Polyester Fabrics Research Articles

Enhancing Thermoelectrical Properties of Silver-Nanowire-Embedded Heatable Textiles via Sputter-Mediated Nanowire Structural Modulation

This study addresses the fabrication of flexible, heatable fabrics via the integration of globally interconnected silver nanowires (Ag NWs) with sputter-deposited silver atoms. Conventional heatable fabrics, which utilize macroscale or nanoscale conductive wires, often face challenges in balancing flexibility, comfort, and structural durability. The proposed method leverages the advantages of nanoscale metallic wires and vacuum-based sputtering, maintaining fabric flexibility while enhancing heating efficiency. The fabrication process involves dip-coating polyester fabric with Ag NWs, followed by sputter deposition to modulate the nanowire morphology, thereby improving key electrical properties such as wire resistance and contact resistance between wires. The experimental results demonstrate that sputter-deposited Ag NW fabrics exhibit significantly enhanced heating capability compared to undeposited, otherwise identical counterparts. Further, the fabrics maintain their heating characteristics under repeated mechanical bending and prolonged electrical stress, highlighting their potential for use in wearable electronic applications. This approach offers a promising solution to the limitations of current heatable textile technologies, providing a pathway for the development of comfortable, efficient, and durable heatable fabrics.

Printing with Natural Dye Extract from Japanese Knotweed Leaves

AbstractInvasive alien plants are detrimentally displacing native plant species and pose a challenge in terms of how their overgrowth can be utilized effectively. In our study, the leaves of one of the world’s worst invasive species, Japanese knotweed, were used to produce a green natural dye. This dye was screen-printed onto various substrates, including cotton and polyester fabrics, commercial cellulose papers, and innovative papers made from the stems of Japanese knotweed. The printed substrates were evaluated using color measurements and fastness properties. The aim of the study was also to investigate the influence of additives in the printing inks, such as sodium carbonate, citric acid, copper and aluminum sulfates, on the color and fastness properties of the prints. The colors of the prints obtained varied, ranging from primarily yellowish-green to brownish-yellow with the addition of citric acid, orange-brown with sodium carbonate, orange-yellow with aluminum sulfate, and brown with copper sulfate. The prints had excellent fastness to dry rubbing and moderate fastness to light. The prints of lower and medium dye concentrations on fabrics had very good fastness to wet rubbing and wet ironing, and on cotton even good fastness to washing. The additives in the printing inks, such as sodium carbonate and metal sulfates, reduced the abrasion resistance of the prints on paper and the wet fastness of the prints on fabrics, but only the metal sulfates had a positive effect on the light fastness of the prints.

Eco-friendly Dyeing of Polyester Fabric with Natural Madder Dye Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Eco-friendly Dyeing of Polyester Fabric with Natural Madder Dye Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Co single atoms/nanoparticles over carbon nanotubes for synergistic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid

The preparation of high-value 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) from biomass-based platform compound 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is an important synthetic reaction, as the resulting FDCA holds promise to replace terephthalic acid to produce environmentally friendly polyester materials. However, due to the complex tandem nature of the oxidation of HMF to FDCA, which involves several stable intermediates, efficient conversion of HMF and achieving a high FDCA yield remain challenging. Herein, a catalyst of Co SAs/NPs@N-CNTs comprising Co single atoms (Co SAs) alongside Co nanoparticles (Co NPs) supported on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was synthesized. Co SAs/NPs@N-CNTs exhibited outstanding catalytic activity for the selective oxidation of HMF to FDCA, achieving 100% HMF conversion and 94.2% FDCA yield. This remarkable performance was attributed to the synergistic effect between Co SAs and Co NPs. Poisoning and acid treatment experiments indicated that Co SAs served as the active sites, while Co NPs did not directly act as active sites. Instead, Co NPs merely assisted the Co SAs on the sidelines, facilitating the efficient conversion of HMF into various intermediates and promoting the further conversion of these intermediates into FDCA, thereby achieving high FDCA productivity. This strategy offers new insights for designing efficient catalysts for complex tandem reactions.

