Polycystum Extract Research Articles

Cognitive-Enhancing Effect of Marine Brown Algae-Derived Phenolics through S100B Inhibition and Antioxidant Activity in the Rat Model of Ischemic Stroke.

Cognitive impairments are frequently reported after ischemic strokes. Novel and effective treatments are required. This study aimed to develop a functional ingredient obtained from marine algae and to determine the effect of the extract on antioxidative stress, as well as neuroprotective effects, in a rat model of MCAO-induced ischemic stroke. Among the selected marine algal extracts, Sargassum polycystum displayed the highest total phenolic content and antioxidative potential, and was subsequently used to evaluate cognitive function in rat models of ischemic stroke. The S. polycystum extract, administered at doses of 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg BW, significantly improved cognitive function by enhancing cognitive performance in the Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests. Biochemical changes revealed that providing S. polycystum increased the activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px by 52.48%, 50.77%, and 66.20%, respectively, and decreased the concentrations of MDA by 51.58% and S100B by 36.64% compared to the vehicle group. These findings suggest that S. polycystum extract may mitigate cognitive impairment in ischemic stroke by reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting S100B expression, thus highlighting its potential as a functional ingredient for drugs and nutraceuticals aimed at neuroprotection.

Phytochemicals, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of crude extract of Sargassum polycystum collected from Bangladesh

Marine seaweed species have been extensively studied in recent decades due to their potential biological activities, such as antioxidant and antibacterial characteristics. This study investigates the phytochemicals, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant, and antibacterial properties of Sargassum polycystum extracts collected from Bangladesh and crude extracts were prepared using methanol, ethanol, and water as extraction solvents. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of terpenoids, saponins, phlobatannins, and cardiac glycosides. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) identified functional groups, including phenols, carboxylic acids, ketones, ethers, aromatics, alkanes, and ethers. The methanol extract exhibited the highest TPC (95.34 ± 1.21 mg of GAE/g) and TFC (51.48 ± 0.92 mg of QE/g). Methanol extracts displayed superior antioxidant activity in the Phosphomolybdenum assay (1.96 ± 0.08), DPPH assay (81.33 ± 5.60%, IC50 = 1.17 mg/mL), ABTS assay (71.65 ± 4.10%, IC50 = 2.54 mg/mL), and Nitric oxide scavenging assay (67.64 ± 4.10%, IC50 = 3.81 mg/mL). Ethanol extract demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (16.50 ± 0.13 mm), while the methanol extract excelled against Salmonella typhimurium (14.6 ± 0.18 mm) at 7 mg/mL dosage. A positive correlation was found among TPC, TFC, and different antioxidant assays.

UJI ORGANOLEPTIK dan DAYA HAMBAT EKSTRAK ALGA COKLAT (Sargassum Polycystum) TERHADAP JAMUR Candida albicans

Background: Candida albicans, a fungal normal flora that causes Denture stomatitis. Sargassum polycystum is a brown algae species (Phaeophyceae) which grows almost along the coasts of Indonesia islands, known to have antifungal and antibacterial activities. Purpose: To determine the inhibition of brown algae extract (Sargassum polycystum)’s on the growth of Candida albicans and determine whether Sargassum polycystum extract works as denture cleanser material through organoleptic test. Methods: The sample was Candida albicans equal to 0,5 McFarland (108 CFU/ml). The experiment groups comprises negative control group (K-) with 1% DMSO, positive control group (K+) with 0,2% chlorhexidine gluconate, and treatment groups 1-4 (P1;P2;P3;P4) consecutively with 2,5%; 5%; 10%; 20% Sargassum polycystum ethanol extract macerated for 15 minutes in 5 (Ø 6mm) paper discs. SDA medium was incubated for 24 hours and the visible transparent zone was calculated. Organoleptic test was conducted by asking 10 panelists about the observation on color, smell, and homogeneity level of brown algae extract (Sargassum polycystum) with the concentrations of 2,5%; 5%; 10%; and 20%. The experiment result was analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney test. Results: Experiment material’s inhibitory effect was undetectable as Sargassum polycystum ethanol extract against 1% DMSO solvent’s solubility was not homogeneous. The organoleptic test result showed that color, smell, and homogeneity level of brown algae extract (Sargassum polycystum) was not compliant with antiseptic standards. Conclusion: No inhibitory effect in brown algae extract (Sargassum polycystum) as the organoleptic test proved the antiseptic standards were not fulfilled.

