Poly Amidoamine Dendrons Research Articles

Step-by-step characterization of a series of polyamidoamine dendrons on carbon nanohorn surface

Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers/dendrons chemically functionalized on carbon nanohorns (CNHs) have exhibited an excellent ability, especially for energy conversion and gene therapy applications. However, the main issue is its low functional group coverage, and the low reaction yield has been less understood. Here, we examine the surface state and functionalization efficiency of PAMAM dendrons on CNHs in each reaction step. The multifaceted measurements using Raman, ζ potential, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) demonstrate that PAMAM dendrons are successfully synthesized on CNH surfaces. In addition, highly sensitive energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in the scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS) enables precise evaluation of functional group coverage consistent with the chemical structure of each product. Furthermore, the detailed analysis of SEM-EDS imaging, morphology characterization, and FT-IR provides chemical information regarding the reactivity of PAMAM functionalization on CNHs. One important finding is that chemical interaction by hydrogen bonds among PAMAM/CNH molecules is a considerable possibility for low reactivity. Our results are widely beneficial for the realization of highly efficient grafting of PAMAM dendrons on various carbon nanomaterials.

Self-Organization of Mobile, Polyelectrolytic Dendrons on Stable, Amphiphile-Based Spherical Surfaces.

Spherical surfaces bearing mobile, solvophilic chains are ubiquitous. These systems are found in nature in the form of biological cells bearing carbohydrate chains, or glycans, or in drug delivery systems such as vesicles bearing polyethylene glycol chains and carrying therapeutic molecules. The self-organization of the chains on the spherical surface dictates the stability and functionality of the latter and is determined by key factors such as the interchain, chain-surface interactions, excluded volume, concentration of the chains, and external environment. This study develops a fundamental understanding of how these factors control the organization of mobile, solvophilic chains while preserving the stability of the spherical surface. To that end, the study focuses on the organization of polyamidoamine dendrons on the surface of a dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine-based vesicle. The excluded volume of the chains and the external environment are, respectively, controlled via the dendron generation and the pH. For acidic and basic pH environments, the dendrons are extended away from the surface. As a consequence, the vesicles are able to accommodate significantly higher concentration of dendrons on their surface without rupturing. For acidic pH, the dendrons change their conformation to avoid intermeshing. However for basic pH, the dendrons only change their conformation at extremely high concentrations due to excluded volume effects. These conformational changes are attributed to the number of protonated dendron residues that vary as a function of pH. The results from this study will advance diverse subdisciplines within cell biology, biomedicine, and pharmaceuticals.

Polyamidoamine Dendron-Bearing Lipids as Drug-Delivery Excipients.

An amine-terminated polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendron and two long alkyl groups were designed as a novel drug carrier that possesses an interior for the encapsulation of drugs and a biocompatible surface. We synthesized three dendron-bearing lipids, DL-G1, DL-G2, and DL-G3, which included first, second, and third generation polyamidoamine dendrons, respectively. The synthesized dendrimer encapsulating anticancer drug, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), was prepared by extraction with chloroform from mixtures of the dendrimers and varying amounts of the drug. In vitro cytotoxicity of PAMAM conjugated di-n-dodecylamine micelles (G1, G2, G3) were analyzed on human gastric adenocarcinoma cells (AGS) by water-soluble tetrazolium-1 (WST-1) cell proliferation assay. Upon exposure to 5-FU loaded micelles, the viability of the cells decreased gradually in all generations. Cytotoxicity increased with increasing generation and reached its highest rate of 69.8 ± 3.2% upon 15 µM 5FU-loaded 25 µM PAMAM DL-3 micelle treatment. These results demonstrate that 5FU-loaded PAMAM conjugated di-n-dodecylamine treatment inhibits the proliferation of AGS cells in a generation-dependent manner.

Electrochemical aptasensor based on anisotropically modified (Janus-type) gold nanoparticles for determination of C-reactive protein.

