Polyaniline Blends Research Articles

Preparation, characterization, and antistatic applications of high‐density polyethylene/polyaniline blends

AbstractTo obtain electrostatic charge dissipative (ESD) materials, high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyaniline (PANI) blends are synthesized by the solution blending method. To prepare the blends, 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0 wt% of PANI are introduced into the HDPE matrix. The prepared blends are investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Additionally, stress–strain curves are used to examine the blends' mechanical properties. Polyaniline additions indicated an increase in thermal stability by approximately 1°C in the blends but decrease in mechanical properties. The four‐probe technique is used to determine the electrical conductivity of blends, which is found to be between 10−7 and 10−10 S/cm. The results of the conductivity values have indicated that all blends have great potential to be used as antistatic materials. For antistatic applications, the ESD performance of the blends is determined at different corona voltages. Blends achieved the antistatic requirements with a 10% cutoff decay time of approximately 2.0 s and a 1/e time of approximately 1.0 s, demonstrating quick dissipation of static charges. According to antistatic decay times, it has been shown that all blends obtained in this study can be used as antistatic material at 3 kV corona voltage.

Some Polyaniline Blends Films Physical Characteristics

The casting technique has been successfully used to prepare films with polyaniline (PAni) blends. Films made from the (PMMA ,PAni ), PS, and POE at consistent concentrations have a thickness of 50 micro meters. By using XRD and FTIR spectroscopy, the PAni Blends films are identified. Using this method, the presence of the films' distinctive bonds was discovered. Electrical characteristics showed that, the conductivity of PAni blend sheets measured at room temperature is as follows: for PAni blends made with PMMA, PS, and PEO, respectively: (5.18, 9.23 and 0.12) 10-9 S.cm-1. The tensile stress and hardness numbers of the numerous PAni blend films can differ from one another depending on the mechanical characteristics. The results also indicated that the polymers can be used with a very thin layer in photovoltaic cell applications.

Some Polyaniline Blends Films Physical Characteristics

The casting technique has been successfully used to prepare films with polyaniline (PAni) blends. Films made from the (PMMA ,PAni ), PS, and POE at consistent concentrations have a thickness of 50 micro meters. By using XRD and FTIR spectroscopy, the PAni Blends films are identified. Using this method, the presence of the films' distinctive bonds was discovered. Electrical characteristics showed that, the conductivity of PAni blend sheets measured at room temperature is as follows: for PAni blends made with PMMA, PS, and PEO, respectively: (5.18, 9.23 and 0.12) 10-9 S.cm-1. The tensile stress and hardness numbers of the numerous PAni blend films can differ from one another depending on the mechanical characteristics. The results also indicated that the polymers can be used with a very thin layer in photovoltaic cell applications.

Tuning the structural, optical and dielectric features of PMMA/PEO/PANi blend using nano MnFe2O4

This study aimed to incorporate MnFe2O4 nanoparticles into a nanocomposite blend of poly (methyl methacrylate, PMMA), polyethylene oxide (PEO), and polyaniline (PANi). The incorporation was achieved using straightforward, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective techniques. The structures of MnFe2O4 and PMMA/PEO/PANi/x wt % MnFe2O4 were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and/or transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The diffused reflectance technique was employed to investigate the linear optical properties of all blends, including absorbance, transmittance, reflectance, extinction coefficient, linear refractive index, optical dielectric constant and optical conductivity. PMMA/PEO/PANi blend has direct and indirect energy gaps of 5.33 and 4.65 eV, respectively. As MnFe2O4 doping level increased to 2.5 wt%, the smallest direct and indirect energy gap values of 5.16 and 4.08 eV were obtained, respectively. The addition of 1 wt% MnFe2O4 to the blend increased the refractive index value at 600 nm to 2.24. Nonlinear optical parameters of PMMA/PEO/PANi/x wt% MnFe2O4 blends were calculated. The emitted colors and their purities of all blends were investigated as a function of MnFe2O4 concentration. The obtained results suggested that the PMMA/PEO/PANi/x wt% MnFe2O4 blends may be used in a variety of optoelectronic and storage applications.