Enhancing the Growth Performance, Cellular Structure, and Rubisco Gene Expression of Cadmium Treated Brassica chinensis Using Sargassum polycystum and Spirulina platensis Extracts

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the highly toxic, non-essential heavy metals that inhibit plant growth and development by prompting chlorophyll loss and affecting photosynthetic activities. This study investigated the efficacy of Spirulina platensis and Sargassum polycystum extracts in alleviating Cd stress in Pak Choi at morpho-biochemical, anatomical, and molecular levels. Different concentrations (0, 25, 50, and 100 mL/L) of S. polycyctum (SAR), S. platensis (SPI), and a mixture of both extracts (SS) were exposed to 100 mg/kg Cd-contaminated Pak Choi seedlings. Non-Cd-treated Pak Choi and Cd-contaminated Pak Choi without algal extracts were assigned as positive and negative controls, respectively. The results showed that the application of algal extracts increased the plant height, fresh weight (FW), and dry weight (DW) as the extract level increased. This was greatest in 100SS with 37.51% (shoot length), 68.91% (root length), 110.8% (shoot DW), and 216.13% (root DW), while an increase of 176.7% (shoot FW) and 256.9% (root FW) was seen in the 100SPI treatment. Chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid, and chlorophyll fluorescence increased significantly after the treatment with 100SS. Antioxidant enzymes CAT, APX, POD, and protein were significantly increased in 100 mL/L extracts by 28.13% (100SS), 36.40% (100SAR), 46.92% (100SS), and 153.48% (100SS), respectively. The same treatment was also identified to dominate the development of root structures such as total length, surface area, projected area, diameter, volume, tips, and fork number. The highest reduction of Cd content in the root and shoot of Pak Choi was observed in 100SS with a 53.8% and 39.88% decrease, respectively. Increasing algal extract concentration also improved the leaf histological characteristics substantially, such as stomatal size and opening, mesophyll tissues, and vascular bundles. In addition, the fold change ratio of the Rubisco gene at 100SS treatment was noticeably greater than other algal extract treatments, with a 0.99 fold change when compared with the untreated sample. This present study illustrated that Sargassum polycyctum and Spirulina platensis extracts have the potential to effectively alleviate Cd stress in Pak Choi plants, especially with the application of 100 mL/L of an algal extract mixture. These findings contribute to the development of sustainable strategies for mitigating Cd toxicity in crops.

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Sargassum polycystum ethyl acetate extract from Indonesia

Introduction: Inflammatory diseases, including asthma, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer persist with relatively high incidence, which highlights the need to explore natural alternatives such as the bioactive substances of brown algae (Sargassum polycystum). Certain substances, such as phenolics and flavonoids, have been demonstrated to have an association with antioxidant activity because of their capacity to fend off free radicals, which cause inflammation. The purpose of this study was to look into the inflammatory inhibition and antioxidant activity of an ethyl acetate extract of S. polycystum from Indonesia. Methods: After maceration in ethyl acetate (1:4 w/v) for 24 hours, the total phenolic and flavonoid content of S. polycystum extract was measured using the colorimetric method. The antioxidant activity was tested using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and the models of paw edema induced by carrageenan were used to assess inflammatory inhibition activity. Results: The findings revealed that S. polycystum had a weak antioxidant with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 605.24 ± 26.53 g/mL. Furthermore, it had 23.509 ± 0.109 mg gallic acid equivalents/gram (GAE/g) and 15.186 ± 0.046 mg quercetin equivalents/ gram (QE/g) of total phenolic and flavonoid compounds, respectively. At 200, 400, and 800 mg/ kg BW doses, S. polycystum had inflammatory inhibition percentages of 53.80 ± 4.68%, 62.35 ± 4.05%, and 60.90 ± 2.88%, respectively. Conclusion: Sargassum polycystum ethyl acetate extract inhibited inflammation. However, further study is needed to examine the safety, identification, separation of the relevant substances involved, and the precise mechanism of action.

