Polycarbonate Template Research Articles

Electrodeposited Porous Ni-Fe-Co Thin Films By Hydrogen Templating Onto an Inverted Recessed Disk Electrode

Porous electrodes are advantageous for a variety of applications to enhance surface area per volume. Hydrogen templating is one well-known method to generate a porous metal, where metal deposits around generated gas bubbles from the same electrode surface. The technique has been demonstrated with noble (e.g., Au, Ag, Cu) and less noble (e.g., Ni) elemental deposits, but few alloy system.1 Ni-Fe-Co is of interest due to its electrocatalytic ability towards the oxygen evolution reaction for alkaline water splitting. Rafailović et al.2 galvanostatically electrodeposited an alloy at very high current density at pH 2 having 20 micron pore size with nano scale dendritic features, and Li and Podlaha3 potentiostatically electrodeposited Ni-Fe-Co alloys at pH < 0.5 into polycarbonate templates along with hydrogen templating to create pores in nanowires. There was a large distribution of pore size between 10 and 100 nm with the largest percentage between 20 and 40 nm. To better understand the control of pore size in the Ni-Fe-Co alloy system an inverted rotating disk electrode was used to control the limiting current of the proton reduction reaction during alloy electrodeposition. A boric acid, simple salt electrolyte was used with a three-electrode system to generate polarization curves and electrodeposits at different electrode rotation rates. The influence of mass transport and hydrogen bubble formation at different rotation rates were examined and affected porosity. Porosity was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the inspection of current during ferri/ferrocyanide polarization. Porous films were observed for deposits galvanostatically fabricated at current densities above the proton reduction limiting current density, but before water reduction, producing pore sizes on the order of 10s to 100s of nm, but below a micron. The ratio of the applied current density to proton reduction limiting current density was an important factor. J. Plowman, L. A. Jones, and S. K. Bhargava, Chemical Communications, 51, 4331-4346 (2015).D. Rafailović, C. Gammer, C. Rentenberger, T. Trišović, C. Kleber, and H. P. Karnthaler, Nano Energy, 2, 523-529 (2013).D. Li and E. J. Podlaha, Nano Letters, 19, 3569-3574 (2019).

Template-assisted electrodeposition of freestanding antimony, tin, and antimony-tin nanowire arrays from an ionic liquid

In the present study, we show the electrochemical synthesis of Sb, Sn, and Sb-Sn nanowire arrays from the ionic liquid 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonate ([Py1,4]TfO) via templated-assisted approaches. Commercially available track etched polycarbonate template with a nominal pore diameter of 400 nm was utilized as a template. The nanowires were electrochemically deposited inside the pores of the template; then, a supporting copper layer was electrodeposited on the back side of the template. Subsequently, the template was dissolved with dichloromethane, and the structural morphology of the nanowire structures was explored by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX). Freestanding, mechanically stable nanowire arrays of Sb, Sn, and Sb-Sn with an average pore diameter of 400 nm were obtained. The charge/discharge characteristics of the electrodeposited nanowire films were investigated to explore the Li storage capacity of the fabricated electrodes. The results revealed that the electrodeposited nanowire films are promising anode candidates for the future generation of Li-ion batteries.Graphical abstract

Synergy of Nanotopography and Electrical Conductivity of PEDOT/PSS for Enhanced Neuronal Development.

Biomaterials able to promote neuronal development and neurite outgrowth are highly desired in neural tissue engineering for the repair of damaged or disrupted neural tissue and restoring the axonal connection. For this purpose, the use of either electroactive or micro- and nanostructured materials has been separately investigated. Here, the use of a nanomodulated conductive poly(3,4-ethylendioxithiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS) substrate that exhibits instructive topographical and electrical cues at the same time was investigated for the first time. In particular, thin films featuring grooves with sizes comparable with those of neuronal neurites (NanoPEDOT) were fabricated by electrochemical polymerization of PEDOT/PSS on a nanomodulated polycarbonate template. The ability of NanoPEDOT to support neuronal development and direct neurite outgrowth was demonstrated by assessing cell viability and proliferation, expression of neuronal markers, average neurite length, and direction of neuroblastoma N2A cells induced to differentiate on this novel support. In addition to the beneficial effect of the nanogrooved topography, a 30% increase was shown in the average length of neurites when differentiating cells were subjected to an electrical stimulation of a few microamperes for 6 h. The results reported here suggest a favorable effect on the neuronal development of the synergistic combination of nanotopography and electrical stimulation, supporting the use of NanoPEDOT in neural tissue engineering to promote physical and functional reconnection of impaired neural networks.

