Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons In Street Dust Research Articles

Occurrence, Sources, and Health Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Road Environments from Harbin, a Megacity of China.

To obtain a comprehensive understanding about that occurrence, sources, and effects on human health of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road environmental samples from Harbin, concentrations of 32 PAHs in road dust, green belt soil, and parking lot dust samples were quantified. The total PAH concentrations ranged from 0.95 to 40.7 μg/g and 0.39 to 43.9 μg/g in road dust and green belt soil, respectively, and were dominated by high molecular weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs). Despite the content of PAHs in arterial roads being higher, the composition profile of PAHs was hardly influenced by road types. For parking lot dust, the range of total PAH concentrations was 0.81-190 μg/g, and three-ring to five-ring PAHs produced the maximum contribution. Compared with surface parking lots (mean: 6.12 μg/g), higher total PAH concentrations were detected in underground parking lots (mean: 33.1 μg/g). The diagnostic ratios of PAHs showed that petroleum, petroleum combustion, and biomass/coal combustion were major sources of PAHs in the samples. Furthermore, according to the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk model, the cancer risks of three kinds of samples for adults and children were above the threshold (10-6). Overall, this study demonstrated that PAHs in the road environment of Harbin have a certain health impact on local citizens.

Environmental Impact of 2A 2B Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Industrial Soil: status, Profile, Concentration, and Assessment to Humans Health Risks

Due to the negative effects on people’s health and the environment caused by the amount of soil pollutants caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted from various sources, especially in industrial areas, and the spread of pollutants in nearby neighborhoods, as well as the extent to which children and adults, especially young people, are affected by soil intake, direct skin contact with the soil, or inhalation of contaminated soil dust due to their behavior. The aim of this study was to assess the extent to which industrial areas, particularly the auto industry in the city of Riyadh, are impacted by pollution brought on by PAHs (2 A and 2B), which are known to cause cancer. Naseem Industrial (NAI), Old Industrial (OLI), Gulf Industrial (GUI), Al-Shifa Industrial (SHI), and Umm Al-Hamam Industrial (UMH). Surface soil from the industrial districts, ranging in depth from 0 to 10 cm, as well as from the neighborhoods close by. The percentage of pollution by PHAs according to the Agency for Research on Cancer classified BaP, DBA, and BaA as probable human carcinogens (2 A) while BbF, BkF, and IND as possible human carcinogens (2B). IARC has evaluated Nap and CRY and classed them as potentially carcinogenic for humans. The extraction method is swift, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) for the ∑8 PAHs and GC-MS used to estimate the results in the extracted samples. The sole risk identified as having potential for both adults and children was exposure to BaP and DBA in street dust in different land areas in Riyadh. Mean ILCRing and ILCRder values ​​and cancer risk based on mean total concentrations of PAHBaPequi for children and adults exposed to PAHs in street dust in different regions of Riyadh were found between 10−9 and 10−4, indicating a potential risk.

Quantification and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in street dust from functional areas of Khamis-Mushait, Saudi Arabia

The aim of present work is focused on determination of the residual concentrations of 16 PAHs and their health risk assessment in selected sectors of the street dust along Khamis-Mushait, Asir area. Objectives/backgrounds: With the recent rapid development of urbanization, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust pose serious problems to human health and ecological environment. Method: HPLC system (HPLC Nexera-i LC 2040 C 3D Plus Shimadzu Integrated) was used to perform the measurements following well-established USEPA 3550B method . Results: The average value of PAHs in Khamis-Mushait street dust was 2809.46 ng/g, ranging from 1250.41 to 4249.29 ng/g. Incinerator and industrial locations had the highest concentration of fossil PAHs, accounting for 69.62% of PAHs. The King Fahd Garden and Al-Hayat National Hospital regions had the highest concentrations of carcinogenic PAHs and combustion PAHs, which accounted for 41.70 and 27.46% of all PAHs, respectively. Naphthalene (NAP), acenaphthylene (ACY), and acenaphthene (ACE) were more effective range low. However, ACE was more effective range medium, and ACY, ACE, and DBA (dibenzo-anthracene) were more probable effect level. Furthermore, the effects of NAP, fluoranthene (FLT), pyrene (PYR), and benzo(a)pyren (BaP) were greater than the threshold effect level (TEL). For both kids and adults, the hazardous index (HI) was in the following order: ACE>ACY>NAP>PYR>fluorene (FLR)>FLT> benzo(ghi)perylene (BghiP)>phenanthrene (PHN)>ANT. However, total HI for noncancer risks for PAHs varied between 9.91´10-5 and 2.69´10-2 and from 9.22´10-4 to 2.50´10-1 for adults and children, respectively. Conclusion: Various approaches (geochemical indices, statistical analysis, and health risk assessment) were exploited to evaluate the levels of 16 PAHs in street dust from Abha and Khamis-Mushait City, Saudi Arabia. These values are considered safe level and insignificant to adults and children. In addition, ACE may pose risk based on acute and intermediate oral exposure. The following order from several sources was reported by the cluster analysis of dust samples: commercial>industrial>traffic.

