Polyaniline Dodecylbenzene Sulfonic Acid Research Articles

Characterization of the Aniline.DBSA/Thermoplastic Polyurethane Blends for the Thermo-Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Properties

Conducting polymer blends Polyaniline-Dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (Pani.DBSA) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) were prepared using in-situ emulsion polymerization method by dissolving both components in DMF. Ani.DBSA/TPU blends were prepared with different compositions 20/80, 30/70, 40/60 and 50/50 wt%. Theses blends have good conducting and mechanical properties. Blends were characterized by Potentiostate, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer (DMTA). The electrical conductivity increases up to 30 wt% loading of aniline.DBSA after that it decreases gradually. The uniform dispersion of aniline.DBSA showed in SEM images which is the indication of a strong connection between aniline.DBSA and TPU which increase the conductivity. These blends can be used as strain sensors.

Honeycomb polyaniline-dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (hPANI-DBSA)/sulfur as a new cathode for high performance Li–S batteries

Abstract In the last few years, there has been a growing interest in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries due to their high theoretical capacity of 1672 mAh/g, long life cycle, and low cost. However, Li–S batteries have been plagued with fast capacity loss and dissolution and diffusion of the polysulfides. In this study, honeycomb polyaniline-dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (hPANI-DBSA) was prepared through the breath figure (BF) method, then, sulfur was electrodeposited on hPANI-DBSA and used to investigate the electrochemical properties of the Li–S cells. The hPANI-DBSA/S exhibit a higher capacity and excellent reversible capacity of 873.5 mAh/g after 100 cycles at 0.1 C. An initial specific capacity of 848 mAh/g at 0.2 C and coulombic efficiency of 99.3% over 100 cycles was achieved. The results suggest that this approach can also be useful for applying the Li–S cathodes for use in high capacity lithium–sulfur batteries.

Polyaniline-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid for corrosion inhibition of stainless steel

Corrosion behavior of stainless steel was investigated by using highly processable polyanilinedodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI-DBSA) salt. An Electroactivity/redox property of the polymer was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. Conducting salt form of PANI-DBSA was studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy. A solution of PANI-DBSA was drop coated on stainless steel electrode. Corrosion performances of PANI-DBSA coated and un-coated electrodes were investigated in 3% sodium chloride (NaCl) by means of DC corrosion (E Tafel) technique. The results show that PANI coating increased the corrosion resistance of stainless steel in an aggressive sodium chloride medium.

The study of optical, dielectric and optoelectronic properties of dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid doped polyaniline

Soluble polyaniline (PANI) doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) was synthesized by chemical oxidation method and was cast on glass using homemade spray, a simple technology used for coating thin film in order to replace other costly complicated techniques. The PANI–DBSA was characterized by FTIR, XRD and UV–vis techniques. The TGA results illustrated that they are three major stages of weight loss of the PANI–DBSA sample. D.C. and A.C. study was performed by pelletizing the sample. D.C. conductivity obtained at room temperature was 3.753×10−3S/cm. The A.C. conductivity and dielectric properties was analyzed in the frequency range 100–1000kHz which indicates that the value of dielectric constant and loss tangent increases with increase in temperature and decreases with increase in frequency and in addition it supports the hopping mechanism. Current density–voltage (J–V) measurements was used to characterize ITO/PANI–DBSA/Al device. The value of various junction parameters such as ideality factor, barrier height and saturation current density was calculated.

All-organic PANI–DBSA/PVDF dielectric composites with unique electrical properties

Novel all-organic polymer high-dielectric permittivity composites of polyaniline (PANI)/poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) were prepared by solution method and their dielectric and electric properties were studied over the wide ranges of temperatures and frequencies. To improve the interface bonding between two polymers, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA), a bulky molecule containing a polar head and a long non-polar chain was used both as a surfactant and as dopant in polyaniline (PANI) synthesis. Synthesized conducting PANI–DBSA particles were dispersed in poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) matrix to form an all-organic composite with different PANI–DBSA concentrations. Near the percolation threshold, the dielectric permittivity of the composites at 100 Hz frequency and room temperature was as high as 170, while the dielectric loss tangent value was as low as 0.9. Like typical percolation system, composites experienced high dielectric permittivity at low filler concentrations. However, their dielectric loss tangent was low enough to match with non-percolative ceramic filler-based polymer composites. Maximum electrical conductivity at 24 wt% of PANI–DBSA was mere 10−6 S/cm, a remarkably low value for percolative-type composites. Increase in the dielectric permittivity of the composites with increase in temperature from 25 to 115 °C for different PANI–DBSA concentrations was always in the same range of 50–60 %. However, the degree of increase in the electrical conductivity with the temperature was more prominent at low filler concentrations compared with high filler concentrations. Distinct electrical and their unique thermal dependence were attributed to an improved interface between the filler and the polymer matrix.