Effects of structure, size and non-magnetic Cu layer thickness on magnetization switching behavior in Ni/Cu/M (M [formula omitted] Ni, Co) cylindrical nanowires

We have investigated the dependence of the magnetization switching behavior on the structure, size and nonmagnetic Cu layer thickness (tCu) in Ni/Cu/M (M = Ni, Co) cylindrical nanowires fabricated by electrodeposition using porous polycarbonate templates. The crystal structure of the Ni nanowires was (111)- or (200)-oriented polycrystalline fcc, while that of Co nanowires was (100)- or (101)-oriented hcp and/or (111)-oriented polycrystalline fcc. When the wire diameter (d) was 50 nm, the squareness ratio (Mr/Ms) for M = Ni, as estimated from the magnetization curve, is almost constant at Mr/Ms∼0.79 (Mr/Ms∼0.64 for M = Co) when tCu increases from 0 to 500 nm. When d=100nm, Mr/Ms decreases by 41% from 0.71 to 0.42 with increasing tCu from 0 to 700 nm for M = Ni, while Mr/Ms decreases by 25% from 0.53 to 0.40 with varying tCu from 0 to 500 nm for M = Co. The threshold Cu layer thickness (tCuth) beyond which Mr/Ms becomes constant at d=100nm is ∼500 nm for M = Ni and ∼300 nm for M = Co. The results are qualitatively consistent with those obtained from our micromagnetic simulation and analysis. The observed difference in the tCuth dependence of Mr/Ms between M = Ni and Co is attributed to the change in the magnetic domain structure of the nanowires as it sensitively varies with the magnetocrystalline anisotropy. On the other hand, the coercive force of the nanowires shows a small tCu dependence for both d=50 and 100 nm. These results indicate that the layered structure in the nanowires governs the magnetic domain structure, though the effect on the magnetization switching behavior is indeed relatively small.

Electrochemical Synthesis, Magnetic and Optical Characterisation of FePd Dense and Mesoporous Nanowires.

Dense and mesoporous FePd nanowires (NWs) with 45 to 60 at.% Pd content were successfully fabricated by template- and micelle-assisted pulsed potentiostatic electrodeposition using nanoporous anodic alumina and polycarbonate templates of varying pore sizes. An FePd electrolyte was utilized for obtaining dense NWs while a block copolymer, P-123, was added to this electrolyte as the micelle-forming surfactant to produce mesoporous NWs. The structural and magnetic properties of the NWs were investigated by electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and vibrating sample magnetometry. The as-prepared NWs were single phase with a face-centered cubic structure exhibiting 3.1 µm to 7.1 µm of length. Mesoporous NWs revealed a core-shell structure where the porosity was only witnessed in the internal volume of the NW while the outer surface remained non-porous. Magnetic measurements revealed that the samples displayed a soft ferromagnetic behavior that depended on the shape anisotropy and the interwire dipolar interactions. The mesoporous core and dense shell structure of the NWs were seen to be slightly affecting the magnetic properties. Moreover, mesoporous NWs performed excellently as SERS substrates for the detection of 4,4'-bipyridine, showing a low detection limit of 10-12 M. The signal enhancement can be attributed to the mesoporous morphology as well as the close proximity of the embedded NWs being conducive to localized surface plasmon resonance.

Polycrystalline bismuth nanowire networks for flexible longitudinal and transverse thermoelectrics.

This paper reports on the preparation and the characterization of structural, electrical and thermoelectric properties of nanocomposite films formed from three-dimensional networks of polycrystalline bismuth (Bi) nanowires (NWs). The samples were fabricated by electrodeposition within polycarbonate (PC) templates with crossed cylindrical nanopores, yielding self-supported networks of Bi crossed nanowires (CNWs) with mean diameter values ranging from 23 nm to 230 nm. Temperature changes in electrical resistance and thermopower were studied by considering electric and thermal currents flowing in the plane of the films. While the values of the Seebeck coefficient are close to those of polycrystalline Bi for diameters greater than 100 nm, a progressive decrease in thermopower appears at smaller diameters, due to an increasing contribution of surface charge carriers as the diameter decreases. Transverse thermoelectricity based on the Nernst effect was also demonstrated on a network of Bi CNWs 230 nm in diameter. Such hierarchical architectures based on Bi CNWs are extremely robust, offering a reliable solution for the next generation of flexible thermoelectric devices.