In vitro antioxidant and wound healing activity of Sargassum polycystum hydroethanolic extract in fibroblasts and keratinocytes

Objective: To investigate the in vitro antioxidant and wound healing properties of the hydroethanolic extract of Sargassum polycystum, and elucidate the mechanism of its wound healing activity. Methods: Human dermal fibroblast and HaCaT cells were used to evaluate the proliferation by sulforhodamine B and dsDNA assay after treatment with Sargassum polycystum extracts. Scratch wound healing and phalloidin-rhodamine staining were employed to observe migratory activity and filopodia formation, respectively. Western blot and real-time RT-PCR assays were performed to determine the protein and gene expressions related to wound healing activities. Results: The phytochemical analysis found a higher level of flavonoid than phenolic compound in Sargassum polycystumextracts. In human dermal fibroblast cells, Sargassum polycystum extracts at 50 and 100 µg/mL significantly increased fibroblast proliferation and the gene expressions of hyaluronic acid synthase 1 (HAS1), HAS2, HAS3, collagen type 1 alpha 1 chain (COL1A1), collagen type 3 alpha 1 chain (COL3A1), and elastin. The phosphorylation of Akt, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK was also significantly upregulated after treatment with Sargassum polycystumextracts. Additionally, 50 and 100 µg/mL of the extracts prominently enhanced the proliferation, migration, and filopodia formation of HaCaT cells, as well as the protein levels of pFAK/FAK, pSrc/Src, pAkt/Akt, pERK1/2/ERK1/2, Rac1 and Cdc42. Conclusions: Sargassum polycystum extracts show promising wound healing activities in human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes.

The Potential Secondary Metabolites of Macroalgae Sargassum polycystum C. Agardh (1824) from the coast of West Aceh as Raw Material of Body Scrub

Sargassum polycystum is one brown seaweed with a rich alginate source. The previous study showed that S. polycystum could be used as a cosmeceutical raw material because of its natural attribute and safe. S. polycystum always grows in many coastal of Indonesia. This study aims to characterise brown seaweed (S. polycystum) as the raw material of the body scrub. The research method includes the extraction, phytochemical assay, antioxidant assay, and total phenolic content-the phytochemical screening-detected alkaloid and steroid compounds in S. polycystum extract. The antioxidant activity by using the CUPRAC method showed the ethanol extract was 53.55±1.07 µM/g and FRAP was 201.95±6.33 µM/g with total phenolic content was 177.647±21.39 Mg GAE/g. We compared the antioxidant capacity of the body scrub by adding brown seaweed of S. polycystum 7% (S7) used the CUPRAC method was 34.23±0.33 µM/g, and FRAP was 124.05±1.87 µM/g with total phenolic content was 416.31±78.44 Mg GAE/g. Kruskal Wallis's analysis showed that adding brown seaweed S. polycystum with different formulas influenced the panellist's preference for smearing ability, odor, texture, colour, and consistency parameters. According to the Mean rank obtained, the level of preferences of the panellists was gained from product S7 namely body scrub with the addition of brown seaweed S. polycystum as much as 7%. It is indicated that the brown seaweed S. polycystum possesses potentially body scrub raw material that is prospective in the cosmeceutical industry.

ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-DYSLIPIDEMIC ACTIVITY OF BROWN SEAWEED (SARGASSUM POLYCYSTUM) EXTRACT IN RATS FEED WITH HIGH-FAT CONTENT

Objective: This research aimed to obtain the antioxidant and antidyslipidemic activity of brown seaweed (S. polycystum) extract in vivo.
 Methods: Two tests, such as antioxidant and anti-dyslipidemia, were conducted on the sample animals. Also, the number of Wistar rats was divided into 2 sections which consisted of 6 treatment groups, respectively. The test animals received high-fat feed for 35 d, after which there administered brown seaweed extract for 14 d. An antioxidant test consisting of 6 treatment groups, such as normal, negative, positive control (vitamin E), doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg BW, was conducted in the first group. Meanwhile, the anti-dyslipidemia test consisting of 6 treatment groups, including normal, negative, positive (simvastatin), doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg BW, was carried out in the second group. Hematological and statistical analysis was measured and performed using a 300 micro lab photometer as well as ANOVA, respectively.
 Results: The antioxidant test results showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity obtained a percentage increase of 63.41%, 75.01%, and 177.11%, while the dyslipidemia test results showed that after the administration of brown seaweed (S. polycystum) extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW, there was a significant difference between the negative controls, with p less than α (0.05), such as total cholesterol (0.000) and triglycerides (0.000). The percentage decrease in total cholesterol levels in the dose group was 31.98%, 41.47%, and 49.45%, with triglyceride levels of 30.65%, 37.78%, and 47.96%, respectively.
 Conclusion: Considering these results, it was concluded that brown seaweed extract has an antioxidant activity on SOD parameters as well as an antidyslipidemic activity on total cholesterol and triglyceride parameters. Therefore, the most effective dose in improving the levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides is 200 mg/kg BW.