Impact of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) of Falling Dust in Urban Area Settings: Status, Chemical Composition, Sources and Potential Human Health Risks.

The present work is considered to investigate the sources, concentration, and composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and associated health risk assessment of road dust in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. The study region included an urban area, strongly affected by traffic, a bare and an industrial area. A total of 50 locations were selected for sampling and 16 different PAHs were determined. The concentration of PAHs in road dust and their estimated lifetime average daily dose (LADD) for adults (human) ranged from 0.01 to 126 ng g−1 and 1950 to 16,010 mg kg−1 day−1, respectively. The ADDing was calculated separately for children (>6), teenagers (6−12), and adults (>12) for all PAHs with each collected sample. Moreover, the average daily exposure dose by ingestion (ADDing) and average daily exposure dose by dermal absorption (ADDder) were more in children (<6 years) as compared to teenagers (6−12 years) and adults (>12 years). Likewise, total equivalency factor based on BaP (TEQBaP) calculations pointed out that PAHs having more benzene rings or having high molecular weight showed high TEQBaP as compared to low molecular weight PAHs. The data revealed that the children population is at high risk for asthma, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and immunity suppression as compared to adults in the particular area of investigated region. These outcomes of this study can be used to deliver significant policy guidelines concerning habitants of the area for possible measures for controlling PAHs contamination in Riyadh City to protect human health and to ensure environmental sustainability.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban street dust in Masjed Soleyman, Khuzestan, Iran: sources and health risk assessment

ABSTRACT Population growth, industrial development, and a massive increase in the application of resources have led to the deterioration of human environmental quality. Due to the carcinogenicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), these compounds have been considered by environmentalists. The potential hazard to human health from exposure to 16 priority PAHs in street dust was investigated using 21 street dust samples from different land uses in Masjed Soleyman. PAH concentrations were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results showed that the mean concentration of PAHs in residential, commercial, and busy traffic land uses was 203.82, 557.73, and 311.12 µg·kg−1 respectively. Furthermore, the maximum and minimum amounts of total PAHs were detected in commercial and residential land uses, respectively. High molecular weight PAHs consisted 58% of total PAHs in the sampling area. Based on the results of diagnostic ratios, the main source of PAHs emission was pyrogenic. Results of Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) showed that the risks were negligible although higher for children compared to adults.

Quantification and Risk Assessment of PAHs in Street Dust from Functional Areas of Khamis-Mushait, Saudi Arabia

The average value of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Khamis-Mushait street dust was 2809.46 ng/g, ranging from 1250.41-4249.29 ng/g. Incinerator and industrial locations had the highest concentration of fossil PAHs (∑FPAHs), accounting for 69.62% of PAHs. The highest concentrations of carcinogenic PAHs (∑CARC) and combustion PAHs (∑COMB) were found in the King Fahd Garden and Al-Hayat National Hospital regions, accounting for 41.70 % and 27.46 % of PAHs, respectively. Naphthalene (NAP), Acenaphthylene (ACY) and Acenaphthene (ACE) were &gt; effective range low (ERL). However, ACE was &gt; effective range medium (ERM), and ACY, ACE, and DBA (dibenzo anthracene) were &gt; Probable Effect Level (PEL). Furthermore, the effects of NAP, fluoranthene (FLT), pyrene (PYR), and benzo (a)pyren (BaP) were greater than the threshold effect level (TEL). The order of Hazardous indices (HI) for both children and adults were ACE &gt; ACY &gt; NAP &gt; PYR &gt; fluorene (FLR) &gt; FLT &gt; benzo (ghi) perylene (BghiP) &gt; phenanthrene (PHN) &gt; ANT. However, total HI for non-cancer risks for PAHs were 2.69×10-2 -9.91×10-5 and 2.50x10-2 - 9.22×10-4 to adults and children, respectively. These values considered safe level and insignificant to adults and children. In addition, ACE may pose risk based on acute and intermediate oral exposure. The cluster analysis of dust samples declared the following order from different sources: traffic &gt; industrial &gt; commercial.

