Polyethylene Sachets Research Articles

Dose-responses of seven species of cerambycid beetles to synthesized pheromones in field experiments.

Adult male cerambycid beetles of the subfamilies Cerambycinae and Lamiinae emit aggregation-sex pheromones that attract both sexes, and these chemicals can be utilized for quarantine surveillance for related exotic species which produce the same or similar pheromones. Here, we assess how attraction of 7 cerambycid species to pheromone-baited traps was influenced by the release rates of synthesized pheromones from polyethylene sachet emitters. Compounds tested included racemic 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one, the (R)-enantiomer of which is the sole or major pheromone component of numerous cerambycine species, and 2 compounds that are pheromone components of many lamiine species: (E)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-yl acetate (fuscumol acetate) and 6-methylhept-5-en-2-ol (sulcatol). We confirmed release rates of these compounds could be manipulated by varying the doses loaded into emitters. Various doses and concentrations, ranging from very dilute to the neat compounds, were then tested in field trials. Several species were most strongly attracted to the highest dose of a tested compound, one species to an intermediate dose, while another species was equally attracted regardless of dose. Our results demonstrate the importance of characterizing dose-response relationships for cerambycid species targeted by pheromone-based trapping.

Low density polyethylene sachets waste: Fuel conversion, characterization and life cycle analysis

Low density polyethylene sachets waste: Fuel conversion, characterization and life cycle analysis

Effect of Packaging Materials and Storage Temperatures on the Microbiological Quality of Hibiscus sabdarifa Drinks during Ambient and Refrigeration Storage

Aims: To evaluate the effect of packaging materials and storage temperatures on the microbiological quality of Hibiscus sabdarifa drinks produced with: 1) commercial pineapple flavour (HCPF) and; 2) Phoenix dactylifera (38%) and pineapple extract (2%) (HPPE).
 Methodology: Pasteurized drinks packaged in polyethylene sachets, plastic and glass bottles were stored at refrigeration (4.4±2oC) and ambient (25±2oC) temperatures for 27 and 9 days respectively.
 Results: There was significant (P≤0.05) decrease in total bacterial count in HCPF (≤4.51-≥2.14 Log10CFU/ml) with higher death rate (0.06) in plastic bottles at 4.4±2oC while at 25±2oC it increased significantly (P≤0.05) in HPPE samples (4.00-≤4.95 Log10CFU/ml) with least growth rate in plastic bottles (0.02). Yeast count at 25±2oC (1.28 – 2.15 Log10CFU/ml) was significantly (P≤0.05) higher than at 4.4±2oC (1.00 – 1.60 Log10CFU/ml) and drinks in plastic bottles had the least growth rates (≤0.03). Coliform (2.04 – 2.59 Log10CFU/ml), Escherichia coli (2.00 – 2.93 Log10CFU/ml) and Staphylococcus (2.00 – 2.50 Log10CFU/ml) sparingly detected, were unable to grow in the drinks with greater inhibition at 25±2oC in all packaging materials. No growth of Salmonella was observed in the drinks. Glass bottles favoured more microbial growth but the levels were satisfactory for all packaging which is indicative of microbiological safety.
 Conclusion: Any of the packaging material can be used for packaging of Hibiscus sabdarifa drinks with storage at refrigeration temperature for ≤ 21 days. It is informative to both consumers and producers that the then wasted pineapple peels can serve as an ingredient in Hibiscus sabdarifa drink production.