Synergistic Analysis of Hydrothermally Synthesized PANI-GO: MnO2/MoO3 Nanocomposites for Enhanced Structural and Supercapacitor Performance

This study explores the potential of PANI-GO:MnO2/MoO3 nanocomposites as high-performance supercapacitors, addressing the increasing energy storage demands in portable electronics devices. By varying the amount of polyaniline (PANI) alongside a ternary composite of GO/MnO2/MoO3, the present study investigates their combined influence on electrochemical performance. XRD analysis confirmed the hexagonal phase with an average particle size of 19 nm, and FTIR analysis showed the functional groups associated with the title compound. FESEM images demonstrated the leaf-like structures, and the EDAX spectrum confirmed the presence of Mn and Mo elements in the as-prepared samples. Electrochemical analysis showed a maximum capacitance of 596 F/g. The unique blend of graphene, polyaniline, and ternary metal oxides in these nanocomposites holds great promise for advanced supercapacitors. The research aims to understand how different levels of polyaniline impact the overall composition, providing insights into the synergies between these components and their effects on energy storage capabilities.

Facile construction of magnetic solid-phase extraction of polyaniline blend poly(amidoamine) dendrimers modified graphene oxide quantum dots for efficient adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water

An efficient magneto–adsorbent composed of polyaniline blend poly(amidoamine) dendrimers modified graphene oxide quantum dots and magnetic Fe3O4 particles (Fe3O4@PANI–PSS/PAMAM–QGO) for magnetic solid–phase extraction (MSPE) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environmental water was synthesized. Fe3O4@PANI–PSS/PAMAM–QGO exhibited exceptional adsorption property for most PAHs analytes. The nanocomposite sorbent demonstrated a ferromagnetic behavior of 17.457 emu g−1, which is adequate for subsequent use in MSPE. Key parameters affecting the processes of adsorption and desorption, including the sorbent amount, vortex adsorption time, vortex extraction time, sample volume, a solvent for desorption and the solvent volume were all examined and optimized. The performance of MSPE using Fe3O4@PANI–PSS/PAMAM–QGO as adsorbent for four PAHs, including fluoranthene, acenaphthene, phenanthrene and pyrene were studied through high performance liquid chromatography equipped with spectrofluorometer. Under the optimal conditions, Fe3O4@PANI–PSS/PAMAM–QGO showed a wide linearity of 10–1,000 ng mL−1, low detection limit (LOD) ranging from 1.92 to 4.25 ng mL -1 and high accuracy (recoveries of 93.6–96.5 %). Enrichment factors up to 185 were achieved. Furthermore, Fe3O4@PANI–PSS/PAMAM–QGO exhibited good recyclability (10 times, RSDs ≤ 5.35%), while maintaining its high efficiency in the extraction of PAHs. The proposed method was successfully applied for environmental samples. Recoveries ranging from 81.2 to 106.2 % were obtained, indicating a low matrix effect and the robustness of the optimized MSPE method. Based on these features and under the optimal extraction conditions, Fe3O4@PANI–PSS/PAMAM–QGO was demonstrated to be a successful tool for the rapid and sensitive extraction of PAHs in the samples.

Preparation and characterization of conductive blends of polyaniline with polyphenol red