Concentration, variation, and correlation with traffic vehicle volume of the pollutants - polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust in Hanoi

The average concentration of 16 PAHs in street dust in Hanoi (n=27) was 1,226 ng/g, ranging from 532 to 2,276 ng/g. The total toxic equivalent amount of 16 PAHs, in comparison with BaP, TEQBaP was 121.58 ng/g on average and varried in a range of 35.36 and 322.22 ng/g. Amongst 16 analysed PAHs, the most abundant compounds were Pyr (16.4%)&gt;BbF (14.0%)~Fluth (14.0%)&gt;BghiP (12.3%)&gt;Phe (7.9%). However, BaP occupied up to 52.6% of the toxic equivalent amount, followed by DahA (15.9%) and BkF (14.2%). In Hanoi street dust, the ratios of some special PAHs such as Fluth/Fluth+Pyr (0.46±0.04); BaA/Chr in a range of 0.27-0.49 (occupied 60% of the dust sample amount), and IcdP/BghiP (0.40±0.11), showed that the main emission source of PAHs in Hanoi road dust was from traffic vehicles using gasoline. The PAHs concentrations in street dust in Hanoi tended to be reduced up to approximately 10% in the observation for a few recent years despite the increasing traffic vehicle volume of the city. That means the better traffic vehicles and road management in Hanoi, the lesser emission of toxic organic pollutants, especially PAHs, to the ambient air.

Dilution of PAHs loadings of particulate matter in air, dust and rivers in urban areas: A comparative study (Tehran megacity, Iran and city of Tübingen, SW-Germany)

PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in urban areas are usually bound to particles. Concentrations are different in different compartments (airborne particles, street dust, suspended sediments in rivers and channels). This study follows concentrations of PAHs from particles in air to street dust and finally suspended sediments in the city of Tehran, Iran compared to Tübingen, Germany. Data sets are based on own investigations (PAHs on suspended sediments), or taken from literature studies (PAHs in street dust and airborne particles). Based on a cross-comparison of concentrations of PAHs on particles, and their congener distribution patterns, the occurrence, interrelation (exchange and mixing processes), as well as possible dilution processes among PAHs in the different particle classes are disentangled. Results show that for Tehran and Tübingen PAHs in airborne particles are very high (in the range of 500 mg kg−1). However, in street dust and suspended sediments PAHs concentrations on particles are around 100 times lower. Surprisingly concentrations in street dust and suspended sediments are 5 to 10 times lower in Tehran (average 0.5 mg kg−1) than in Tübingen (average 5 mg kg−1). Since it is unlikely that PAHs emissions are lower in the Tehran megacity, an effective dilution of the atmospheric signal by uncontaminated (background) particles is hypothesized. Uncontaminated particles may stem from wind erosion of bare surfaces, construction and sand mining sites or even dust from the desert areas, which are frequent in arid climate in Tehran.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fine road dust from a coal-utilization city: Spatial distribution, source diagnosis and risk assessment

Coal combustion can release large amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which persist in various environment matrices (e.g., road dust) and hence cause the carcinogenic risk to human health. In this study, an exhaustive characterization of road dust samples coupling their physicochemical characteristics and stable isotope compositions (δ13C and δ15N) was conducted to evaluate the source, level, spatial distribution, and carcinogenic risk of PAHs in a typical coal-utilization city. Concentrations of Σ16 PAHs ranged from 605.5 to 25,374.3 ng/g with a mean concentration of 4083.0 ng/g. Pollution levels of sites around the coal-fired power plant (Zone 1) were significantly higher than those in other zones (p < 0.05). PAH concentration showed significant correlations with both C and N fractions (p < 0.01). Compositions of δ13C and δ15N in road dust coupled to principal component analysis and the partitions and diagnostic ratios of PAHs contributed to associating road dust to several local sources of contamination. Coal combustion and vehicular exhaust were major sources of PAHs around the power plant and urban area. Results of incremental lifetime cancer risk showed 81.5% of all sampling sites suffered potential risk (>10−6) for both adults and children, while children around the power plant suffered the highest risk. Despite the estimation of only potential risk being posed by PAHs in road dust, human exposure to the various environmental matrices, scientific and systematic assessment of carcinogenic risks by PAHs in the total environment warrants further investigations.