Modification of chain extension and crosslinking structures of recycled polyester textile for 3D printing filament

AbstractThe increase in amount of polyester textile waste is contributing to the severity of environmental pollution because polyester cannot be easily recycled. To reduce the limits of its recyclability, a value‐added recycling approach should be explored. This work introduces an approach for recycling polyester textiles into 3D printable filaments. To increase recyclability of polyester textiles, the polyester materials are modified by ADR4468 additive. After the polyester is 3D printed, the sample with 1.0 wt% of ADR4468 shows the highest tensile and compressive strength properties compared with 1.5 and 2.0 wt%, owing to its fewer voids between the printed lines, a fish scale‐like morphology that spreads out, and a higher degree of crystallization. Moreover, the mechanism of modification suggests that ADR4468 extends and crosslinks the polyester chains by ring‐opening reactions of epoxy groups of ADR4468 and forms sea‐island structures. The sea‐island structures of bonded polyester branched cores with tangled polyester shell interface areas and unbonded polyester chain areas performed suitable rheological behaviors to recycle polyester textiles for 3D printable filaments production. The filaments can be used to replace commercially available filaments, offer a sustainable option for consumers, and impact both the polyester textile‐related recycling and 3D printing industries.Highlights An approach is proposed to recycle polyester textiles for 3D printing filament The approach uses a mechanical method to recycle polyester textiles Recycled polyesters were modified by ADR4468 to form core‐shell structures Core‐shell structures were separated by short polyesters(sea‐island structure) The structures met rheological behaviors for 3D printing filament

Modifying 3D composite textiles as functional panels

Honeycomb fabric-reinforced composites have been widely used recently, due to their prominent properties, when compared to other materials. This is because they are lighter in weight and stronger than other materials. Thus, they can absorb different types of energies, such as mechanical and thermal energies. A multi-layer fabric is developed by creating a unique fabric structure, to enable the presence of air voids within the panels produced, which diminishes the heat transfer rate through the material. The structure applied in samples used in this manuscript is novel, as it consists of a 3D fabric produced using a traditional loom with a special technique, by dividing the warp yarns into four layers. A skin of textile, produced from textile wastes, is applied, along with the technique of hardening the 3D fabrics to keep the open areas in the structure with the aid of pre-designed pins and a resin. The composite panel was produced with the pins used to open the fabric’s structure, and the resin was applied as a matrix holding the structure and keeping its dimensions. Panels of the 3D fabric-reinforced composite obtained from cotton and polyester yarns were produced, to achieve thermal insulation and good mechanical properties, which enable the use of the fabric in various applications. The fabric has two panels of each material, one with skin and the other without skin. This skin consists of low-quality fabric, mainly made from textile wastes. The physical and mechanical characteristics of the developed panels were measured. Functional performance, such as thermal and sound properties, were also measured. Testing thermal conductivity, it was found that panels made of cotton had higher conductivity than panels made of polyester. In addition, the presence of the skin improved the thermal insulation and mechanical strength of the panels compared to those without skin. In mechanical testing, polyester-based panels showed better mechanical properties than panels based on cotton. In sound absorption testing, all samples reached the limits for sound absorption. The number of layers affected the sound absorption coefficient (SAC) and the noise reduction coefficient (NRC). Also, the presence of the skin improved NRC. Finally, all samples had an aesthetic appearance, due to the presence of surface waves, but the sample containing the polyester material, with double layers, and the laminated skin made of waste fabric had the highest functional panel performance, in terms of radar chart areas. This means that it can be used in the field of architecture as a façade panel or as an indoor wall used for isolation, which do not require paint.

One-Step Polyester Dyeing and Antibacterial Treatment Using Innovative Thiazole Azo Dyes in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

AbstractA novel approach in the field, a range of new azothiazole dyes substituted with different hydrophobic groups, was utilized as colorants for dyeing polyester fabrics in a supercritical carbon dioxide environment. The innovative dyes were analyzed using standard spectroscopy techniques and elemental analysis. The dyeing process was assessed for its dyeing ability, color strength, and color fastness for twelve different dyes. The polyester fabrics dyed with these dyes appeared in various shades, between red and magenta. Using the AATCC method, the antibacterial assessment revealed that some dyes exhibited significant antibacterial properties against both positive and negative bacteria. All 12 dyes showed outstanding resistance to washing, rubbing, and light, with staining and color change ratings of 4–5. The results indicate that the synthesized dyes could be employed for large-scale, energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly polyester fabric dyeing utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide. Graphical abstract

Green in-situ immobilization of ZnO nanoparticles for functionalization of polyester fabrics

Medical textiles have gained significant interest for their capability to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases and ensure the safety of healthcare professionals. Nevertheless, the incorporation of eco-friendly methods to enhance the functionality of these textiles, achieving both impressive antibacterial features and notable ultraviolet (UV) protection, along with thermal stability for effective use in UV-induced clean chambers, remains a complex undertaking. The main objective of this study is to explore the application of the green chemistry method in immobilizing zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) onto polydopamine (PDA)-templated polyester (PET) fabrics for potential use in medical textiles. Specifically, we examined the impact of varying the concentration of the zinc acetate dihydrate as the Zn precursor on the synthesis of ZnO NPs. Nanoparticle morphology and topography were analyzed using SEM and AFM. Elemental and chemical characteristics were further assessed through EDS analysis, FT-IR analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The results indicate that ZnO NPs immobilized on PDA-templated PET fabrics exhibit exceptional antibacterial and UV protection properties. Moreover, the presence of the ZnO/PDA layer on the PET fabric significantly enhances its thermal stability, making it an ideal candidate for medical textile applications.