Biocomposite production from waste low-density polyethylene sachets and Prosopis africana pods biomass residue

Plastic litter has become a major concern in solid waste management in recent times due to the adverse effect on the environment. In most developing countries, low-density polyethylene (LDPE) waste bags and sachets constitute a significant portion of plastic wastes that are generated daily, leading to an unnecessary environmental burden that needs to be addressed. In this study, we report the use of Prosopis africana pod particles as fillers in LDPE matrix (obtained from waste plastic sachets) for biocomposite production. Biocomposites were produced from 150µm average filler size for 10, 20, 30 wt% filler contents, using hand lay-up method. The compression, flexural, impact, and tensile strengths; water absorption and the biodegradability characteristics of the prepared biocomposites were determined using ASTM standards. In comparison with the control sample, the prepared biocomposites samples exhibited 103% improved impact strength of 34.3 J and better resistance to deformation (flexural modulus of 348.9 N/mm2; Young’s modulus of 237.9 N/mm2) at 30 wt % filler content. Biocomposite sample with the 10 wt% gave the highest tensile strength of 8.3 N/mm2. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of the fractured sample shows good adhesion in the matrix. Findings from this work indicate that valorization of LDPE waste sachet and prosopis pods agricultural residues can be a value-addition, affordable waste management method for producing biocomposites towards indoor applications.

Non-catalytic and Catalytic Pyrolysis of Low Density Polyethylene LDPE Plastic Waste Into Fuel Ranged Hydrocarbons Using Nigerian Local Clay Composites

Plastic utilisation and plastic waste accumulation is rising in recent times mostly in developing countries. The utilization of modified and unmodified Nigerian bentonite clay as catalyst for preparation of fuel-ranged hydrocarbons from low-density polyethylene (LDPE) sachet wastes by pyrolysis was investigated. Pyrolysis of LDPE was done using locally fabricated semi-batch reactor condenser column. The products were characterized using Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatograph with a flame ionisation detector (GC-FID). Physicochemical properties of the products were determined using standard analytical methods. The products from non-catalysed contained mostly saturated hydrocarbons compared to that of the catalytic process which contained more branched-chain hydrocarbons and mono-substituted aromatics. Physicochemical properties of the product from non-catalytic process showed resemblance to those of kerosene and diesel fuel while the properties of products from catalytic pyrolysis closely approximates those of commercial gasoline. This implies that the catalytic process gave products that were more suitable as fuels for auto engine which require higher octane number based on their naphthenic and aromatic content.

N, N Diethyl-P-Phenylene Diamine (DPD) Free/Total Chlorine, Coliform and Heterotrophic Bacterial Profile of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) and Sachet Water Sold Within and Around University of Benin Campus.

Water quality, free/total chlorine (Cl2) and bacteriological standard, determine the shelf life of water in the hands of the consumers. This study was carried out to determine the free/total chlorine, coliform and heterotrophic bacterial profile of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) and sachet water sold within and around the University of Benin Campus. PET/sachet water was randomly sampled from sales vendors and transported to the laboratory in ice condition for analysis. Standard microbiological methods have followed the determination of the coliform and heterotrophic bacterial profile of the sampled water. The digital colorimeter methods with N, N Diethyl-P-Phenylene Diamine (DPD) pillow for free chlorine (DPD 1) and total chlorine (DPD 4) determination in water was used. The free chlorine from PET/sachet water samples of UNIBEN, Faithmark, Dandori and Olivia waters were > 0.1 mg/l, falling short of the recommended World Health Organization (WHO) and Center for Disease and Prevention (CDC) permissible limit (0.2 to 0.5 mg/l). The coliform bacterial counts from this study were recorded as <1.8 MPN, which is less than the WHO and CDC recommended permissible limit. Whereas, the Heterotrophic bacterial counts were well above the recommended limit (> 500 cfu/ml). A proper hygienic regime should be employed during the processing, packing, distribution and sales of PET/sachet water to eliminate high levels of heterotrophic bacteria, which may contaminate the water.

2-Pentylfuran: a novel repellent of Drosophila suzukii.