Increasing the structural and compositional diversity of ion-track templated 1D nanostructures through multistep etching, plastic deformation, and deposition

Ion-track etching represents a highly versatile way of introducing artificial pores with diameters down into the nm-regime into polymers, which offers considerable synthetic flexibility in template-assisted nanofabrication schemes. While the mechanistic foundations of ion-track technology are well understood, its potential for creating structurally and compositionally complex nano-architectures is far from being fully tapped. In this study, we showcase different strategies to expand the synthetic repertoire of ion-track membrane templating by creating several new 1D nanostructures, namely metal nanotubes of elliptical cross-section, funnel-shaped nanotubes optionally overcoated with titania or nickel nanospike layers, and concentrical as well as stacked metal nanotube-nanowire heterostructures. These nano-architectures are obtained solely by applying different wet-chemical deposition methods (electroless plating, electrodeposition, and chemical bath deposition) to ion-track etched polycarbonate templates, whose pore geometry is modified through plastic deformation, consecutive etching steps under differing conditions, and etching steps intermitted by spatially confined deposition, providing new motifs for nanoscale replication.

Investigation into the effect of the aspect ratio of cylindrical surface microstructure on von Willebrand factor damage.

Hemorrhagic episodes in patients carrying mechanical circulatory support represent a severe clinical complication. These bleeding episodes may originate from a reduced functionality of von Willebrand factor (VWF), a multimer protein pertinent to form a hemostatic plug. The reduced functionality is due to increased loss of high molecular weight von Willebrand factor multimers (HMWM-VWF), a phenomenon that is facilitated by device-induced increases in shear stress to which VWF is exposed. However, in addition to the mechanics factors, VWF damage may also be affected by interface factors, including the properties of bulk material and the surface characteristics. In this study, the effect of cylindrical surface microstructure topography on VWF damage was investigated. In the 1 to 9 range, the high aspect ratio surface features were constructed on the polycarbonate (PC) films. The topographic surfaces were fabricated by 3D printing casting on a template. A roller pump circulation platform was built to conduct in vitro experiments. VWF antigen (VWF-Ag) and VWF ristocetin cofactor activity (VWF-Rico) on these topographic surfaces were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the loss of HMWM-VWF was quantified by immunoblotting. The lower loss of HMWM-VWF was observed on surfaces with high aspect ratio compared to the pristine PC templates and surfaces with low aspect ratio, while VWF-Ag was nearly unchanged. The topographical parameters found to significantly reduce the loss of HMWM-VWF were high aspect ratio structures of more than 5. The results signify that topographical manipulation of surfaces is a feasible approach for reducing the loss of HMWM-VWF.

Influence of high energy (MeV) Au9+ ion irradiation for modification of properties in scaffold-assisted electro synthesized PbSe nanowires

Nanowires have attracted widespread attention as a result of breakthrough in nanotechnology due to their new features and potential applications. Lead selenide (PbSe) nanowires have acquired a lot of interest recently because of their exceptional performance and wide range of applications. Electrochemical deposition was used to create arranged PbSe nanowires in polycarbonate templates. Here, the effects of 120 MeV Au9+ swift heavy ion irradiation at fluence ranging from 1 × 109 to 1 × 1012 ions/cm2 on the morphology, crystalline structure, optical and electrical properties were investigated. In the Ion Distribution and Quick Calculation of Damage mode, the TRIM (Transport of Ions in Matter) simulation was employed, and the damage was computed using quick statistical estimates based on the Kinchin-Pease formalism. The primitive and ion irradiated nanowires were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, UV–Visible spectroscopy and Current-Voltage characteristics. The results of Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction imply that irradiated nanowires with minimal strain retain their crystallinity. The irradiation has shown strong impact on the optical constants like optical band gap, refractive index, high frequency and static dielectric constant and electron effective mass with no morphological change. At room temperature, the results of electrical properties studies for both primitive and irradiated nanowires are also provided. Our findings encourage the employment of nanowires in the future for photonic and electronic applications.