Polymers are widely employed in biomedical applications, pharmaceutical product formulation, and drug delivery systems. Since every polymer has its own distinct properties, polymer blends will have novel chemical and physical properties. Functionally, the purpose of blending polymers is to improve, customize, or maximize material performance. In this study, polyaniline and polyphenol red polymer mixtures were prepared electrochemically and characterized with XPS imaging and SEM whether their distribution was homogeneous. The mixture of aniline and phenol red was deposited glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface using the cyclic voltammetry technique in the potential range of -0.80 V to 2.00 V with 50 mV/s scan rate for 25 cycles. The phase separation of the two polymers was demonstrated by a combination of spectroscopic imaging and microscopy. For this purpose, the X-ray spot size and step number were set to 50μm. 1 x 1 mm2 area scan of the polymer mixtures was performed, and spectra were obtained at each pixel in an array of 20 x 20 pixels. Chemical imaging was obtained by applying Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to collected XPS survey spectra. For the morphological characterization, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed, and images were obtained at magnifications of 5000 x. The results obtained in the mixtures prepared with 5%, 10% and 25% were better compared to the mixture prepared with 50% polyphenol red. Since the X-ray spot size is limited, the desired image resolution could not be obtained. It was shown that XPS imaging studies could also be used for examining the distribution of different and unknown polymer mixtures together with SEM.

Study of the Effect of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on the Mechanical Properties of Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)/Polyaniline Blend Film

In this research, poly(vinyl alcohol)/polyaniline blend films were fabricated using solution casting technique with different weight ratios of PANI (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10) wt.%. The results showed that the best ratio of the polymer blend was (92% PVA/8% PANI), based on the electrical conductivity of direct current. The results showed that 8 wt.% PANI possessed the highest conductivity. Then, the composite films were prepared by adding multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) to the optimum ratio of the polymer blend as a base material and at different weight ratios (0, 1, 3, 5, 7 wt.%). A tension device was used to examine and characterize the prepared samples. It was found that the addition of MWCNT to PVA/PANI caused an obvious decrease in elongation while there was an increase in tension strength and “Young’s modulus”. Optical microscopy results showed a good picture of the distribution of MWCNT particles for composites up to 1 wt.% MWCNT. But, some aggregations can be observed in films with 3, 5, and 7 wt.% MWCNT content.

Electromagnetic wave absorption, EMI shielding effectiveness and electrical properties of ethylene – vinyl Acetate (EVA)/ Polyaniline (PAni) blends prepared by in situ polymerization

Flexible, low cost and scalable microwave absorbing materials are very important for application in the telecommunication area and also in stealth technology for military purpose. In the present work, polyaniline doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (PAni.DBSA) was synthesized in the presence of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer by in situ inverted emulsion polymerization and the corresponding composites were explored as potential electromagnetic wave absorbing materials and electromagnetic interference shielding materials in the X- and Ku-band frequency range. The properties of the composites, such as rheological, electrical and dielectric properties, were investigated as a function of the composite composition. The findings reveal that the microwave absorption of EVA@PAni composites is influenced by the PAni content, with the optimal attenuation achieved by the composite with 33 vol % PAni. This composite displays superior microwave absorbing performance, with a minimum reflection loss of −39 dB (99.99 % attenuation) at 16.65 GHz. This study demonstrates the potential of EVA@PAni composites as microwave-absorbing materials, mainly in the higher frequency range (Ku band) and open new possibilities of developing flexible, low-cost, lightweight and processable materials for applications in both civil and military field.

Exploring the effects of ultra-low loading level of silver oxide nanoparticles on the dielectric, I-V characteristics and optical energy band gap of thermoplastic polyurethane and poly-aniline blend nanocomposites

This study deals with the exploration of ultra-low loading levels of Silver oxide (Ag2O) nanoparticles on the materials properties such as dielectric, I-V characteristics, and optical energy band gap of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and Polyaniline (PANI) blend nanocomposites. The nanocomposites with varying loading levels of Ag2O nanoparticles have been fabricated using the most simplified solvent casting technique. The dispersion pattern of the Ag2O phase in the vicinity of the TPU and PANI Matric has been observed from the high-resolution transmission electron microscopic (HRTEM) analysis. The dielectric properties like dielectric permittivity(εʹ), AC conductivity (σac), Nyquist plot, etc., of the fabricated nanocomposites have been explored in a wide range of frequency of the applied electric field (1 -106Hz). The significant improvement in εʹ with a 3 wt% loading level of Ag2O is one of the outstanding findings of today’s research work. The obtained I-V characteristics indicate the formation of dielectric materials with pseudo-metallic behavior. The decrease in optical energy band gap with the addition of Ag2O ensures the suitability of the fabricated nanocomposites to be used in the construction of the solar cell. Dielectric properties ensure the suitability of the materials to be used in the construction of the buffer layer of solar cells and the fabrication of EMI shielding panels to be used in heavy electronics where radiation leakage is very frequent.