The effectiveness of brown alga (Sargassum polycystum) extract in reducing the lipoteichoic acid level of Enterococcus faecalis bacteria through Toll Like Receptor-2 expression in fibroblast cell culture

The effectiveness of brown alga (Sargassum polycystum) extract in reducing the lipoteichoic acid level of Enterococcus faecalis bacteria through Toll Like Receptor-2 expression in fibroblast cell culture

Antioxidant activity and sensory evaluation of a cold dairy-based beverage enriched with Sargassum polycystum C. Agardh extract in sunflower oil

Natural based functional food and beverages have gained market interest in the last decade. Functional beverages, especially those enriched with nutrients and bioactive compounds, are of particular interest. Maintaining the nutritional or bioactive activity of these components along with their sensory attributes in the final product remains to be a challenge. Health benefits from bioactive substances, like fucoxanthin and phlorotannins, in marine algae makes it a promising commodity of an archipelago country. However, nutritional components, their stability, and an understanding of their nutritional and bioactive component availability require further investigation. Here we prospected natural and sustainable antioxidant additives from brown algae, Sargassum polycystum C Agardh, to enrich a cold dairy-based beverage. Food-grade extraction of S. polycystum was done by using 96% Ethanol to macerate dried powder algal. Identification of fucoxanthin in the extract was performed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) (Prominance Shimadzu). We employed the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method to quantify the antioxidant activity of extract alone and extract in three beverage formulations containing 0.02, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/cup S. polycystum extract. Sensory evaluation and viscosity analysis comparing our product to the commercially available product was also performed. Results showed that the combination of S. polycystum extract with sunflower oil was able to maintain antioxidant activity when stored at 4°C. Formulation 2 of dairy-based beverages passed the sensory evaluation. This study was the first to report the application of S. polycystum extract on a cold dairy-based beverage. This product was developed considering the low stability of the bioactive compound, fucoxanthin. More comprehensive sensory evaluation and optimization for large scale production are highly required.

Oral administration of Sargassum polycystum extracts stimulates immune response and increases survival against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Oncorhynchus mykiss

This study investigated the immunomodulatory effects of Sargassum polycystum extract administration in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). S. polycystum methanolic extract was administered orally using feeding needles to individual rainbow trout at the dose of 0 (control), 1 (S1), 3 (S3) and 5 (S5) mg/100 μl/per fish twice a day for 7 days. On 1st, 5th, 3rd and 7th day, blood and tissues were collected from the fish and changes in humoral immune responses and immune‐related gene expressions were determined. The result of oxidative radical production showed no difference during early stage of the experiment and was lately decreased (P < 0.05). Lysozyme activity increased on 3rd and 7th day of the study in S5 fish group and on 5th day in S3 group compared to control (P < 0.05). Myeloperoxidase activity had an increased level on the 1st and 3rd day in S1, S5 and S5 fish groups, respectively. IL-1β gene was significantly up-regulated in kidney and intestine in all experimental groups (except on the 1st day, in the intestine of S5 fish group) compared to control (P < 0.05). IL-8 gene expression was elevated on 1st and 3rd day in kidney of all experimental fish groups. IL-6 transcript enhanced in a dose-dependent manner on 3rd and 7th day. IL-10 and IL-12 genes were also up-regulated. Survival in all treated fish groups challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila was significantly increased compared to that of control. The highest survival rate was recorded in S5 fish group (83.65%) followed by S3 fish group (82.62%). Our results suggest that S. polycystum aqueous methanolic extract is an effective immunostimulant and provide protection against A. hydrophila infection in rainbow trout at a dose of 3–10 mg/20 g body weight/day.