Synthesis, characterization, and color performance of bis-azo and bis-pyrazole derivatives for dyeing of polyester

In this study, a novel series of bis-azo dyes 3–10 were synthesized via a two-step process. Initially, benzene-1,4-bis(diazonium) chloride was reacted with several active methylene compounds, such as ethyl acetoacetate, acetyl acetone, ethyl cyanoacetate, and malononitrile. yielding the corresponding bis-azo dyes 3–6. Subsequently, these dyes were cyclized through condensation with phenylhydrazine, resulting in the formation of bis-pyrazole derivatives 7–10. Comprehensive spectroscopic characterization, employing techniques like infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, along with elemental analysis, elucidated the structural features, and electronic transitions of the synthesized dyes. The electronic absorption properties were investigated experimentally and computationally, revealing bathochromic and hypsochromic shifts influenced by substituents and tautomeric forms. The dyes showcased excellent dyeing performance on polyester fabrics, exhibiting notable color strength, perspiration fastness, light fastness, and wash fastness. Theoretical investigations of the electronic properties were conducted utilizing Density Functional Theory (DFT) methodology, employing the B3LYP functional with the 6–31G(d,p) basis set, enabling a comprehensive understanding of the structure-performance relationships governing the dyeing behavior of these dyes on polyester.

The dynamic of cooling heat flow of simple jersey polyester fabric

The dynamic of cooling heat flow during evaporation of the simple jersey polyester fabrics was investigated in this study. The holding period as a new parameter was introduced to study the dynamic of cooling heat flow during evaporation from the skin through the jersey knitted fabric. The holding period intervals were chosen as follows: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 300 seconds. The Permetest skin model was used to study and visualize the dynamic of the cooling heat flow at different holding periods. Results demonstrated that adding elastane makes fabrics less cool. Three different stages were noticed concerning the cooling heat flow dynamic: the first with a maximum heat flow (Qmax) indicating the first contact properties of a textile material with the skin. The second is a transition phase where the cooling heat flow decreases to the minimum heat flow (Qmin), and then it reaches the equilibrium (Qeq) mentioning the beginning of the third stage with a constant heat flow. It was found that the holding period does not affect the measured water vapour resistance, in the case of polyester jersey fabrics.

An Innovative Approach to Enhance the Durability and Sustainability of Shoe Insoles

This study presents an innovative approach to designing a shoe insole with enhanced durability, sustainability, and antibacterial properties. Needle-punched non-woven recycled polyester fabrics with three different GSMs (100, 200, and 300) were developed. The composite shoe insole was developed using non-woven fabric laminated with a polyurethane sheet to enhance durability. The fabrics were treated with an antibacterial finish with three different concentrations (5%, 10%, and 15%) and subjected to 5 and 10 washing cycles. The developed composites were evaluated against their relative hand value, abrasion resistance, tensile strength, antibacterial activity, and overall moisture management capability. Overall results reveal that the developed composite shoe insole is durable, sustainable, and presents no bacterial growth, demonstrating the insole’s hygienic effectiveness.

Effect of kaolin ratio on wear, water absorption, acidic resistance, and mechanical properties of thermoset composites

Natural fiber reinforced composites are easy to decompose in nature compared to synthetic fiber reinforced composites. However, due to environmental effects, natural fibers cannot maintain their properties for a long time. This situation has led researchers to search for natural but non-degradable materials. Kaolin is one of the most abundant minerals in nature and is an easy material to obtain. This study investigated the use of kaolin as a potential natural additive for polymer composites. In this direction, different proportions by weight of kaolin were added to two different polymer matrices (polyester and polyvinylester) materials. Mechanical tests were performed on the samples, and a series of tests were carried out to understand the acid resistance, wear resistance and water absorption properties of the samples. Also, SEM images of the fracture surface, wear surface, and surface exposed to the acidic solutions were taken and examined. According to test results, kaolin improved compression strength while reducing tensile and flexural strength. However, serious improvements have been achieved by nearly 45% and 115% in the tensile modulus and nearly 84% and 218% in the flexural modulus of polyester and polyvinylester composites, respectively. Also, kaolin improved acid resistance and wear properties and reduced the water absorption rate of the composites.