Quasi-solid polyaniline/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) blend electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells

Conductive polymer blend gel electrolytes can address the instability caused by liquid electrolytes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), thereby improving their long-term stability, by reducing leakage, and enhancing electrode adhesion. This work employed in-situ polymerization to synthesize blends of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyaniline (PANI), which were subsequently characterized using ionic conductivity measurements, Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Consequently, the optimal composition has been chosen to prepare the electrolyte solution using polymer blend, solvents, and iodine-based salts. The conductivity of blend electrolytes has also been found to be affected by the salt concentration. The fabrication of DSSCs has made use of electrolytes with the highest conductivity values. It has been found that dye-sensitized solar cells with polymer gel electrolytes are more robust but less efficient than their conventional counterparts. Solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells were found to maintain their photovoltaic performance for a duration of one week, whereas conventional cells experienced a substantial decline in short-circuit current (∼36%) and open-circuit voltage (∼33.33%) over the same period.

Conductive polymer blend based on polyaniline and galactomannan: Optical and electrical properties

Polyaniline (PAni) is a semiconductor polymer characterized by a wide conductivity range and can be used as a biosensor for glucose measurement via glucose oxidase (GOx) catalysis because PAni can immobilize GOx on its surface and allows charge transfer between GOx and its surface. However, PAni presents issues with enzyme leaching and high dielectric constant (104-105), which hinders its electrical response as a sensor. To solve both issues simultaneously, a blend of polyaniline and galactomannan (Gal) is presented. Gal is able to preserve the enzymatic activity and has insulating properties, making it suitable to enhance the immobilization of GOx on PAni and to improve the electrical response of the latter for biosensing. PAni was synthesized from the polymerization of aniline in HCl and ammonium persulfate and blended with a solution of Gal 2%, resulting in the polyaniline and galactomannan blend (PAni/Gal). Samples of Gal 2%, PAni and PAni/Gal were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and impedance spectroscopy (IS). The FTIR of the PAni/ AP blends detected the presence of the band associated to the deformation outside the binding plane (C-N) and the oxidizing agent responsible for the semiconducting property of PAni. The XRD patterns showed the crystalline structure of PAni and the amorphous structure of PAni/Gal. The IS showed that PAni/Gal exhibited a smaller dielectric constant and a higher loss tangent than PAni, indicating that PAni/Gal has better electrical behavior as a sensor compared to PAni and thus has solid potential for use in biosensors.

Additive manufacturing of polyaniline blends for lightweight structures with tunable conductivity

Printable feedstocks that can produce lightweight, robust, and ductile structures with tunable and switchable conductivity are of considerable interest for numerous application spaces.

Anticancer potential of poly(2-aminobenzoic acid)-blend-Aloe vera against the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231

Breast cancer in women is amongst the most significant concerns from time immemorial in the field of oncology. This study proposes an anticancerous polymeric material based on an electroactive substituted polyaniline blend, poly(2-aminobenzoic acid)-blend-Aloe vera (PABA/AV) synthesized by the emulsion polymerization method. The structural, thermal, and morphological characteristics determined using FT-IR and UV-Visible Spectroscopy, XRD, TGA, DTA, and SEM-EDX validated the thermally stable, semi-crystalline, emeraldine salt structure. The material is semi-conducting, and the electrical conductivity measured is 1.86 × 10−3 S/cm. It shows bactericidal efficacy against Enterococcus faecalis at a minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentration of 50 μg/mL. The radical cations in the emeraldine polymer chain reduce the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and exhibit a significant % of DPPH scavenging (89.85%) at 20 μL. The polymer blend is active against the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and causes 78.65% cytotoxicity at a concentration of 125 μg/mL. The synergistic effect of the ancient healing Aloe vera plant and the electroactive biocompatible poly(2-aminobenzoic acid) certainly opens up new developments in the field of cancer therapy.