Antibacterial Activity of Methanol Extract of Sargassum polycystum on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Macroalgae is a commodity that is used as food, medicine, fertilizer and other materials in industries. Macroalgae in the medical world have the potential to be anticancer, antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial. One type of macroalgae that has the potential as an antibacterial source is Sargassum polycystum. This study aims to analyze the ability of the methanol extract of S. polycystum to inhibit the growth of bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) and analyze the potential compounds contained in the methanol extract of S. polycystum. This research is an experimental study using a completely randomized design. Extraction method by maceration. The test concentrations used were 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, positive and negative control. While the test method uses a good diffusion method. Data were analyzed using description and SPSS application. The results showed that the methanol extract of S. polycystum had better inhibition against S. aureus growth than E. coli. The methanol extract concentration of S. polycystum, which had the best inhibition against S. aureus and E. coli was 80%. Metabolites content on S. polycystum extract is Tetradecanoic Acid, Loliolide; Hexadecanoid Acid, Methyl Ester, 9-Hexadecanoid Acid, Hexadecenoic Acid, 8-Octadecanoic, Methyl Ester, 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic Acid and Ethyl Ester.

Metabolic variations in seaweed, Sargassum polycystum samples subjected to different drying methods via 1H NMR-based metabolomics and their bioactivity in diverse solvent extracts

Seaweeds are known as excellent sources of unique bioactive metabolites. In the present study, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) combined with principal component analysis (PCA) was used to distinguish the metabolic variations in Brown seaweed, Sargassum polycystum treated under different drying processes. The study also evaluated the phytochemistry, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects of S. polycystum extracted in different solvents. Mutually under the different drying processes investigated, a total of 12 metabolites were identified from 1H NMR analysis. Freeze drying emerged as the most efficient process that preserved most of the potentially beneficial metabolites in the samples. The results of the qualitative phytochemical screening of differentially dried S. polycystum extracts revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites. The 70% ethanol extract exhibited the highest total phenolic (627 ± 50.81 mg GAE/100 g dried samples) and also displayed the highest DPPH scavenging activity (61.4 ± 0.171%) at the highest concentration (3 mg ml−1) tested. Methanol extract on the other hand contained the highest total antioxidant capacity (121.00 ± 0.003 mmol/g) followed by 70% ethanol extract (120.00 ± 0.001 mmol/g) at concentration of 1.25 mg/mL. The 70% ethanol extract also showed inhibition zone towards all bacteria samples tested compared to others solvent extracts. Based on these results, the identification of metabolites variations using PCA is considered as very useful procedure as a basis to recommend the most efficient processing (drying) method. The potential utilization of the tested Brown seaweed S. polycystum species as a source of antioxidants and antibacterial agents were also highlighted. The commercial cultivation of the species therefore, needs to be encouraged and promoted.

Karakteristik Ekstrak Alga Coklat (Sargassum polycystum) sebagai Antioksidan pada Perlakuan Perbandingan Pelarut Aseton dan Etilasetat

Sargassum polycystum is one type of brown algae from Indonesia that is potentially a natural dye and antioxidants. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the comparison of acetone and ethyl acetate solvents on the characteristics of Sargassum polycystum extract as an antioxidant and determine the best ratio of acetone and ethyl acetate to produce the characteristics of Sargassum polycystum extract as an antioxidant. This experiment was designed using a simple randomized block design with a comparative treatment of acetone and ethyl acetate. The treatment comprised of eight levels: 1 : 0; 0.81 : 0.19; 0.67 : 0.33; 0.52 : 0.48; 0.38 : 0.62; 0.24 : 0.76; 0.1 : 0.9 and 0 : 1. The treatment is grouped into 2 groups based on the time of implementation. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance using minitab software 17 and be continued using the method of significantly different honest. The results of the showed that the comparison of the acetone and ethyl acetate solvents has a very significant effect on yield, fukosantin compounds, antioxidant activity, brightness level (L *), redness level (a *) and yellowish level (b *) in brown algae extract (Sargassum polycystum). Comparative treatment of acetone and ethyl acetate (1: 0) with dielectric constant 20.70 is the best treatment to produce brown algae extract (Sargassum polycystum) with a yield characteristic of 2.83 ± 0.42 percent, the content of the compound fukosantin 0.031 ± 0.005 g fukosantin/g, IC50 163.43 ± 3.26 ppm, brightness level (L *) 19.60 ± 0.00, redness level (a *) 11.84 ± 0.01, yellowish level (b *) 8.83 ± 0.02. &#x0D; Keywords: Sargassum polycystum, fucosantin, antioxidant, acetone and ethyl acetate.