Synthesis and characterization of completely soluble and highly thermally stable PANI-DBSA salts

This paper presents synthesis and characterization of soluble polyaniline-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI-DBSA) via inverse polymerization. A mixture of chloroform and 2-butanol was used as dispersion medium for the first time. This polymerization pathway leads to the formation of PANI-DBSA salts which are completely soluble in a number of common organic solvents (such as DMSO, DMF, chloroform and in a mixture of toluene) and 2-propanol (so far highest number of solvents for solubility of PANI). The influence of synthesis parameters such as concentration of aniline, benzoyl peroxide and dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) on the yield and other properties of the resulting PANI-DBSA salts was studied. Further characterization of the synthesized materials was done with the help of viscosity measurements, UV–Vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, XRD and SEM. TGA was used to analyze the thermal properties of synthesized polymer. The synthesized salts were found to be highly stable.

Fabrication and percolation behaviour of novel porous conductive polyblends of polyaniline and poly(methyl methacrylate)

The conductive polymer polyaniline is blended with conventional industrial thermoplastics in order to obtain an electrically conductive polymer blend with adequate mechanical properties. Processing these polyblends into foams yields a porous conductive material that exhibits immense application potential such as dynamic separation media and low-density electrostatic discharge protection. In the current study, the morphology of a thermally processable blend consisting of an electrically conductive polyaniline-dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid complex and poly(methyl methacrylate) is explored using a two-phase batch foaming setup. The effect of blend composition and processing parameters on the resulting porous morphology is investigated. The impact of the underlying microstructure and blend composition on the frequency dependent electrical conductivity is elucidated using multiple linear regression and a model is proposed. Finally, dielectric analysis is utilized to experimentally identify the critical dispersion frequency of an unfoamed blend composition near the percolation threshold.

Synthesis of waterborne nanopolyanilne latexes and application of nanopolyaniline particles in epoxy paint formulation for smart corrosion resistivity of carbon steel

Polyaniline (PANI) latexes were synthesized by emulsion polymerization using dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a surfactant. Synthesized PANI–DBSA and PANI–SDS latexes were characterized by IR and UV-visible spectroscopies, and surface morphology was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. The PANI–DBSA were found to be nanograin shaped whereas PANI–SDS were as nanofibers. In the second stage rheological properties of waterborne PANI latexes were characterized by viscosity measurement and their dispersion stability in water. The surface morphology of the coating was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The anti-corrosion performance of uncoated carbon steel, PANI–DBSA and PANI–SDS coated carbon steel was evaluated by tafel slope analysis and immersion test studies of 0.5, 1, and 1.5% PANI/Epoxy coatings were done in 5% NaCl aqueous solution. The results indicated that the nanoPANI in epoxy coating might work as an adhesion promoter and corrosion inhibitor. The waterborne latexes, thus, were found to be highly suitable and avoid the use of organic solvents or strong acids under environmentally benign conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Ternary magnetic nanocomposites based on core–shell Fe3O4/polyaniline nanoparticles distributed in PVDF matrix

AbstractMagnetic, electric, and radioprotector properties of hybrid nanocomposites of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with and without a shell of polyaniline (PANI), which is doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA), dispersed in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) matrix have been studied. It has been found that the presence of PANI–DBSA as a separate filler in the ternary nanocomposite film, which also contains as another filler the core–shell Fe3O4/PANI–DBSA nanoparticles, facilitates dispersion of the magnetic filler due to the improvement of its compatibility with the PVDF matrix. This leads both to the decrease in coefficient of squareness of the hysteresis loop and to the increase in electromagnetic energy (EME) absorption of the nanocomposite film.magnified image

Effect of preparation method on nanoscopic structure of conductive SBS/PANI blends: Study using small‐angle X‐ray scattering

AbstractSmall‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) studies of electrically conductive blends based on polyaniline–dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI–DBSA)/styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) triblock copolymer were performed to investigate the influence of the blend preparation procedure on the nanoscopic structure of the blends. The blends were prepared by mechanical mixing (MM) procedure and by in situ polymerization (ISP) of aniline in the presence of SBS. The results indicate that pure PANI–DBSA presents an extended phase consisting of crystalline islands of nanometric size, with a good spatial correlation between them, embedded into an amorphous PANI phase. This feature was not observed in SBS/PANI–DBSA blends prepared by MM or ISP. In MM blends, the PANI phase is constituted by smaller domains, containing poorly spatially correlated crystalline islands, whereas in ISP blends with low or medium amount of PANI, there is no SAXS peak which could be related to a spatial correlation between PANI crystalline islands. The conductivity of the ISP blends is higher when compared to MM blends because of the higher homogeneity at nanometric scale. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 3069–3077, 2007