Magneto-Transport in Flexible 3D Networks Made of Interconnected Magnetic Nanowires and Nanotubes.

Electrochemical deposition of interconnected nanowires and nanotubes made of ferromagnetic metals into track-etched polycarbonate templates with crossed nanochannels has been revealed suitable for the fabrication of mechanically stable three-dimensional magnetic nanostructures with large surface area. These 3D networks embedded into flexible polymer membranes are also planar and lightweight. This fabrication technique allows for the control of the geometric characteristics and material composition of interconnected magnetic nanowire or nanotube networks, which can be used to fine-tune their magnetic and magneto-transport properties. The magnetostatic contribution to the magnetic anisotropy of crossed nanowire networks can be easily controlled using the diameter, packing density, or angle distribution characteristics. Furthermore, the fabrication of Co and Co-rich NiCo alloy crossed nanowires with textured hcp phases leads to an additional significant magnetocrystalline contribution to the magnetic anisotropy that can either compete or add to the magnetostatic contribution. The fabrication of an interconnected nanotube network has also been demonstrated, where the hollow core and the control over the tube wall thickness add another degree of freedom to control the magnetic properties and magnetization reversal mechanisms. Finally, three-dimensional networks made of interconnected multilayered nanowire with a succession of ferromagnetic and non-magnetic layers have been successfully fabricated, leading to giant magnetoresistance responses measured in the current-perpendicular-to-plane configuration. These interconnected nanowire networks have high potential as integrated, reliable, and stable magnetic field sensors; magnetic devices for memory and logic operations; or neuromorphic computing.

Tunable flexible pressure sensor based on bioinspired capillary-driven method

Flexible pressure sensors are highly desired in a wide variety of areas including artificial intelligence and healthcare monitoring. Amidst them, capacitive pressure sensors are advantaged for simple configuration and fast reponse speed. However, they suffer from some restrictions such as limited and fixed sensitivity as well as unsatisfactory robustness. Herein, a tunable flexible capacitive pressure sensor is realized by bioinspired capillary-driven method. The dielectric layer with double-side microstructure is developed with polycarbonate template molding (PCTEM) driven by capillary force, while the bottom and top electrodes are fabricated by a colorless polyimide (CPI) film coated with silver nanowires. The sensor exhibits a tunable sensitivity from 0.189 k Pa−1 to 5.821 k Pa−1 with an ultralow limit of detection (LOD) of ~1.5 Pa and a fast response time of ~30 ms. The sensor offers a configuration with a thickness of 130 μm and excellent robustness for fatigue test of 200,000 cycles. The pressure sensor fabricated by the PCTEM method allows sensitive and tunable pressure sensing in soft robotics and human-machine interaction. Also, the bioinspired capillary-driven PCTEM strategy may offer a guideline to design other microstructures with improved performance for varied flexible sensors.

Infrared (IR) irradiation induced surface and morphology changes in Sn-based multi-segmented metallic nanowires

In this research, infrared (IR) irradiation has been used as a new heating method for the melting and joining of tin (Sn)-based multi-segmented metallic nanowires. Sn-based nanowires were synthesized by using an electrodeposition method in nanoporous polycarbonate templates. Both Sn nanowires and Sn-based multi-segmented nanowires, which have a barrier layer in the middle and two Sn segments on both ends, were fabricated, and their surface and morphology changes were investigated by IR heating and melting method. The melting behavior and morphology changes were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphology changes of Sn nanowires and Sn segments on multi-segmented nanowires were observed when optimized parameters were applied, including flux, heating time, peak melting temperature, and substrate. Vapor phase reflow has been realized for these Sn-based nanowires with the assistance of a flux. Finally, the joining and soldering of multi-segmented nanowires has been successfully achieved, which will enable nanowire integration and device fabrication.