Novel Janus nanoparticles based on Au colloids anisotropically modified with polyamidoamine dendrons were prepared though a masking/toposelective modification approach. These nanomaterials were further functionalized with horseradish peroxidase on the dendritic face and provided on the opposite metal surface with a ssDNA aptamer for C-reactive protein (CRP). The resulting nanoparticles were employed asbiorecognition/signaling elements to construct an amperometric aptasensor with sandwich-type architecture for the specific detection of this cardiac biomarker. To do this, screen-printed carbon electrodes modified with electrodeposited Au nanoparticles and functionalized with anti-CRP aptamers were used as transduction interface. The aptasensor was employed for the amperometric detection of CRP (working potential: - 200mV vs pseudo-Ag/AgCl) in the broad range from 10pg·mL-1 to 1.0ng·mL-1 with a detection limit of 3.1pg·mL-1. This electroanalytical device also showed good specificity, reproducibility (RSD = 9.8%, n = 10), and stability and was useful to quantify CRP in reconstituted human serum samples, with a RSD of 13.3%.

Folic acid conjugated PAMAM-modified mesoporous silica-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for potential cancer therapy

In this study, novel folate-receptor-targeted polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer functional mesoporous silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles were prepared for drug delivery agents for photodynamic therapy applications. The surface of the magnetic nanoparticles was coated with mesoporous silica (M-MSN). The M-MSN nanoparticles were functionalized with siloxane-cored PAMAM dendrons (generation 1 to 3). The surface of the M-MSN-PAMAM nanocarriers was targeted with folic acid. Indocyanine green (ICG) a near-infrared dye was loaded in the M-MSN-PAMAM nanocarriers and the photodynamic therapy efficiency of the drug-loaded nanocarriers was evaluated on MCF-7 cells.MCF-7 cells were subjected to tissue culture E-Plate that was used to generate dynamic real-time data by measuring electrical impedance across interdigitated microelectrodes on the bottom of the plate. Light source (LEDs) was designed as a system that fit 96 well-plate and cells were irradiated at 785 nm for 20 min. Also, these results were confirmed by WST-1 assay in dark and light conditions for MCF-7 cells. The results showed that in vitro application of ICG loaded M-MSN-PAMAM-FA causes apoptosis in the MCF-7 cell line.

Cross-linking Poly(caprolactone)–Polyamidoamine Linear Dendritic Block Copolymers for Theranostic Nanomedicine

This study represents a comparative analysis of the solution behavior and self-assembly pattern of two linear dendritic block copolymers (LDBCs) composed of a generation 3 polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendron as the dendritic block and poly(caprolactone) (PCL) as the linear block, the latter of which is modified with pendant phenyl groups. Phenyl substituents were introduced to induce physical cross-linking in LDBC nanoparticles via π–π stacking. A synthetic strategy was developed to access phenyl substituted LDBCs through an ε-caprolactone monomer derivative followed by ring-opening polymerization to form a library of LDBCs with yields above 83%. Polymersome-like nanoparticles were observed in water with a 74.4 nm average diameter. Cross-linked LDBC nanoparticles demonstrated a 37.1% relative decrease in the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) and a 27.3–41.2% relative increase of hydrophobic loading efficiency relative to unsubstituted LDBCs. Nanoparticles loaded with a potential photothermal agent (phenyl indolizine-C5 (C5)) showed a photothermal efficiency of 49.4% with a heating temperature of 44.4 °C. These nanoparticles were efficiently loaded into HEK293 cells with cell viability above 87.5% at the highest concentration. Upon illumination with red light, nanoparticles loaded with photothermal agent were able to induce cell death in cancer cells. This work suggests that the phenyl substituted LDBCs form nanoparticles with enhanced stability and loading efficiencies compared to conventional nonphenylated systems and display a greater potential to be used as nanocarriers in theranostic nanomedicine.

Synthesis and characterization of the ternary graphene oxide, MnFe2O4 nanoparticles, and Polyamidoamine dendrons nanocomposite decorated with palladium as a heterogeneous catalyst for nitroaromatics reduction

In this study, the divergent and magnetic separation method is employed to prepare polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrons functionalized magnetic graphene oxide (MGG3) using graphene oxide supported MnFe2O4 nanoparticles as the support (MG), and ethylenediamine (EDA) and methylacrylate (MA) as the precursors of PAMAM dendron. Finally, palladium ions as active catalytic sites are immobilized on the support (MGG3‐Pd). The morphology and structure of the MGG3‐Pd nanocomposite thus produced are characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP‐AES), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and Zeta potential analysis. Subsequently, the catalytic activity of the MGG3‐Pd nanocomposite is studied in the reaction of 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP) with sodium borohydride as the reducing agent at room temperature. The MGG3‐Pd catalyst is found to exhibit an excellent catalytic activity in the reduction of 4‐NP with a high yield over a short reaction time and at a rate constant (k) of 16.82 × 10−3 s−1. Furthermore, the MGG3‐Pd catalyst thus produced can be recycled at least after 10 runs of 4‐NP reduction without any considerable loss of Pd content. The reduction of other nitroaromatic compounds is also investigated under optimal conditions to illustrate the catalyst's versatility.