Occurrence and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in dust of an emerging industrial city in Iran: implications for human health.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bounded to street dust are a severe environmental and human health danger. This study provides preliminary information on the abundance of PAHs in street dust from Rafsanjan city, Iran, where industrial emissions are high and data are lacking. Seventy street dust samples were collected from streets with different traffic loads. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Standard Methods 8270D and 3550C were used for the measurement of PAHs using GC mass spectroscopy. The total concentration of PAHs was 1443 ng g-1, with a range of 1380-1550 ng g-1. Additionally, the concentration of carcinogenic PAHs (∑carcPAHs) ranged from 729.5 to 889.4 ng g-1, with a mean value of 798.1 ng g-1. Pyrene was the most abundant PAH, with an average concentration of 257 ng g-1. Source identification analyses showed that vehicle emissions along with incomplete combustion and petroleum were the main sources of PAHs. The ecological risk status of the studied area was moderate. Spatial distribution mapping revealed that the streets around the city center and oil company had higher PAH levels than the other sectors of Rafsanjan. The results indicated that dermal contact and ingestion of contaminated particles were the most important pathways compared to inhalation. The mean incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was 1.4 × 10-3 and 1.3 × 10-3 for children and adults, respectively. This implies potentially adverse health effects in exposed individuals. The mutagenic risk for both subpopulations was approximately 18 times greater than the one recommended by USEPA. Our findings suggest that children are subjected to a higher carcinogenic and mutagenic risk of PAHs, especially dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DahA), bounded to street dust of Rafsanjan. Our study highlights the need for the development of emission monitoring and control scenarios.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road dust collected from Quang Ninh: Contamination levels and potential sources

Twenty road dust samples were collected from Ha Long and Cam Pha cities in Quang Ninh province for analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the USEPA priority pollutant list. Total concentrations of sixteen PAHs in road dust samples of Ha Long and Cam Pha ranged from 232 - 593 ng/g d.w (average: 399 ng/g d.w) and 297 - 1624 ng/g d.w (average: 780 ng/g d.w), respectively. Proportitions of invididiuals were decreased in the order Phe (21% ± 13%) &gt; Pyr (12% ± 6%) &gt; Nap~Fluth (11% ± 6%) &gt; BbF (10% ± 8%), suggesting the similar composition of analyzed PAHs in road dust at two cities. Based on the common diagnostic ratios for the identification of PAHs emission sources, the Fluth/(Fluth+Pyr) ratio (average: 0.43, range: 0.29-0.60), the BaA/(BaA+Chr) ratio (average: 0.30, range: 0.08-0.38), the IcdP/(IcdP+BghiP) ratio (average: 0.30, range: 0.22-0.46) and the BaP/BghiP ratio (average: 0.47 &lt; 0.9) indicated that emissions from traffic activities may be the important sources of PAHs in Quang Ninh.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban street dust within three land-uses of Babylon governorate, Iraq: Distribution, sources, and health risk assessment

This study is considered to be the first investigation of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in terms of distribution and sources identification for three land-use in Babylon governorate, Iraq. Potential sources of 16 US EPA priority PAHs were identified by employing diagnostic ratio as well as principal component analysis (PCA) method. Additionally, Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) model was determined in order to assess the risk exposure to the individual PAHs in street dust (SD). Findings in three land-use indicated that the total sixteen PAHs concentrations in the samples were 555.9, 1388, 1221.8 µg Kg−1 for Residential Area, Industrial Area, and Commercial area, respectively, with an average of 1055 µg Kg−1. Moreover, study findings pointed out that the percentages of both LMW and HMW (included MMW) in the street dust were accounted for 38.3% and 61.7% of the total PAHs, respectively. Two components are founded in the PCA with HMW accounted for 75.8% of the total PAHs, and PAHs LMW contributed 24.2% of the total PAHs. Ratios results in nutshell indicated the predominance of pyrogenic source for sixteen PAHs. This suggested by possible sources such as the emission from vehicles, regular gas and fuel combustion activities, as well as coal and wood, were the major cause of 16 principal PAHs in SD samples in all three land-use in Babylon governorate. Results from ILCR model stated that total cancer risk for both targeted individuals exposed to SD in all land-use is more than 10-4 that is referred to increase potential health risk. The PAHs contamination in Babylon governorate needs urgently to be addressed on priority. Moreover, this work is beneficial for Babylon governorate to utilize it as a benchmark for future research.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Road Dust Collected from Myanmar, Japan, Taiwan, and Vietnam.