Visible light-activated 1-D core-shell paramagnetic Fe-Ag@AgCl as an innovative method for photocatalytic inactivation of E. coli

Innovative paramagnetic one-dimensional (1-D) core-shell Fe-Ag@AgCl visible light-driven photocatalysts are synthesized through a template-assisted electrodeposition method trailed by FeCl3 in-situ oxidation. The metallic nature of Fe-Ag@AgCl is confirmed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and crystal nature through X-ray diffraction (XRD). The controllable diameter of Fe-Ag is obtained through the selection of hollow size of the polycarbonate (PC) template. Electron impedance spectroscopy (EIS) confirms through the introduction of Fe to the Ag core that has prolonged the recombination of electron and hole. Escherichia coli (E. coli) are employed as the target bacteria to evaluate the photocatalytic disinfection performances. A total of 1.30mg of Fe-Ag@AgCl is proved to be able to completely inactivate 107CFU (colony forming units)/mL after 120min of visible light irradiation. The transition electron microscopy (TEM) confirms the stability of the material after the photo reaction. As Fe-Ag@AgCl possesses magnetic properties, the material is recovered through the application of an external magnetic field. SEM images and results of 3D emission extraction matrix (EEM) depict that the bacteria cell death is caused by membrane permeability changes caused by the reduction of membrane associated proteins.

Characterization of Iron Nanowires Fabricated by Electrodeposition into Polycarbonate Template

Characterization of Iron Nanowires Fabricated by Electrodeposition into Polycarbonate Template

Monoethanolamine Electro-Oxidation Assists Efficient Hydrogen Evolution over Nickel Nanowire Arrays Anode

In order to decrease the decomposition voltage of hydrogen evolution in ordinary alkaline or acidic water and simultaneously degrade the Ethanolamine (MEA) sewage, the efficient hydrogen evolution assisted by MEA electro-oxidation over nickel nanowire arrays anode is investigated in this work. The nickel nanowire arrays anode is successfully fabricated with the aid of the polycarbonate template and the low-melting point alloy. The electrochemical results show the driving voltage to deliver the same current density of 20 mA cm-2 in the 1.0 mol L-1 KOH/0.05 mol L-1 MEA solution is lowered by 12.2% than that in 1.0 mol L-1 KOH solution. The present study proves the viability to produce hydrogen efficiently by electrolyzing the MEA-containg water.

Protein Microtube Motors with a Pt Nanoparticle Interior and Avidin Exterior for Self-Propelled Transportation, Separation, and Stirring

This paper describes the synthesis and unique functionalities of protein microtube motors with an exterior surface consisting of avidin (Avi). Using wet-template synthesis with layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly in a track-etched polycarbonate (PC) membrane, we fabricated precursor microtubes having an internal wall composed of Pt nanoparticles (PtNPs). Subsequently, hollow cylinders eliminated from the PC template were dispersed in water and were wrapped electrostatically with Avi by LbL coating. The obtained tubules (1.2 μm outer diameter, 24 μm length) are catalytically self-propelled in aqueous H2O2 solution by jetting O2 bubbles from the open-end terminus. Avidin–biotin complexation allows the swimming microtubes to capture various biotinylated substances. The fluorescent biotin was bound selectively to the tube outer surface, even with the coexistence of other dyes. Biotin-labeled nanoparticles and microparticles were adsorbed tightly and were transported without being shaken off. Furthermore, the self-stirring motion of biotinylated-α-glucosidase-covered microtubes accelerated the enzyme reaction. It is noteworthy that the protease digested the multilayered cylindrical walls. These results demonstrated that the swimming protein microtubes act as ultrasmall transporters, separator, and stirrers with a good biofriendly nature.

Shape-Selective Electroless Plating within Expanding Template Pores: Etching-Assisted Deposition of Spiky Nickel Nanotube Networks.

Nano-objects are favored structures for applications such as catalysis and sensing. Although they already provide a large surface-to-volume ratio, this ratio can be further increased by shape-selective plating of the nanostructure surfaces. This process combines the conformity of autocatalytic deposition with the defined nucleation and growth characteristics of colloidal nanoparticle syntheses. However, many aspects of such reactions are still not fully understood. In this study, we investigate in detail the growth of spiky nickel nanotubes in polycarbonate template membranes. One distinctive feature of our synthesis is the simultaneous growth of nanospikes on both the inside and outside of nanotubes while the tubes are still embedded in the polymer. This is achieved by combining the plating process with locally enhanced in situ etching of the poylmer template, for which we propose a theory. Electron microscopy investigations reveal twinning defects as the driving force for the growth of crystalline nanospikes. Deposit crystallinity is ensured by the reducing agent hydrazine. Iminodiacetic acid is not only used as a complexing agent during synthesis but apparently also acts as a capping agent and limits random nucleation on the spike facets. Finally, we apply our synthesis to templates with interconnected pores to obtain free-standing spiky nickel nanotube networks, demonstrating its ability to homogeneously coat substrates with extended inner surfaces and to operate in nanoscale confinement.