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), spotted-wing drosophila (SWD), is a major invasive pest of soft-skinned fruits in North America and Europe. Although insecticides are currently the primary method of SWD control, it is imperative to develop alternative management approaches, such as behavioral control through the use of repellents and attractants. This study explores the repellent properties of 2-pentylfuran as an oviposition deterrent on raspberries. 2-Pentylfuran was found to be aversive to SWD in laboratory multiple-choice tests. When co-released from a vial (loaded as neat compound) with a synthetic SWD lure, 2-pentylfuran reduced SWD attraction to the SWD lure by 98% and the effect appeared 17% stronger compared to 1-octen-3-ol, a known SWD repellent. Releasing 50% 2-pentylfuran mixed with mineral oil from a vial located near ripe raspberries resulted in 30% reduction in SWD oviposition in the field. In laboratory no-choice assays, 2-pentylfuran reduced SWD oviposition on raspberries above 2.5 mg h-1 with greater repellency achieved at higher release rates. A release rate of 10 mg h-1 from a polyethylene sachet reduced egg-laying on raspberries by 60% in a semifield cage choice experiment. In a field experiment using fruiting raspberry clusters, 14 mg h-1 release rate of 2-pentylfuran was effective at reducing SWD infestations by 56% compared to untreated plots. 2-Pentylfuran acts as a repellent for SWD and can significantly reduce fruit infestations under field conditions and high SWD pressure. Given that 2-pentylfuran is a registered food additive and generally regarded as safe, 2-pentylfuran has a potential use in behavioral control strategies against SWD. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

Kairomone and Camera Trapping New Zealand Flower Thrips, Thrips obscuratus.

Simple SummaryCamera traps using new insect attractant lures made from the smell of ripe peaches were used to provide daily counts of New Zealand Flower Thrips from online images of the sticky base of the traps. Software and manual counting were used to determine arriving thrips counts, which fluctuated daily but showed peaks in 2013 up to 1000 thrips in a trap in one day. Application of knockdown insecticides inhibited further thrips arrival in three peach blocks, according to the camera traps. Dose response experiments with the peach lure to attract thrips showed higher catches with more lure, within 24 h, up to 11-fold above the catch in unbaited traps. A 32-fold increase in thrips per tree was achieved over the control. Camera traps have huge potential in integrated pest management, by providing daily phenology without trap visits.This project investigated how kairomone lures, camera traps, and counting software could together contribute to pest management. Images of cumulative daily catch of New Zealand Flower Thrips (NZFT) attracted to a ripe peach lactone (6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one; 6-PAP) were automatically loaded to the internet and compared with scanned bases checked weekly using in-house software and manual counting. Camera traps were able to provide thrips counts equivalent to delta traps, but daily and remotely. An 11-fold greater NZFT count occurred within 24 h in passive traps after polyethylene sachets loaded with 250 mg of 6-PAP were placed in trees. Intensive trapping, by placing 1, 2, 4, and 8 traps per tree (500 mg/trap), resulted in a maximum 32-fold increase in thrips per tree. While 6-PAP has proved to be a useful tool for monitoring NZFT numbers, our results suggest that it is not likely to be suitable for mass trapping. Future research should investigate NZFT behavior to better understand population movement on an area-wide basis. Camera traps can be a valuable tool for recording insect flight activity remotely, but the number of traps required for statistically reliable estimates may be prohibitive.

CO2 흡수제 함유 김치포장에서 CO2 농도와 제품 숙성도의 상호관련성

CO2 concentration in kimchi package has emerged recently as a potential index of product ripening to be monitored or sensed in intelligent packaging. Considering that addition of CO2 absorber into the flexible kimchi package changes behavior of its CO2 concentration, ripening of kimchi in total acidity, package CO2 concentration in partial pressure (PCO2) and package volume at 10oC were estimated by mathematical model for two size packages included with different CO2 absorbers. In small size package containing 0.5 kg of kimchi, relatively less gas permeable low density polyethylene (LDPE) sachet of the absorber was found to give rise of PCO2 linearly correlated with acidity at acceptable conditions of absorber amount and size. The levels of PCO2 at optimum ripening were different with absorber amount. However, highly gas permeable microporous spunbonded film (Tyvek) sachet did not show the linear relationship except a condition of 1.5 g of CO2 absorbent. In large size package containing 2.0 kg, absorber sachets of LDPE and Tyvek could give the linear relationship between product acidity and package PCO2 but at different levels (PCO2 of package with LDPE sachet: 0.46~0.79 bar, PCO2 of package with Tyvek sachet: 0.00~0.75 bar). The PCO2 at optimal ripening was found to be less variable with LDPE sachets than with Tyvek ones. Use of package CO2 concentration as an indicator of kimchi ripening was shown to be possible on the limited conditions where the linear relationship between them is established or confirmed.