In this study, we determined the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road dust from Myanmar, Japan, Taiwan, and Vietnam. PAHs were detected in urban and rural areas of Myanmar at mean concentrations of 630ng/g dry weight and 200ng/g dry weight, respectively. PAHs were also detected in road dust from Vietnam (mean 1700ng/g) and Taiwan (2400ng/g). PAH diagnostic ratios suggested that fossil fuel vehicular exhaust and biomass combustion are major sources of PAHs in road dust in Myanmar. Road dust samples from Japan, Taiwan, and Vietnam had similar PAH diagnostic ratios, implying that PAH sources are similar. We assessed the human health risks posed by PAHs in road dust using carcinogenic equivalents (CEQs) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR). Mean CEQs were decreased in the order Taiwan (173ng/g) > Vietnam (162ng/g for Hanoi) > Myanmar (42 and 31ng/g for Yangon and Pathein, respectively) > Japan (30ng/g for Kumamoto). Benz[a]pyrene, fluoranthene, and benzo[b]fluoranthene, the predominant PAHs, contributed > 70% of total CEQs. High ILCR values were found for Taiwan (5.9 × 10-4 and 9.9 × 10-4 for children and adults, respectively) and Vietnam (6.5 × 10-4 and 9.2 × 10-4 for children and adults, respectively, in Hanoi), indicating that PAHs in road dust pose cancer risks to the inhabitants of Taiwan and Hanoi. To our knowledge, this is the first report to identify PAH pollution in the environment and to evaluate the human health risks of these PAHs in Myanmar.

Status, source, ecological and health risk assessment of toxic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust of Abadan, Iran

The potential hazard to human health from exposure to toxic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust was assessed using thirty street dust samples collected from Abadan, an industrial city in Southwest Iran. The mean concentration of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Ni, V, As and Co in the street dust was: 59, 288, 113, 50, 0.5, 57, 36, 7.1 and 7.5 (mg/kg), respectively. The majority of potentially toxic metals were elevated compared to background concentrations, with the exception of Co and V. Mean enrichment factors decreased in the following order: Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd > As > Cr > Ni > Co > V, with a high enrichment value for Zn and Pb. Cadmium had a moderate potential ecological risk compared to other toxic metals. Correlation coefficients and principal component analysis (PCA) identified three principal groups as sources of toxic metals in Abadan street dust. Metals such as Cr, Ni, Co and V were identified to originate from natural parent materials, Zn, Cu and Pb from anthropogenic sources emitted from combustion/vehicular materials and Cd and As from other anthropogenic sources such as the Abadan refinery and petrochemical complex. The sum of 13 PAHs ranged from 400 to 11,766 (μg/kg), with a mean of 2436 (μg/kg). Approximately 68%–79% of ∑PAHs comprised of higher molecular weight PAHs (HMWPAHs 4–6 rings), revealing a combustion origin. Principal component analysis (PCA) for PAHs in Abadan street dust originated mainly from vehicular, petroleum emission and fossil fuel. The toxic equivalency quantities (TEQs) of PAHs in the street dust ranges from 22 to 951 (μg/kg). High coefficients of correlation (r2 = 0.98 to 0.83, p < 0.01) among Pyrene, Benzo (a) anthracene, Chrysene, Benzo (a) pyrene, Benzo (b) fluoranthene, Benzo (k) fluoranthene, and TEQ of street dust showed that these PAHs were principal contributors to TEQ. Ecosystem risk calculations for PAHs were high since the value of RQ∑PAHs(MPCs) was ≥1 and RQ∑PAHs(NCs) was ≥800. The mean values for RQ∑PAHs(MPCs) and RQ∑PAHs(NCs) were 8 and 1151, which indicated a relatively high ecosystem risk of PAHs in street dust in Abadan. The total cancer risk was 8.64 × 10−3 for adults and 8.95 × 10−4 for children, suggesting a high potential cancer risk through both dust dermal contact and ingestion pathways.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in street dust of Marvdasht city, SW Iran: concentration, health risk assessment and source apportionment