Antibacterial Potential of Aqueous Extracts and Compounds from Selected Brown Seaweeds

Background: The incident of antibacterial resistance is increasing rapidly. Seaweeds, the marine macroalgae that are rich in bioactive compounds have the potential to be applied as an antimicrobial agent.Objective: The objective was to assess the potential of brown seaweed aqueous extracts (Sargassum polycystum and Padina australis) and commercial pure compounds (alginic acid and fucoidan) as antimicrobial agent toward Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus.Methods: Powdered brown seaweeds were macerated with distilled water and followed by filtration. The aqueous extracts were recovered by ethanol precipitation, oven-dried, and stored at 4°C. Aqueous extracts were examined for their qualitative phytochemical content and antibacterial susceptibility test using Kirby–Bauer method.Results: S. polycystum was reported for higher extraction yield (7.00%) than P. australis (1.40%). The presence of steroid, phytosterols, and phenols was observed in S. polycystum extract while steroid and phytosterols were observed in P. australis extract. In antibacterial susceptibility test, there was no inhibition shown by both seaweed extracts against the four bacteria tested. Fucoidan (0.50 mol/L) and alginic acid (0.50 mol/L) were observed to have antibacterial property against S. aureus (with inhibition zone of 7.43±0.17 mm and 7.45±0.14 mm, respectively).Conclusion: The aqueous extracts of S. polycystum and P. australis have shown low antibacterial activity, as compared to fucoidan and alginic acid. Further studies on the mode of antibacterial activity possessed by fucoidan and alginic acid will be carried out.

The antioxidative effects of bioactive products from Sargassum polycystum C. Agardh and Sargassum duplicatum J. Agardh against inflammation and other pathological issues

The present study was aimed to determine the phenol, total flavonoids and antioxidant potentials of Sargassum polycystum C. Agardh and Sargassum duplicatum J. Agardh from south east coast of Tamil Nadu and India using DPPH, phophomolybdenum and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity. The total phenols, total flavonoids and antioxidant activities of S. polycystum and S. duplicatum were determined. Highest phenols (33.49 and 149.52 mg GAE/g) were observed in chloroform extracts of S. polycystum and methanolic extracts of S. duplicatum. The acetone extracts of S. polycystumand S. duplicatum demonstrated maximum amount of flavonoids compared to other studied extracts. Maximum amount of phosphomolybdenum reduction was observed in acetone extracts of S. polycystum and methanolic extracts of S. duplicatum. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of different extracts of S. polycystum and S. duplicatum were as follows acetone > chloroform > Petroleum ether > methanol and acetone > chloroform > methanol >Petroleum ether respectively. The H2O2 scavenging activity of S. polycystum extracts were as follows Petroleum ether extracts of S. polycystum (67.9%) > acetone (67.3%) > chloroform (58.6%) > methanol (51.78%). Acetone extracts of S. duplicatum showed maximum inhibition (90.39%) followed by petroleum ether, chloroform and methanolic extracts (75.11, 72.37 and 54.59%) respectively. The present study results confirmed the antioxidant properties of the two selected brown seaweeds viz., S. polycytum and S. duplicatum. The total phenols, flavonoids and alkaloids may be responsible for the antioxidant activities.

Enhanced Resistance to Leaf Fall Disease Caused by Phytophthora palmivora in Rubber Tree Seedling by Sargassum polycystum Extract.

The brown seaweed (Sargassum polycystum C. Agardh-Sargassaceae) extract was examined for its bioelicitor properties in the rubber tree seedling (Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A.Juss.) Müll.Arg. - Euphorbiaceae) and its application to reduce the leaf fall disease caused by Phytophthora palmivora (Edwin John) Butler, 1917 (Peronosporaceae). The major purpose of this study was to apply this seaweed extract (SWE) to improve the disease resistance in rubber tree seedling compared to a chemical fungicide (1% metalaxyl). After foliar spraying of SWE solution, two antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR)-triggered enzyme, β-1,3-glucanase (GLU), were analyzed. Both secondary metabolites, a phytoalexin scopoletin (Scp) and a signaling molecule salicylic acid (SA) were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Both SWE- and metalaxyl-treated plants had a close disease index (DI)-score which were 16.90 ± 1.93 and 15.54 ± 1.25, respectively, while the positive control sprayed with P. palmivora showed DI-score of 29.27 ± 1.89 which was much higher than those treated with SWE or fungicide. CAT, POD, and GLU were increased in rubber tree leaves treated with SWE solution. Furthermore, Scp and SA were significantly increased in SWE-treated leaves. Enhanced systemic acquired resistance induction, 2.09 folds of SA accumulation, was observed in the distal area comparing to the local area of SWE application. In conclusion, the positive effects of SWE elicitation from these studies revealed that SWE could be used as an alternative biocontrol agent for foliar spraying to enhance the defense responses in rubber tree seedling against P. palmivora.