Blends of styrene–butadiene–styrene tri-block copolymer/polyaniline—Characterization by SAXS

The electrically conductive elastomer blends based on styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) tri-block copolymer and polyaniline–dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (PANI.DBSA) were prepared by two methods, namely, melt mixing and in situ polymerization of aniline in the presence of SBS. The influence of composition and synthetic methods on the properties of SBS/PANI has been studied. SBS/PANI blends are characterized for physico-mechanical properties such as density, tensile strength and tensile modulus. A drastic reduction in volume resistivity with increase in PANI content is noticed for blends prepared by in situ polymerization compared to melt mixing method. Using Porod's law we have estimated the interface thickness and the value turns out to be 0.55 ± 0.04 in all cases. The microstructural parameters such as long mean periodicity ( L M), crystalline length ( L C), amorphous length ( L A), correlation length ( L COR) and percentage of crystallinity are estimated in these blends using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data. The results are compared with mechanical and electrical properties.

Continuous roll to roll nanoimprinting of inherently conducting polyaniline

Roll to roll printing has been used recently to produce organic electronics. In future, the high speed manufacturing methods offer a way to integrate electronic functions on consumer products and packages. The minimum feature sizes achieved with roll to roll printing processes, such as gravure or flexography printing, are in the range of tens of microns. Roll to roll nanoimprinting enables a way to produce submicron features at high speed. In this work we have investigated roll to roll manufacturing of submicron structures of conducting polymer using a custom made laboratory scale nanoimprinting machine. The machine combines a gravure printing unit and a nanoimprinting unit. The units can be used consecutively to pattern the web in a single pass. We present results obtained using the gravure unit to print inherently conducting polymer layer on the substrate web, followed by pattering the polymer layer using the nanoimprinting unit. Using this approach we have realised submicron features in inherently conductive polyaniline-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI-DBSA) film.

Corrosion Protection Performance and Spectroscopic Investigations of Soluble Conducting Polyaniline-Dodecylbenzenesulfonate Synthesized via Inverse Emulsion Procedure

Corrosion protection performance of a completely soluble polyaniline-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid salt (PANI-DBSA) on C45 steel has been studied with electrochemical impedance and potentiodynamic measurements. Chloroform is the most suitable solvent to process the pristine PANI-DBSA because of negligible interaction of the solvent with the polyaniline (PANI) backbone. An anodic shift in the corrosion potential , a decrease in the corrosion current, and a significant increase in the charge-transfer resistance indicate a significant anti-corrosion performance of the soluble PANI deposited on the protected steel surface. Corrosion protection follows the mechanism of formation of a passive oxide layer on the surface of C45 steel. In situ UV-vis spectroscopy was used to investigate the differences in permeability of aqueous anions into PANI-DBSA. Preliminary results of electron diffraction studies show that PANI-DBSA possesses an orthorhombic type of crystal structure. An increase in the feed ratio of DBSA to aniline increases the tendency of aggregation of spherical particles of PANI obvious in transmission electron microscopy. PANI-DBSA slowly loses its electrochemical activity in acid free electrolyte without undergoing degradation.

Influence of plasticizers (DOP and CNSL) on mechanical and electrical properties of SBS/polyaniline blends

Electrically conductive blends based on polyaniline–dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (Pani.DBSA)/styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) block copolymer have been prepared in the presence of different plasticizers such as dioctyl phthalate (DOP) and cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). The products were characterized by ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and resistivity measurements. The presence of DOP resulted in an increase of the electrical resistivity whereas the increasing concentration of CNSL resulted in a decrease of electrical resistivity. In the latter case, the presence of cardanol, a phenol-type compound in CNSL, may be responsible for the improved electrical performance, probably because of a secondary doping process, which changes the molecular conformation of Pani.DBSA chains from “compact coil” to “expanded coil”. In addition, CNSL contributes to the formation of cocontinuous-type morphology with conducting pathways in larger extension. EPR studies also showed an increase of the polaron mobility as the amount of CNSL in the blend increases.

Synthesis and characterization of organic soluble polyaniline prepared by one-step emulsion polymerization

Abstract Emeraldine salt of polyaniline-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI-DBSA) in organic solvents such as toluene and xylene was obtained by a direct one-step emulsion polymerization technique. When the molar ratio of DBSA to aniline monomer was 1.5:1, solubility and electrical property showed a maximum value. The solid contents of PANI-DBSA was 8 wt.% in toluene. The casting film of PANI-DBSA was obtained on glass or plastic substrate under ambient conditions. PANI solution can also be easily blended with polyurethane and polystyrene polymers in toluene. Better electrical performance (up to 5 S/cm), good light transmittance (up to 70% at 500 nm thickness), were obtained and more homogeneous morphology was observed for the casting film of PANI-DBSA prepared by the present method as compared with that prepared by the aqueous emulsion polymerization. The partially dispersed PANI-DBSA particles of 50–400 nm sizes in organic solvents such as toluene and xylene were observed and the crystalline nature of these powder samples was confirmed from the XRD patterns.