The status, health risk and sources of street-dust-borne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in Marvdasht city. The total concentration of 15 PAHs ranged from 932.85 to 5030 μg kg-1 with a mean of 2185.7 μg kg-1. The PAHs contained 2-6 rings and the level of five carcinogenic PAHs generally accounted for 5-40% of total concentration. The statistical analysis and diagnostic ratios demonstrated that the main emission source of PAHs is traffic. The toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQs) of PAHs in street dust ranged from 12.91 to 1160.88 μg kg-1, with a mean of 257.18 μg kg-1. High correlation coefficients (r > 0.9, p < 0.01) between benzo[a]pyrene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, indene and toxicity equivalent concentrations of street dust indicated that these PAHs are predominant contributors to TEQ. The results of total incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) demonstrated that Marvdasht's residents are potentially exposed to high cancer risk via dust ingestion and dermal contact.

Traffic contribution to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in road dust: A source apportionment analysis under different antecedent dry-weather periods

Road dust (RD) and its adsorbed pollutants have been regarded as a leading source of diffuse stormwater pollution. Therefore, a source-oriented mitigation strategy of pollutants in RD is important for an integrated stormwater management. In this study, a total of 66 RD samples were collected from 22 asphalt roads with five traffic load categories under different antecedent dry-weather periods (ADPs) in the city of Dresden, Germany. The surface loads (0.1–30.91 μg m−2) and solid-phase concentrations (0.95–27.83 μg g−1) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in RD were determined. The results show that the Σ16PAHs contents decreased with increasing distance from the city center to the city border. One-way ANOVA indicated that surface load was significantly dominated by ADPs and solid-phase concentration was statistically traffic-load dependent. According to the positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor model, gasoline- and diesel-powered engine emissions always accounted for the highest proportions of total PAH contents. However, with an increasing ADP, the PAHs contents attributed to the incineration and tire debris became evident. The source-specific risks posed by PAHs were further estimated by the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) analysis. Traffic contributed to the majority of the carcinogenic substances. Moreover, the hazard quotient (HQ) and mean hazard quotient (MHQ) for the ecological risk assessment suggest that PAHs in RD had a 21% probability of being toxic to benthic organisms and aquatic environments. CapsuleΣ16PAH content decreased with an increasing distance from the city center to border, and an increasing number of PAH sources was identified with an increasing residual time.

Source identification of total petroleum hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM10 and street dust of a hot spot for petrochemical production: Asaluyeh County, Iran

Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are important pollutants that affect public health in urban areas, especially in developing and oil-rich countries such as Iran. This assesses the relationship between TPH and PAHs in street dust and suspended dust, and investigates toxicity level in the urban environment of the most important petrochemical center in Iran. For this purpose, 21 and 48 street dust samples were collected for TPH analysis and PAH analysis, respectively, in Asaluyeh County. Moreover, seven air dust samples were taken for PAH analysis. TPH concentrations ranged between 240 and 4400 mg kg−1, with a mean of 1371.43 mg kg−1. The maximum ∑PAH concentration (6016.3 mg kg−1) was detected in a petrochemical complex while the minimum ∑PAHs content (16.93 mg kg−1) was measured in an urban area. The mean concentrations of total PAHs in street dust particles were 491.35 mg kg−1 in summer and 304.04 mg kg−1 in winter. The results indicated that PAH concentration in summer was higher. PAH sources were identified using both PAHs ratios and robust statistical methods such as Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE), backward GEE, logistic regression, principal components analysis (PCA) in conjunction with multiple linear regression (MLR) and positive matrix factorization (PMF). The results showed that PAH species generally originate from pyrogenic sources and about 0.08% of TPH was typically PAHs. However, petrogenic sources of PAHs in the industrial areas were 11.2 times more abundant than in urban areas. Also, backward GEE model demonstrated that TPH is more influenced by HMW PAHs, particularly indene. Estimated incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was higher than 10-4, showing that Asaluyeh inhabitants (especially children and indoor workers) are probably exposed to cancer risk, particularly through dermal contact and dust ingestion.