Modeling volume change for active flexible package of CO2-producing kimchi

Abstract As a preliminary step for optimizing the active scavenger system to confer both the proper level of carbonic product taste and the tolerable package appearance for flexible packages of kimchi, a Korean lactic acid-fermented vegetable, a mathematical model to estimate their volume change along with internal CO2 concentration was developed. Kinetics of acidity increase and CO2 production was determined by experiment of storing glass jars of 0.5 kg kimchi at 0, 10 and 20 °C. Scavenger’s CO2 absorption kinetics was formulated as gas permeation of the film sachet of Ca(OH)2. All the kinetics was combined into mass balance of CO2 where its dissolution equilibration between the product and headspace phases was described by Henry’s law. Temperature dependence of the kinetic parameters was explained by Arrhenius equation. Thermodynamic temperature effect was incorporated by Ideal Gas Law and Henry’s law constant. The developed model could estimate the behavior of a flexible package of 0.5 kg kimchi with a CO2 scavenger sachet at 5 °C and assist in the design of kimchi packages that adopt tolerable volume expansion while maintaining a desirable CO2 level for carbonic fresh flavor. The sachet film’s CO2 permeability and the active scavenger amount in the sachet were design variables affecting the volume expansion and CO2 partial pressure. Among the tested conditions, high-density polyethylene sachet of 5.5 g scavenger was the best in providing the desired characteristics.

Effect of low density polyethylene as bitumen modifier on some properties of hot mix asphalt

In Nigeria today, polyethylene or water sachet is a major environmental pollutant, a nonbiodegradable material. The usefulness of this pollutant (polyethylene) in the highway industry was investigated by studying its effects on some selected properties of Hot Mix Asphalt, such as, bulk density, stability and flow of the asphalt concrete mix. Specimen preparation was done using Marshall Mix design procedure. The optimum binder content was determined as 5.20% and three samples each for five variations of polyethylene content (2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%) by weight of optimum binder content. It was observed from the study, that the stability and density of asphalt increased with polyethylene content, while a linear reduction in the flow and penetration values was observed with polyethylene content. The optimum modifier content value of 8% by weight of the optimum bitumen content. Models were also developed whose predictive values corroborated well with experimental values with acceptable coefficient of correlation values. Bitumen modified with polyethylene improved the engineering properties of asphalt which therefore means that usage of this waste product in the asphalt production for roadwork is an effective and economical way of managing this waste. Keywords: Polyethylene, modifier, asphalt, bitumen

Effect of Chemical Ratios of a Microbial-Based Feeding Attractant on Trap Catch of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae).

Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, spotted wing drosophila, can be trapped with a feeding attractant based on wine and vinegar volatiles and consisting of acetic acid, ethanol, acetoin, and methionol. Using that four-component blend, we found that the catch of spotted wing drosophila increased with increases in the release rate of acetoin (from 0.5 mg/d to 34 mg/d) from polyethylene sachet dispensers, and with increases in the concentrations of acetic acid (from 0.25% to 4%) or ethanol (from 0.08% to 2%) when dispensed in the trap drowning solution. However, we saw no increase in spotted wing drosophila trapped with increase of the methionol release rate from 0.4 mg/d to 4.9 mg/d or from 0.19 mg/d to 0.8 mg/d, from sachets. A new formulation based on optimized amounts of these four chemicals yielded a doubling of spotted wing drosophila trapped compared to a previously reported formulation. Further field testing confirmed that the simultaneous increases in the release rate of acetoin from a dispenser and the amount of acetic acid in the trap drowning solution provided the increased spotted wing drosophila trap response to the new formulation. These findings provide a practical means to improve the power of this lure to detect and monitor D. suzukii.