Fabrication and temperature dependent magnetic properties of Co-Ni nanotube arrays

Parallel arrays of Co-Ni nanotubes with external diameter of 150 nm, wall thickness of 20 nm, and length of about 0.8 μm were successfully fabricated in ion-track etched polycarbonate (PC) templates by electrochemical deposition. The morphology and composition of the nanotubes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Temperature dependent magnetic analyses were performed with superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer which indicate that saturation magnetization of the nanotubes follows modified Bloch's law in the range 80–300 K. An abrupt deviation of the experimental curve (increase in magnetization) was observed from the modified Bloch's law below 80 K, which can be attributed to the disordered surface spins in the nanotubes due to the finite size effects. Finally, it was found that coercivity measured at different temperatures follows Kneller's law within the premises of Stoner–Wohlfarth model for ferromagnetic nanostructures.

An ultrasensitive label free human papilloma virus DNA biosensor using gold nanotubes based on nanoporous polycarbonate in electrical alignment

An impedimetric human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA biosensor based on gold nanotubes (AuNTs) in label free detection was materialized. The AuNTs decorated nanoporous polycarbonate (AuNTs-PC) template as biosensor electrode was fabricated by electrodeposition method. The single strand DNA (ss-DNA) probe was covalently immobilized onto the AuNTs-PC electrode. The hybridization of target sequences with the ss-DNA probe was observed by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The biosensor showed high selectivity and could differentiate between the complementary, mismatch and non-complementary DNA sequences. The EIS measurements were matched to Randle's equivalent circuit. The negatively-charged HPV DNA oligonucleotides under external electric field were oriented in a preferred direction and the bio-sensing responses were intensified by controlling the immobilization and hybridization of the sequences on the AuNTs surface. The fabricated DNA biosensor under electric field amplification was stable up to six weeks and demonstrated 97% of its initial detection responses. The biosensor displayed the HPV DNA hybridization detection in very low concentrations in the linear response ranges of 0.01 pM–1 μM and was able to acquire a limit of detection (LOD) of 1 fM.

Polycarbonate Assisted Bi-Walled Multiscale Cathode for High-Performance Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) at 500 °C

As an environmentally friendly future power source, the Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) have several attractive advantages such as high efficiency of direct conversion from chemical energy to electric, reduced over-potential losses and an application of non-precious metal catalyst for electrodes due to high operating temperature (> 800 °C). In contrast, this high operating temperature of SOFCs results in main issues including higher system cost and rapid cell degradation rate which limits practicality of SOFCs for commercial applications such as portable device. The most recently, the electrolyte material, Er0.4Bi1.6O3 (ESB) with exceptionally high ionic conductivity (0.027 S/cm at 500 °C) was developed to lower the operating temperature. However, their applications are limited by inter-diffusion reaction with cobalt-based perovskite catalyst such as La0.6Sr0.4CoO3- δ (LSC), known as a conventional and highly active for materials for oxygen reduction reaction and severe weakness in reducing atmosphere. In this study, we suggest a novel architecturing method to utilize ESB along with LSC for superior electrochemical performance. For this, we used Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 (CGO) and ESB as dense electrolyte and barrier electrolyte to prevent current leakage through CGO. Anode support with a thickness of 1 mm was fabricated by tape casting method. CGO and ESB were deposited on the anode support by screen printing and polymer-assisted electrospray deposition (PA-ESD) method, respectively. To achieve the compatibility of ESB with LSC, we suggested bi-walled nanotube structure cast by polycarbonate (PC) template. Ln-doped ceria (Ln: Ga or Sm) sol spread on the PC template inner surface enter into the cylindrical hole of PC due to the capillary force. After the gelation, the Ln-doped ceria sol converges to the wall surface to form a perforated cylinder. The same procedure was repeated with LSC sol, resulting in bi-walled nanotube after sintering. In this case, Ln-doped ceria not only blocks the reaction pathway between the LSC and the ESB but can lead to improved performance from extended reaction area obtained from the multiscale structure. In conclusion, our study shows that the novel architecturing method opens the possibility of expanding the range of materials selection for low-temperature SOFCs.