worldwide during the 2000s. According to the Low Carbon, Green Growth Act announced by the government of South Korea in April 2010, business should gradually adopt an environmental management system (EMS) to efficiently use resources and energy and to minimize the emission of greenhouse gas or other pollutants as a result of business activities. In addition, businesses should acknowledge social and ethical responsibilities. Environmental management systems were introduced in Korea as a competitive strategy in the early 1990s, and have increased in Korea since 2003 under the influence of the product-related environmental regulations of European countries and the Korean government. Achieving the ISO 14001 standard requires an EMS system. This critical and authoritative certification system, legislated in 1996, directly connects to business reliability. The number of corporations with the ISO 14001 certificat...

Alkalibacterium psychrotolerans sp. nov., a psychrotolerant obligate alkaliphile that reduces an indigo dye

A psychrotolerant, obligately alkaliphilic bacterium, IDR2-2(T), which is able to reduce indigo dye was isolated from a fermented polygonum indigo (Polygonum tinctorium Lour.) produced in Date, Hokkaido, using a traditional Japanese method. The isolate grew at pH 9-12 but not at pH 7-8. It was a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, straight rod-shaped bacterium with peritrichous flagella. The isolate grew in 0-17 % (w/v) NaCl but not at NaCl concentrations higher than 18 % (w/v). Its major cellular fatty acids were C(14 : 0), C(16 : 0), C(16 : 1)9c and C(18 : 1)9c, and its DNA G+C content was 40.6 mol%. dl-lactic acid was the major end-product from d-glucose. No quinones could be detected. The peptidoglycan type was A4beta, Orn-d-Glu. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence data indicated that strain IDR2-2(T) is a member of the genus Alkalibacterium. DNA-DNA hybridization revealed low relatedness (less than 25 %) between the isolate and two phylogenetically related strains, Alkalibacterium olivapovliticus and Marinilactibacillus psychrotolerans. On the basis of phenotypic characteristics, phylogenetic data and DNA-DNA relatedness data, the isolate merits classification as a novel species, for which the name Alkalibacterium psychrotolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is IDR2-2(T) (=JCM 12281(T)=NCIMB 13981(T)).