Preparation and Characterization of PANI/PVA Blends as Electrolyte Materials

This work presents a detailed study on the preparation and performance of polyaniline (PANI)/Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blend. The blends are prepared by the casting method at different weight ratios (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt%). The structural morphology was characterized using scanning electron microscope SEM. The morphological analysis showed a uniform blend of PANI with PVA matrix. PVA exhibits lamellae structure of different shapes and dimensions. For 1% PANI, the results showed homogeneous blending, which decreases with an increase of the PANI ratio. Phase separation and semispherical region formation in the PVA matrix were seen. It was found that incompatibilities increase with increasing the PANI ratio. Also, the results proved in the blends scanning electron microscope anilinium cation – radical surfaces for an aggregate of different dimension and spherical shapes, which induced by surface tension. The electrical conductivity study of PANI/PVA blends and PVA reveals that PANI/PVA gives the conductivity of 10−4(cm.Ω)-1, while PVA presented the lowest conductivity with the value of 10−12 (cm.Ω)-1. The results also showed an increase in ionic conductivity with temperature and PANI weight ratio. The increase in electrical conduction with increasing temperatures is due to the negative thermal coefficient, this result is attributed to the polymer chains that act as traps for charge carriers, and when the temperature rises, the transfer mechanism will be reigned by the hopping process.

Tailor-made conductive PANI-coated nanofibers for tissue engineering applications

Due to the challenges related to the cytotoxicity of polyaniline (PANI), tissue engineering applications of PANI-coated nanofibers are limited. For this reason, PANI-based nanofibers are usually made through the blending of PANI and biocompatible polymers to reduce the cytotoxicity of the final scaffold. In the present study, PANI-coated nanofibers with no cytotoxic effects were prepared. Two types of PANI-coated nanofibers with different dopants including hydrochloric acid (HCl) and taurine (Tau) were fabricated, characterized, and compared to introduce a conductive scaffold with no cytotoxicity. In fact, Tau as a bioactive dopant was used to enhance the biocompatibility of PANI-coated nanofibers. To this end, plasma-treated poly(ethersulfone) (PES) electrospun nanofibers were used as the template. Then, the PANI-coated nanofibers were fabricated via in situ chemical oxidative polymerization of PANI-HCl and PANI-Tau. The PANI-coated nanofibers were assessed by microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, porosity analysis, conductivity analysis, contact angle measurement, and indirect MTT assay to ascertain the effects of dopants on the properties of the nanofibers. Severe cytotoxicity was observed in the extraction of the PES/PANI-HCl nanofibers, while the extraction of PES/PANI-Tau nanofibers enhanced cell viability. On the other hand, between PANI-HCl and PANI-Tau, the first compound had higher conductivity while the second one had higher conductivity stability in the cell culture medium. With respect to the biocompatibility and physicochemical properties of the above-mentioned nanofibers, Tau-doped-PANI-coated nanofibers could be considered as a novel biocompatible conductive scaffold for tissue engineering applications.

Near-Infrared Light-Responsive Shape Memory Polymer Fabricated from Reactive Melt Blending of Semicrystalline Maleated Polyolefin Elastomer and Polyaniline.

A shape memory polymer was prepared by melt mixing a semicrystalline maleated polyolefin elastomer (mPOE) with a small amount of polyaniline (PANI) (up to 15 wt.%) in an internal mixer. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), FTIR analysis, DMA, DSC, melt rheological analysis, and a tensile test were performed to characterize the structure and properties of the mPOE/PANI blends. The results revealed that the blends form a physically crosslinked network via the grafting of PANI onto the mPOE chains, and the PANI dispersed at the nanometer scale in the POE matrix served as a photo-thermal agent and provided increased crosslinking points. These structural features enabled the blends to exhibit a shape memory effect upon near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation. With increasing PANI content, the shape recovery rate of the blend under NIR stimulation was improved and reached 96% at 15 wt.% of PANI.