Utilization of Tea Polyphenols as Color Developers in Reversible Thermochromic Dyes for Thermosensitive Color Change and Enhanced Functionality of Polyester Fabrics

Thermochromic textiles possess the capability to indicate ambient temperature through color changes, enabling real-time temperature monitoring and providing temperature warnings for body heat management. In this study, three thermochromic dyes—blue, red, and yellow—were synthesized using crystalline violet lactone (CVL), 6′-(diethylamino)-1′,3′-dimethyl-fluoran (DDF), and 3′,6′-dimethoxyfluoran (DOF) as leuco dyes, respectively, with biomass tea polyphenol serving as the color developer and tetradecanol as the phase change material. The chemical structures of these dyes were characterized using UV spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and 1H NMR. The thermochromic mechanisms were investigated, revealing that the binding bonds between the leuco dyes and the color developer broke and reorganized with temperature changes, imparting reversible thermochromic property. Polyester fabrics were dyed using an impregnation method to produce three reversible thermochromic fabrics in blue, red, and yellow. The structure and properties of these fabrics were analyzed, showing a significant increase in the UPF value from 26.3 to approximately 100, indicating enhanced UV resistance. Water contact angle measurements revealed that the contact angle of undyed polyester fabrics was 139°, while that of dyed polyester fabrics decreased by about 40°, indicating improved hydrophilicity. Additionally, the fabric inductive static tester showed that the static voltage half-life of dyed polyester fabric was less than 1 s, demonstrating a significant antistatic effect. Infrared thermal imaging results indicated that during the warming and cooling process, the thermochromic polyester fabric exhibited specific energy storage and insulation effects at 38 °C, close to the human body temperature. This study presented a novel approach to developing smart color-changing textiles using biomass-derived thermochromic dyes, offering diverse materials for personal thermal management, and intelligent insulation applications.

Fabrication of Amorphous CoMoP Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Overall Water Splitting through Interfacial Engineering on a NiMoO4-Decorated Polyester Textile

Fabrication of Amorphous CoMoP Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Overall Water Splitting through Interfacial Engineering on a NiMoO₄-Decorated Polyester Textile

Effect of carbodiimides on the compatibility and hydrolytic behavior of PLA/PBAT blends

Blends of polylactic acid (PLA) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) have great potential to replace conventional polyolefin and polyester materials. However, poor compatibility and fast degradation rate limit its development. In this paper, the effects of two monomer-type carbodiimides and one polymerized carbodiimide on the crystalline, thermal stability, hydrolysis properties, and mechanical properties of PLA/PBAT blends are investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, gel permeation chromatography, melt mass-flow rate, terminal carboxyl content, tensile properties, and rotational torque. It is found that all the three carbodiimide additives can improve the compatibility and enhance the mechanical, processing, and thermal stability properties of PLA/PBAT blends except for their reduced crystallization performance. Moreover, regarding the hydrolysis properties, the two monomeric carbodiimides exhibit little effect on the hydrolysis of PLA/PBAT blends, even accelerating the degradation rate under alkaline conditions. However, the antihydrolysis effect of polycarbodiimide is remarkable, which effectively improves the compatibility and antihydrolysis properties of PLA/PBAT blends.

Low-profile robust circularly polarized textile patch antenna for WBAN and ISM applications

In this research, a conformal circularly polarized (CP) antenna has been developed employing polyester textile as its substrate material. The proposed antenna configuration demonstrates its efficacy across multiple frequency bands—specifically 3 GHz and 4.5 GHz of WBAN and 5.8 GHz of ISM radio bands. The antenna’s distinctive design is developed on a rectangular plane as its primary radiating component, with a ground structure ingeniously arranged counter-positioning to the antenna’s patch. Electrical conductivity was widely achieved by employing adhesive copper and silver tape, conductive fabric, stitching conductive threads and copper paint, conventionally applied through brush painting techniques. The copper paint fabrication methodology has been chosen for its ability to confer conformability upon the antenna while minimizing its dimensions, ensuring lightweight attributes, and endowing it with remarkable resilience to environmental factors while preserving its optimal radiating performance. The CP polyester antenna showcases noteworthy peak gains: 3.91 dBi at 3 GHz, 5.86 dBi at 4.5 GHz and 6.62 dBi at 5.8 GHz (ISM). These gains highlight the antenna’s ability to efficiently capture and transmit signals within the aforementioned frequency bands, affirming its potential for robust wireless communication.