Reactive processing and evaluation of butadiene–styrene copolymer/polyaniline conductive blends

AbstractBlending is an important way to obtain materials based on intrinsically conductive polymers and conventional plastics and rubber materials. Much research has been carried out to determine the best performance of materials be used for electrostatic dissipation and electromagnetic interference shielding. Mechanical mixing, codissolution, and in situ polymerization have been used to prepare these materials. The method used depends on the host polymer and its thermal stability and acid attack resistance. Homogeneity and miscibility are properties that should be controlled during blend preparation. In this study, we prepared a conductive thermoplastic elastomer material based on butadiene–styrene copolymer (SBR) and polyaniline (PANI) doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) and poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PSS). PSS also acted as compatibilizer between PANI and SBR. PANI was doped by reactive processing with DBSA and PSS to produce the conductive complex PANI–DBSA–PSS. This complex was mixed with 90, 70, and 50% (w/w) SBR in a counterrotatory internal mixer. Conductivity tests, swelling studies, thermal analysis, and mechanical property and reflectivity testing were done, and the results show a strong dependence on PANI concentration and the ratio between PANI–DBSA and PSS. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 681–685, 2006

Conducting Elastomer Blends Based on Nitrile Rubber and Pani.DBSA

AbstractElectrically conductive elastomer blends based on polyaniline‐dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (Pani.DBSA) and nitrile rubber (NBR) were prepared by polymerization of aniline in the presence of NBR, using a direct, one‐step in situ emulsion polymerization method. At the same PAni content, the conductivity of the in situ emulsion‐polymerized blends is higher than that of blends produced by mechanical mixing of both components. In addition, a morphology with the presence of PAni in the form of microtubules was achieved by the in situ process. Stronger interaction between the components were also confirmed by Rheological processing analysis (RPA). The vulcanization process decreases the conductivity of the blends prepared by both methods. The in situ polymerized blends also display higher tensile strength and also higher crosslink density

The in situ polymerization of aniline in nitrile rubber

Electrically conductive elastomer blends based on polyaniline-dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (PAni.DBSA/nitrile rubber (NBR) was prepared by polymerization of aniline in the presence of NBR, using a direct, one-step in situ emulsion polymerization method in which DBSA played both roles of surfactant and dopant. At the same PAni content, the conductivity of the in situ emulsion-polymerized blends is higher than that of blends produced by mechanical mixing of both components. In addition, a more uniform morphology with the presence of PAni in the form of microtubules was achieved by the in situ process. Stronger interaction between the components were also confirmed by the presence of great amount of insoluble material in non-vulcanized blends, by Raman spectroscopy and rheological processing analysis (RPA).

Electrically conductive, melt‐processed ternary blends of polyaniline/dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid, ethylene/vinyl acetate, and low‐density polyethylene

AbstractAlthough polyaniline (PANI) has high conductivity and relatively good environmental and thermal stability and is easily synthesized, the intractability of this intrinsically conducting polymer with a melting procedure prevents extensive applications. This work was designed to process PANI with a melting blend method with current thermoplastic polymers. PANI in an emeraldine base form was plasticized and doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) to prepare a conductive complex (PANI–DBSA). PANI–DBSA, low‐density polyethylene (LDPE), and an ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) were blended in a twin‐rotor mixer. The blending procedure was monitored, including the changes in the temperature, torque moment, and work. As expected, the conductivity of ternary PANI–DBSA/LDPE/EVA was higher by one order of magnitude than that of binary PANI–DBSA/LDPE, and this was attributed to the PANI–DBSA phase being preferentially located in the EVA phase. An investigation of the morphology of the polymer blends with high‐resolution optical microscopy indicated that PANI–DBSA formed a conducting network at a high concentration of PANI–DBSA. The thermal and crystalline properties of the polymer blends were measured with differential scanning calorimetry. The mechanical properties were also measured. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 3750–3758, 2004

Roll-to-roll method for producing polyaniline patterns on paper

High speed reel-to-reel manufacturing of electrically conductive polyaniline-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI-DBSA) patterns directly onto paper substrate were investigated. A printing speed upto 100 meters per minute and line width down to 60 μm with a 60 cm wide paper web with a industrial scale pilot gravure printer was demonstrated. Additional measurements were made with printability tester using the conducting ink which consist of a PANI-DBSA in toluene solution. We illustrate what influence the concentration of the ink, printing speed and pressure at printing nip have on the conductivity of printed patterns.