Street Dust-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Saudi Coastal City: Status, Profile, Sources, and Human Health Risk Assessment.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust pose a serious problem threatening both the environment and human health. Street dust samples were collected from five different land use patterns (traffic areas TRA, urban area URA, residential areas REA, mixed residential commercial areas MCRA and suburban areas SUA) in Jeddah, a Saudi coastal city, and one in in Hada Al Sham, a rural area (RUA). This study aimed to investigate the status, profile, sources of PAHs and estimate their human health risk. The results revealed an average concentration of total PAHs of 3320 ng/g in street dust of Jeddah and 223 ng/g in RUA dust. PAHs with high molecular weight represented 83.38% of total PAHs in street dust of Jeddah, while the carcinogenic PAH compounds accounted 57.84%. The highest average concentration of total PAHs in street dust of Jeddah was found in TRA (4980 ng/g) and the lowest in REA (1660 ng/g). PAHs ratios indicated that the principal source of PAHs in street dust of Jeddah is pyrogenic, mainly traffic emission. Benzo(a)anthracene/chrysene (BaA/CHR) ratio suggests that PAHs in street dusts of Jeddah come mainly from emission of local sources, while PAHs in RUA might be transported from the surrounding urban areas. The estimated Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) associated with exposure to PAHs in street dusts indicated that both dermal contact and ingestion pathways are major contributed to cancer risk for both children and adults. Based on BaPequivalence concentrations of total PAHs, ILCRIngestion, ILCRdermal and cancer risk values for children and adults exposed to PAHs in street dust of different areas in Jeddah were found between 10−6 and 10−4, indicating potential risk. The sequence of cancer risk was TRA > URA > MCRA > SUA > REA. Only exposure to BaP and DBA compounds had potential risk for both children and adults.

Vehicular contribution of PAHs in size dependent road dust: A source apportionment by PCA-MLR, PMF, and Unmix receptor models

This study focuses on the source apportionments of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road dust (RD) with four size fractions through three receptor models of principal component analysis with multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR), positive matrix factorization (PMF) and Unmix. The concentrations of total PAHs range from 0.45 to 2.03μgg−1. Results show that the concentrations of PAHs increased with a decreasing size fraction. Similar potential sources to PAHs in RD were extracted by three models with a little difference in numbers and percent load contributions of each identified sources. The overall proportion of the identified sources were ranked as vehicular emission>coke oven>surface pavement>others in each size fractions. In terms of risk assessment, the mean values of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of the total cancer risk of PAHs in RD were lower than the baseline value of an acceptable risk. However, PAHs in smaller size fraction prone to have a higher adverse effect on children via ingestion. Furthermore, the ecological risk assessment of hazard quotients and mean hazard quotients indicated that PAHs in RD had a 9% probability of being toxic to the benthic organisms and aquatic environment.

Seasonal occurrence and cancer risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in street dust from the Novi Sad city, Serbia

This is the first investigation that identified seasonal occurrence, distribution and sources of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 60 street dust samples collected within urban zone of Novi Sad, the second largest city in Serbia. The obtained results were further used for comprehensive assessment of carcinogenic risk of Serbian inhabitants exposed to PAHs present in street dust by the incremental lifetime cancer risk method. The total level of 16 PAHs ranged between 35 μg kg−1 and 2422 μg kg−1 in samples taken in summer and between 35 μg kg−1 and 587 μg kg−1 in samples taken in winter. In both seasons, 4-ring PAHs were the most dominant compounds and high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs had similar contribution (55% in summer and 65% in winter). The highest content was determined for fluoranthene (Fly) in both seasons (597 μg kg−1 in winter, 301 μg kg−1 in summer). The PAHs source apportionment was analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and diagnostic ratios, and combustion of petroleum seemed to be the main sources of the PAHs in street dust. The cancer risk level for children and adult were comparable for dermal contact and by ingestion, and ranged from 10−6 to 10−4 indicating a potential risk. Additionally, the total incremental life time cancer risk (ILCR) was assessed for children and adult population taking into account three possible exposure routs and the median total cancer risk was ˃10−5, with 7% of the samples having the risk ˃10−4 that should be considered of high concern with potential health problem. These results are the first of this kind for the whole Serbia and the Western Balkan region and can be considered as the base line for future research.