Characterization of Silver Conductive Ink Screen-Printed Textile Circuits: Effects of Substrate, Mesh Density, and Overprinting

This study explores the intricate interaction between the properties of textile substrates and screen-printing parameters in shaping fabric circuits using silver conductive ink. Via analyzing key variables such as fabric type, mesh density, and the number of overprinted layers, the research revealed how the porous structure, large surface area, and fiber morphology of textile substrates influence ink absorption, ultimately enhancing the electrical connectivity of the printed circuits. Notably, the hydrophilic cotton staple fibers fabric effectively absorbed the conductive ink into the fabric substrate, demonstrating superior electrical performance compared with the hydrophobic polyester filament fabric after three overprinting, unlike the results observed after a single print. As mesh density decreased and the number of prints increased, the electrical resistance of the circuit gradually reduced, but ink bleeding on the fabric surface became more pronounced. Cotton fabric, via absorbing the ink deeply, exhibited less surface bleeding, while polyester fabric showed more noticeable ink spreading. These findings provide valuable insights for improving screen printing technology for textile circuits and contribute to the development of advanced fabric circuits that enhance the functionality of smart wearable technology.

Synthesis and characterization of some new Schiff base azo disperse dyes based on chromene moiety for simultaneous dyeing and antimicrobial finishing

New azo Schiff base disperse dyes based on a chromene moiety were synthesized by reacting (2-amino-7-hydroxy-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4 H-chromene-3 carbonitrile) and(2-amino-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-4 H-chromene-3-carbonitrile), with vanillin and ninhydrin, producing new chromene Schiff base derivatives, which in turn were coupled with 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline diazonium salt to give new 4 azo disperse dyes (1–4). The structures of the prepared dyes were confirmed using elemental analysis, 1HNMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and IR. The synthesized dyes were applied to polyester and nylon fabrics using different dyeing techniques: high temperature- high pressure, and ultrasonic dyeing methods. The highest K/S values for all investigated dyes were achieved usinga high temperature-high pressure dyeing technique. Also, the color reflectance of all synthesized dyes with different dyeing shades (1%, 2%, and 3%) was obtained. The fastness properties of the dyed samples using the investigated dyes showed good color fastness toward light, washing, rubbing, and perspiration fastness. The presence of a chromene moiety and Schiff base in the investigated dyes promotes a higher antimicrobial activity on nylon and polyester fabrics against all tested bacteria (E. coli gram-negative and Staphylococcus aureus gram-positive) and two fungi, Aspergillus Niger and Candida albicans.

Textile-based 3D printing and traditional Chinese geometric patterns for fashion textile development

Here, textile-based 3D printing technology is combined with traditional Chinese patterns to create new effects. Traditional Chinese patterns are the main carrier of cultural heritage and have been widely applied as creative design elements to develop unique fashion and textile products. Two geometric patterns inspired by traditional Chinese patterns are developed through the direct deposition of polylactic acid onto polyester fabric. Then the physical and mechanical performances of the printed patterns are examined under a microscope, along with tensile, tear, and joint motion tests. After that, two garment prototypes are created to explore the design aesthetics of the 3D printed geometric patterns. This research work reports on a comprehensive and practical design process for the creation of 3D printed fashion textiles. The work is expected to provide insights for designers and researchers when reviving traditional elements through modern technology. More applications can be explored based on the results reported in this paper.

Eco-friendly and low-cost phytodyeing for wool, cotton and polyester textile materials using Parthenocissus Quinquefolia L. Fruit Extracts

This study investigates the extraction of natural colorant from fresh fruits of Parthenocissus quinquefolia L. and the application of the extracted dye to wool yarn, cotton, and polyester fabrics in the presence and absence of various mordants. The effect of mordant type on the dyeing quality with different mordanting methods was examined. Iron sulfate, tin chloride, alum, copper sulfate, and potassium dichromate were used as mordant. The effects of these mordants on the color of the dyed samples were investigated in terms of CIELab (L*, a*, b*) and K/S values. The light, washing and rubbing fastness of the dyed samples were evaluated according to ISO standards. While dyeing wool yarn without mordant produces reddish brown, and dyeing with mordant produces a wide range of colors from green to purple, blue and lilac tones are obtained in cotton fabric dyeing, and green, purple and brown tones are obtained in polyester fabric dyeing. While polyester fabrics are dyed with synthetic dyes at 130 oC, in this study they were dyed with natural dyes at 90 oC. As a result of dyeing, colors with high fastness are generally obtained.