Field evaluation of 3-hydroxy-2-hexanone and ethanol as attractants for the cerambycid beetle pest of vineyards, Xylotrechus arvicola.

The beetle Xylotrechus arvicola (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a serious pest of vineyards in the Iberian Peninsula. In previous work, the male beetles, but not females, were shown to produce (R)-3-hydroxy-2-hexanone, and female beetles were attracted to this compound in a laboratory bioassay. In this study, release rates of 3-hydroxy-2-hexanone from different dispensers were measured in the laboratory, and the attractiveness of these to X. arvicola adults was determined in trapping tests in three traditional wine-growing regions in Spain. As a result of laboratory experiments, for field experiments 3-hydroxy-2-hexanone was formulated as 100 μL in a polyethylene sachet (50 mm × 50 mm × 250 µm), and ethanol was formulated as 1 mL in a polyethylene press-seal bag (76 mm × 57 mm ×50 µm). Field catches were similar at all three study sites. Catches in traps baited with 3-hydroxy-2-hexanone alone were not significantly different from those in unbaited control traps, but catches in traps baited with 3-hydroxy-2-hexanone and ethanol in separate sachets, with 3-hydroxy-2-hexanone and ethanol in the same sachet or with ethanol alone were significantly greater than those in control traps. These results confirm that the beetles are attracted to ethanol, and the addition of 3-hydroxy-2-hexanone does not seem to make any difference. Attraction of females for the male-produced compound (R)-3-hydroxy-2-hexanone has been observed in laboratory but not in field experiments. Traps baited with ethanol are highly attractive to both sexes of adults of X. arvicola, and these can be used for improved monitoring of the adult emergence and for population control by mass trapping. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Identification of a floral-derived kairomone for currant clearwing, Synanthedon tipuliformis

The currant clearwing Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck) (Sesiidae) is a worldwide pest of black currants, Ribes nigrum. This moth has been observed to feed on nectar of inflorescences of Canada thistles, Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. This work was undertaken to identify floral compound(s) produced by Canada thistles inflorescences that mediate the response of the currant clearwing. Floral volatiles were collected during the day and analysed by coupled gas chromatography/electroantennographic detection (GC/EAD) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Three compounds consistently elicited EAD response from moth antennae and were identified by GC/MS as phenylacetaldehyde, methyl salicylate and dimethyl salicylate. When the compounds were tested individually or in various combinations in field trapping experiments, a 3-component blend attracted the largest number of female and male currant clearwings. Subsequent field trapping experiments were conducted to determine the optimal attraction dose for the ternary blend using three loadings of 1, 10 and 100 mg loaded into a polyethylene sachet. The highest catches were in traps baited with the 100 mg loading. In all trials, males and mated females were caught in significant numbers, while very low numbers of virgin females were found in the traps. In recent years the efficacy of mating disruption against currant clearwing has been reported as declining. The new kairomone blend identified in this study can be used with the sex pheromone to provide an effective control option for this important pest.

A CO2-Free Synthetic Host-Odor Mixture That Attracts and Captures Triatomines: Effect of Emitted Odorant Ratios.