Nanoarchitectures for efficient IgE cross-linking on effector cells to study amoxicillin allergy.

BackgroundAmoxicillin (AX) is nowadays the β‐lactam that more frequently induces immediate allergic reactions. Nevertheless, diagnosis of AX allergy is occasionally challenging due to risky in vivo tests and non‐optimal sensitivity of in vitro tests. AX requires protein haptenation to form multivalent conjugates with increased size to be immunogenic. Knowing adduct structural features for promoting effector cell activation would help to improve in vitro tests. We aimed to identify the optimal structural requirement in specific cellular degranulation to AX using well‐precised nanoarchitectures of different lengths.MethodWe constructed eight Bidendron Antigens (BiAns) based on polyethylene glycol (PEG) linkers of different lengths (600–12,000 Da), end‐coupled with polyamidoamine dendrons that were terminally multi‐functionalized with amoxicilloyl (AXO). In vitro IgE recognition was studied by competitive radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and antibody–nanoarchitecture complexes by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Their allergenic activity was evaluated using bone marrow‐derived mast cells (MCs) passively sensitized with mouse monoclonal IgE against AX and humanized RBL‐2H3 cells sensitized with polyclonal antibodies from sera of AX‐allergic patients.ResultsAll BiAns were recognized by AX‐sIgE. Dose‐dependent activation responses were observed in both cellular assays, only with longer structures, containing spacers in the range of PEG 6000–12,000 Da. Consistently, greater proportion of immunocomplexes and number of antibodies per complex for longer BiAns were visualized by TEM.ConclusionsBiAns are valuable platforms to study the mechanism of effector cell activation. These nanomolecular tools have demonstrated the importance of the adduct size to promote effector cell activation in AX allergy, which will impact for improving in vitro diagnostics.

Carboxylated polyamidoamine dendron-bearing lipid-based assemblies for precise control of intracellular fate of cargo and induction of antigen-specific immune responses.

For the establishment of advanced medicines such as cancer immunotherapy, high performance carriers that precisely deliver biologically active molecules must be developed to target organelles of the cells and to release their contents there. From the viewpoint of antigen delivery, endosomes are important target organelles because they contain immune-response-related receptors and proteins of various types. To obtain carriers for precision endosome delivery, a novel type of polyamidoamine dendron-based lipid having pH-sensitive terminal groups was synthesized for this study. Liposomes were prepared using these pH-sensitive dendron-based lipids and egg yolk phosphatidylcholine. Their pH-responsive properties and performance as an endosome delivery carrier were investigated. pH-Sensitive dendron lipid-based liposomes retained water-soluble molecules at neutral pH but released them under weakly acidic conditions. Particularly, liposomes containing CHexDL-G1U exhibited highly sensitive properties responding to very weakly acidic pH. These dendron lipid-based liposomes released the contents specifically in the endosome. The timing of content release can be controlled by selecting pH-sensitive dendron lipids for liposome preparation. Significant tumor regression was induced in tumor-bearing mice by the administration of CHexDL-G1U-modified liposomes containing the model antigenic protein. Furthermore, CHexDL-G1U-modified liposomes induced WT1 tumor antigenic peptide-specific helper T cell proliferation. The results demonstrate that dendron lipid-based liposomes are useful as a potent vaccine for cancer immunotherapy.

Structural and Surface Properties of Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) – Fatty Acid‐based Nanoaggregates Derived from Self‐assembling Janus Dendrimers

AbstractThis study summarizes the synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of a library of biocompatible self‐assembling Janus dendrimers (JDs) and their resulting nanostructures possessing either a cationic (NH3+), anionic (COO−), or neutral (OH) surface. Strategically designed for applications in therapeutic delivery, the dendrimers are comprised of a polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendron as the hydrophilic portion and fatty acid (FA) functionalized dendrons as the hydrophobic portion. The physicochemical characterization and in vitro cell viability of amphiphilic JDs were performed. Microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis indicate the size (i. e., diameters) of spherical nanoaggregates ranging from 40 to 100 nm with zeta‐potential values ranging from −17.9 to +58.7 mV with respect to the terminal functional group of the JD employed. Furthermore, these systems exhibited spherical nanoaggregates with critical aggregate concentrations (CAC) ranging from 2.8 to 7.0 mg/L. At low concentrations (<200 μg/mL), JDs nanoaggregates showed minimal cell growth inhibitory properties in the in vitro testing, demonstrating their safety. The results of this study prove that a simple yet strategic combination of chemically distinctive dendritic segments can afford a versatile library of unique JDs nanoplatforms with excellent potential for biomedical applications.