Far Infrared Laser Detector Based on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Blend of (Polyaniline - Polymethyl Methacrylate) Polymers with Methyl Blue Dye for Photoconductive Applications

Infrared photoconductive detectors working in the far-infrared region and room temperature were fabricated. The detectors were fabricated using three types of carbon nanotubes (CNTs); MWCNTs, COOH-MWCNTs, and short-MWCNTs. The carbon nontubes suspension is deposited by dip coating and drop–casting techniques to prepare thin films of CNTs. These films were deposited on porous silicon (PSi) substrates of n-type Si. The I-V characteristics and the figures of merit of the fabricated detectors were measured at a forward bias voltage of 3 and 5 volts as well as at dark and under illumination by IR radiation from a CO2 laser of 10.6 μm wavelengths and power of 2.2 W. The responsivity and figures of merit of the photoconductive detector are improved by coating the MWCNTs films with a thin layer of a blend (polyaniline - polymethyl methacrylate) polymer with methylene blue dye. The coated MWCNTs films showed better performances, so this type of coating can be considered as a surface treatment of the detector film, which highly increased the responsivity and specific detectivity of the fabricated IR laser detector-based MWCNTs. The photocurrent response for the coated films was increased about 25 times than that for uncoated films. The results proved the role of the polymer in the enhancement of the performance of the IR photoconductive detectors. Keywords: Carbon nanotubes, Infrared detector, Polyaniline polymer, Polymethyl methacrylate polymer, Methyl Blue dye.

BLEND OF METAL OXIDES AND POLYANILINE ON PLATINUM ELECTRODES FOR DISSOLVED OXYGEN SENSORS

In this study, we report the detection of dissolve oxygen (DO) by using a blend of Ruthenium oxide and polyaniline (PANI) coated on platinum electrodes. Optical properties of the PANI were characterized by using Ultraviolet - Visible (UV-Vis) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. In order to study the sensitivity of the thin films of the PANI and PANI: Ruthenium oxide blend, cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements was performed with the platinum electrodes coated with the thin films of PANI: Ruthenium oxide. The electrolyte solutions were prepared from the phosphate buffer and had the salinity of 20‰ and pH 7.3. The CV measurements were carried out when the electrodes were put in the electrolyte solutions which had various DO concentrations by purging pure nitrogen and oxygen gases. The DO concentrations in the experiments were measured by a commercial dissolved oxygen probe. The correlation between the current in the CV measurements and DO concentrations was determined. The effect of the blending ratio of the metal oxide and PANI on the electrochemical signal was also specified. The results showed that the platinum electrodes with PANI: Ruthenium oxide blend coating exhibited a high possibility as electrochemical sensor for detection of low levels of DO in aqueous phase.

Biocompatible Electrospun Polycaprolactone-Polyaniline Scaffold Treated with Atmospheric Plasma to Improve Hydrophilicity.

Conductive polymers (CPs) have recently been applied in the development of scaffolds for tissue engineering applications in attempt to induce additional cues able to enhance tissue growth. Polyaniline (PANI) is one of the most widely studied CPs, but it requires to be blended with other polymers in order to be processed through conventional technologies. Here, we propose the fabrication of nanofibers based on a polycaprolactone (PCL)-PANI blend obtained using electrospinning technology. An extracellular matrix-like fibrous substrate was obtained showing a good stability in the physiological environment (37 °C in PBS solution up 7 days). However, since the high hydrophobicity of the PCL-PANI mats (133.5 ± 2.2°) could negatively affect the biological response, a treatment with atmospheric plasma was applied on the nanofibrous mats, obtaining a hydrophilic surface (67.1 ± 2°). In vitro tests were performed to confirm the viability and the physiological-like morphology of human foreskin fibroblast (HFF-1) cells cultured on the plasma treated PCL-PANI nanofibrous scaffolds.