Triatomines, vectors of Chagas Disease, are hematophagous insects. Efforts have been made to develop synthetic attractants based on vertebrate odor-to lure them into traps. However, because those lures are not practical or have low capture efficiency, they are not in use in control programs. Therefore, more work is needed to reach a practical and efficient odor lure. Recently, a three-component, CO2-free, synthetic blend of vertebrate odor (consisting of ammonia, l-(+)-lactic acid, and hexanoic acid), known as Sweetscent (Biogents AG, Regensburg, Germany), was shown to attract and capture triatomines in the laboratory. In this study, using a trap olfactometer and an odor blend with constituents similar to those of Sweetscent (delivered from low-density polyethylene sachets) we found that the odorant ratios of the mixtures have a strong effect in the capture of triatomines. The blend with the most efficient combination of odorant ratios evoked ca. 81% capture in two relevant triatomine species. In the case of the most effective odor mixtures, we measured the odor mass emission for the three components of the mixture and therefore were able to estimate the odorant ratios emitted that were responsible for such a high capture performance. Thus, in those mixtures, pentanoic acid was the main component (ca. 65 %) followed by ammonia (ca. 28%) and, l(+)-lactic acid (ca. 7 %). Our results are encouraging as efficient, practical, and cheap odor baits to trap triatomines in the field would be within reach. The odor-delivery system used should be improved to increase stability of odor emission.

Effect of Packaging Materials, Storage Time and Temperature on the Colour and Sensory Characteristics of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Apple Juice

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) apple juice was produced and pasteurized at 80°C for 15 min in a water bath. The juice was packaged in different packaging materials – green (G), brown (B), white (W) bottles and polyethylene sachet (S) in 200ml batches and stored for four months at room (28°C) and refrigeration (4°C) temperatures to study the effect of packaging materials on the colour and sensory qualities of cashew-apple juice (CAJ). There were significant differences (p 0.05) in all the sensory qualities of CAJ between the first two months in all the packaging materials studied. At third and fourth months, samples W and S was significantly affected while there was no significant effect between G and B samples at these months. Therefore, CAJ can conveniently be produced and stored in green and brown bottles for up to four months in the refrigeration temperature to retain its colour and sensory qualities. CAJ could also be stored in polyethylene sachet but not more than two months while the fruits are in season to serve as a cheap source of fresh drink and to reduce the 90% wastage of cashew-apples in the orchard.

Understanding the long-lasting attraction of malaria mosquitoes to odor baits.

The use of odor baits for surveillance and control of malaria mosquitoes requires robust dispensing tools. In this study, the residual activity of a synthetic mosquito attractant blend dispensed from nylon or low density polyethylene (LDPE) sachets was evaluated at weekly intervals for one year without re-impregnation. The potential role of bacteria in modulating the attraction of mosquitoes to odor-treated nylon that had been used repeatedly over the one year study period, without re-impregnation, was also investigated. Significantly higher proportions of female Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto mosquitoes were consistently attracted to treated nylon strips than the other treatments, up to one year post-treatment. Additional volatile organic compounds and various bacterial populations were found on the treated nylon strips after one year of repeated use. The most abundant bacteria were Bacillus thuringiensis and Acinetobacter baumannii. Autoclaving of treated nylon strips prior to exposure had no effect on trap collections of laboratory-reared female An. Gambiae (P = 0.17) or wild female An. Gambiae sensu lato (P = 0.26) and Mansonia spp. (P = 0.17) mosquitoes. Trap catches of wild female An. Funestus (P < 0.001) and other anophelines (P < 0.007) were higher when treated strips had been autoclaved prior to deployment as opposed to when the treated nylon strips were not autoclaved. By contrast, wild female Culex mosquitoes were more strongly attracted to non-autoclaved compared to autoclaved treated nylon strips (P < 0.042). This study demonstrates the feasibility of using odor baits for sampling and surveillance of malaria as well as other mosquito vectors over prolonged periods of time. Preliminary evidence points towards the potential role of bacteria in sustaining prolonged use of nylon material for dispensing synthetic attractant odorants for host-seeking malaria and other mosquito vectors but further investigations are required.