Seaweed extract (Sargassum polycystum) as a preservative on sunscreen cream with the addition of seaweed porridge

The use of sunscreen is highly recommended to protect the health of the skin from ultraviolet radiation. Most commercial sunscreens contain artificial preservatives such as methylparaben, which can be detrimental to health. Preservatives in sunscreen can be substituted with natural ingredients, in which Sargassum polycystum ethanol extract is offered as an alternative in this research. The preservative is made from S. polycystum extract with addition of seaweed porridge of 1:1 S. polycystum and Eecheuma cottoni mixture. The quality of cream is tested using total microbial test, durable power prediction, antioxidant and SPF value. Its physical stability is tested through sensory testing, pH measurement, cyling test and centrifugal test. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is used as control and is then treated with methylparaben and the extract for comparison, the extract was found to have comparable microbial results with 8 weeks of preservation compared to methylparaben (9 weeks). In addition, the cream shows stability up to one year, a balanced pH according to SNI, shows no foul odor, antioxidant activity (IC50 ) of 105.42, SPF value of 2.00, and moderate to favorable consumer acceptance.

Antimicrobial potential of padina australis and sargassum polycystum against respiratory infections causing bacteria

Discovery of the new drug from marine natural products is of researcher's interest to address the rapid development of antibacterial resistance. Seaweeds are marine algae that contain a variety of bioactive compounds with great potential of antimicrobial activity. Brown seaweeds Sargassum polycystum and Padina australis (Phaeophyta) were collected from Port Dickson, cleaned, freeze-dried, ground, macerated with 80% ethanol, evaporated using rotary evaporator and stored at-20°C. The seaweed extracts were examined for its phytochemical content and antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The presence of saponins, steroids and cardiac glycosides were observed in S. polycystum extract, whereas steroids and cardiac glycosides were observed in P. australis extract. In the disk diffusion assay against S. pneumoniae, at 25 mg/mL, P. australis extract has showed larger inhibition zone (8.80 ± 1.12 mm) as compared to S. polycystum extract (6.70 ± 0.24 mm). P. australis extract has showed MIC and MBC values at 6.25 mg/mL against S. pneumonia. P. australis extract had better antibacterial activity towards Gram-positive S. pneumoniae, as compared to S. polycystum extract. Further studies on identification of bioactive antibacterial compounds in P. australis extract and toxicity test will be carried out.

PENGARUH PERBANDINGAN BAHAN DENGAN PELARUT ASETON TERHADAP TOTAL FENOLIK, WARNA DAN KLOROFIL EKSTRAK Sargassum polycystum

Seaweed is one of the biological resources that its existence is very abundant in all marine waters in Indonesia. One of them is Sargassum polycystum which is a type of brown algae (Phaeophyceae). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of comparison the material with the solvent to the color content, the total phenolic and chlorophyll of Sargassum polycystum extract, and to determine the comparative treatment of the material with best solvent to produce Sargassum polycystum extract. This experiment uses a simple Group Randomized Design (GRD) consisting 5 comparisons of materials with the acetone (w/v) ie (1:9), (1:11), (1:13), (1:15), (1:17). Furthermore, the treatment is repeated as much as 3 times based on implementation time, to obtained 15 units of experiments. The results showed the ratio of material with the solvent had a very significant effect (P&lt;0.01) on the rendement parameters, brightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowishness (b *), total phenolic, chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll. The results had significant effect (P&lt;0.05) shown on chlorophyll b parameters. The best treatment was obtained from the treatment with the highest value on several parameters tested ie, yield, total phenolic and chlorophyll content. Comparison of material with acetone solvent (1:15) (w/v) was the best treatment with yield of 2.27%, color intensity (L*) 5.08, (a*) -5.62, (b*) 54.00, total phenolic 0.95 mgGAE / 100g, chlorophyll a 279 ppm, chlorophyll b 134 ppm and total chlorophyll 310 ppm.&#x0D; Key words: Sargassum polycystum, compounds bioactive, comparison of material with solvent.