Structure and Function Analysis of DNA Monolayers Created from Self-Assembling DNA-Dendron Conjugates.

Short sequences of DNA immobilized on gold surfaces can be used to capture an array of target molecules because of their high level of specificity. Depending on the nature of the target molecules, the proper density and distribution of the immobilized DNA molecules are fundamental to the quality of the sensor. With the aim to control the packing density and minimize the heterogeneity of the surfaces, DNA-dendron conjugate molecules were synthesized in solution and used to make self-assembled monolayers of single-stranded DNA surfaces on gold. The headgroups used were polyamido amine dendrons (cleaved cystamine core dendrimers) of generations two through five. The structural composition of these self-assembled monolayers was characterized using grazing angle Fourier-transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. Surface plasmon resonance was used to measure surface densities of the probe monolayers and each monolayer's ability to capture fully complementary DNA strands from solution. The surface density of the probe monolayers was found to decrease with increasing dendron generation number, while the hybridization efficiency increased with increasing dendron generation number.

Temperature-Responsive Molecular Assemblies Using Oligo(Ethylene Glycol)-Attached Polyamidoamine Dendron Lipids and their Functions as Drug Carriers.

Temperature-responsive nanocarrier systems using external stimuli are one of the most widely investigated stimuli-responsive strategies because heat is easy and safe to use for hyperthermia and controlled drug delivery. Polyamidoamine dendron lipids (PAMAM-DLs) composed of PAMAM dendron as head group and two alkyl chains can exhibit temperature-responsive morphological change through the attachment of suitable moieties to terminal of PAMAM dendron. In this study, oligo(ethylene glycol)s including ethoxy- or methoxy-diethylene glycols were attached to the terminals of PAMAM-DL, and temperature-responsive properties of their self-assemblies were evaluated by calorimetric and turbidity measurements. In the evaluation of temperature-responsive properties, ethoxy diethylene glycol (EDEG)-attached PAMAM-DL composed of two saturated alkyl chains and PAMAM dendron with 1st generation had lipid bilayer structure and suitable cloud point for the application as drug carrier. In vitro performances of the assemblies combining EDEG-attached PAMAM-DLs with cholesteryl-oxy-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-Chol) was evaluated using doxorubicin (DOX) as an anticancer drug. Cellular uptake of DOX-loaded EDEG-attached PAMAM-DL/PEG-Chol assemblies was promoted at 42 °C rather than 37 °C, resulting in an effective decrease in cell viability.

Adsorption of U(VI) and Th(IV) from simulated nuclear waste using PAMAM and DGA functionalized PAMAM dendron grafted styrene divinylbenzene chelating resins

The recovery of actinides such as U(VI) and Th(IV) from nuclear waste is a critical challenge and it requires the development of novel selective and high-capacity sequestering materials. Herein a novel chelating adsorbents are prepared by grafting poly(amido)amine (PAMAM) and diglycolamic acid (DGA) functionalized PAMAM dendron on styrene divinyl benzene (SDB) solid support. Adsorption of U(VI) and Th(IV) from simulated nuclear liquid waste (SNLW) using PAMAM–SDB and DGA–PAMAM–SDB chelating resins were carried out. Our studies have found that PAMAM–SDB and DGA–PAMAM–SDB chelating resins exhibited good adsorption selectivity for U(VI) and Th(IV) at pH 5.5 in presence of other metal ions. In addition, these chelating resins finds potential application for total decontamination of SNLW at pH 12. Hence, PAMAM–SDB and DGA–PAMAM–SDB are promising chelating resins for selective removal of U(VI) and Th(IV) and also total decontamination of aqueous radioactive waste.