Consumption of sachet water in Nigeria: quality, public health and economic perspectives

Demand for drinking water is met by different methods in different parts of the world. Water packaging into polyethylene sachets (as a form of water vending) has assumed an innovative status which has spread from its origin in Nigeria to other West African countries. This research examined the factors that birthed this product and the problems associated with sachet-packaged water (SPW) by reviewing relevant literature. In addition, 11 SPW samples were randomly procured from Oshodi/Isolo-Ota Expressway in Lagos and Ogun States of Nigeria, and analysed for contaminants. The analysed parameters include turbidity, total dissolved solids, nitrate and sulphate, which were found to be within the safe limits of the Standards Organisation of Nigeria's (SON) 5 NTU, 500 mg/l, 50 mg/l and 100 mg/l respectively in all the 22 SPW samples. Other tested parameters such as pH, hardness, cadmium and iron, however, were found to exceed the SON limits of 6.5–8.5, 150 mg/L, 0.003 mg/L and 0.3 mg/L respectively in some of the samples. It was concluded that in spite of the challenges associated with SPW, the product has export potential and could be a water supply solution in water-stressed situations such as refugee camps around the world.

Effect of Packaging Materials, Storage Conditions on the Vitamin C and pH Value of Cashew Apple (Anacardium occidentale L.) Juice

Cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale L.) juice was produced and pasteurized at 80oC for 15 min in a water bath. The juice was packaged in different packaging materials – green (G), brown (B), white (W) bottles and polyethylene sachet (S) in 200ml batches and stored for four months at room (30±1oC) and refrigeration (4oC) temperatures to study the effect of packaging materials on the vitamin C and pH of cashew-apple juice (CAJ). There were significant differences (p<0.05) in the value of vitamin C (48mg/100ml – 159mg/100ml) and pH (5.0 – 6.2) of the juice stored at 30±1oC as compared with those stored at 4oC.At the ambient temperature, the highest loss of Vitamin C was observed with samples S which ranged from (83 – 48), first to fourth month, respectively. This is still higher than 45mg daily adult recommendation. The colour of the bottles did not have significant effect on the loss of vitamin C as the values ranged between 169 – 128mg/100g (W), 187 – 130mg/100g (G) and 188 – 132mg/100g (B) for months one to four at refrigeration temperature. Samples B and G retained the pH value of the juice at refrigeration temperature compared with samples W and S. Though significant reductions was observed in the values of Vitamin C as time of storage progressed, the retained values in this study were still high when compared with the vitamin C content of other fruits in their fresh state. Therefore, CAJ can conveniently be produced and stored in green and brown bottles for up to four months in the refrigeration temperature to retain its vitamin C content and pH value which is an indication of good quality product. CAJ could also be stored in polyethylene sachet but not more than two months while the fruits are in season to serve as a cheap source of fresh drink, vitamin C and to reduce the 90% wastage of cashew-apples in the orchard.

English

&nbsp; The purpose of this work was to investigate the influence of processing variables on some properties of stored groundnut milk extracts (GME). GMEs were prepared from fresh, roasted (170 &deg;C, 25 min) and steeped (water, 20 min) groundnuts. The groundnuts were milled, sieved, the slurry boiled, homogenized, pasteurized and stored. The GMEs packaged in glass bottles, plastic bottles and low density polyethylene sachets, were stored in the refrigerator for 28 days and at room temperature for three days and tested for proximate composition, physico-chemical and sensory properties. The protein contents of the GME varied between 2.05 to 2.33%; fat, 2.40 to&nbsp; 3.48%; carbohydrate, 5.50 to 5.60%; viscosity, 7.33 and 7.56 cP; titratable acidity, 0.10 to 0.14% and pH, 6.82 to 6.85. The protein and fat contents of GMEs decreased with storage time regardless of the packaging materials and processing pretreatment.&nbsp; The GMEs were not different in terms of taste and mouth feel but recorded significant differences in colour, appearance and flavour. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Dehulling, roasting, homogenization, groundnut milk, physico-chemical, proximate composition, viscosity, titratable acidity, specific gravity, packaging.