Preparation of chitosan functionalized polyamidoamine for the separation of trivalent lanthanides from acidic waste solution

Abstract The manuscript deals with the sorption of Am(III) and Eu(III) from pH medium using chitosan functionalized with dendrimer like polyamidoamine (PAMAM) polymers up to third generation. The PAMAM polymers were introduced into chitosan by two step processes and were characterized by various instrumental techniques like FTIR, XRD, TG-DTA. The sorption process was highly pH dependent for both Am(III) and Eu(III) with increasing trend for higher pH of the solution. Kinetics of equilibration was found to be fast with equilibrium attained in 10 min for both the metal ions. Pseudo 2nd order kinetics mechanism was found to be followed for both Am(III) and Eu(III). The sorption process of Eu(III) was found to fit the Langmuir isotherm model with maximum sorption capacity of 6.01 mg/g. There was no effect on the generation of PAMAM Dendron on the efficiency, kinetics or sorption capacity for Am(III) as well as Eu(III). The synthesized different generation of PAMAM functionalized chitosan is a promising material for removal of actinides and lanthanides from waste water solution.

Mechanisms underlying interactions between PAMAM dendron-grafted surfaces with DPPC membranes.

Biofouling is a pervasive problem which demands the creation of smart, antifouling surfaces. Towards this end, we examine the interactions between a dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) lipid bilayer and a polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendron-grafted surface. In addition, we investigate the impact of dendron generation on the system behavior. To resolve the multiscale dynamical processes occurring over a large spatial scale, we employ Molecular Dynamics simulations with a coarse-grained implicit solvent force field. Our results demonstrate the transient and equilibrium system dynamics to be determined by the PAMAM dendron generation along with the underlying mechanisms. Higher generation dendrons are observed to favor penetration of the DPPC molecules into the dendron branches, thereby enabling sustained interactions between the membrane and the dendron-grafted surface. Under equilibrium, the membrane adopts a bowl-shaped morphology whose dimensions are determined by the dendron generation and density of interactions. The results from our study can be used to guide the design of novel surfaces with selective antifouling properties which can prevent the adsorption of microorganisms onto lipid membranes.

Dendrimer functional hydroxyapatite nanoparticles generated by functionalization with siloxane-cored PAMAM dendrons

The surface modification of nano-hydroxyapatite with polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer has potential for biomedical applications due to their unique and well-defined secondary structures. This paper presents a facile method to synthesize siloxane-cored PAMAM dendrons modified Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. Firstly, the siloxane-cored PAMAM dendrons with different generations (G1 to G5, respectively) were synthesized using repetitive reactions between Michael addition and amidation starting from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. Then, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrothermal crystallization method and functionalized with siloxane-cored PAMAM dendrons. These synthesized materials were characterized by using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that the PAMAM dendrimer functionalization was carried out successfully and these materials may be applicable in biocomposite material and/or bone tissue engineering.

Polyamidoamine dendrimer-armed fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles for sensitive and selective determination of nitrite in beverages

Herein, we report a novel solid-phase spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of nitrite. The fluorophore 1-naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid was covalently bonded to the surface of magnetic silica nanoparticles using polyamidoamine dendron structures as spacers. The introduction of dendritic arms significantly improved the fluorescence intensity. Compared with the conventional solid-phase spectrofluorimetry based on physical adsorption of the derived fluorescent reagents to the sorbents, our method exhibited better selectivity and could directly analyze nitrite in real color samples without pretreatment. The concentrations of nitrite in beer, peach juice and grape juice were determined to be 0.146, 0.165 and 0.110mg/L, respectively, which is in good agreement with capillary electrophoresis results. Moreover, our novel method circumvented the disadvantage of the Langmuir-type isotherm of conventional solid-phase spectrofluorimetry and offered a detection limit of 10ng/L for a 500-mL fortified sample with a recovery of 90.5%. These promising results suggest that our strategy can be applied for the facile, sensitive and selective detection of nitrite in complicated matrices.

Quasi-solid electrolyte with polyamidoamine dendron modified-talc applied to dye-sensitized solar cells

A sequence of generations of polyamidoamine dendron modified-talc, PAMAM-talc-Gn (n = 1, 3, 5 and 7), is proposed as additive in a composite gel electrolyte for dye-sensitized solar cells. Polyiodides are intercalated into the organotalc interlamellar space by adsorption of iodine vapor, producing triiodide and polyiodides. We investigate the effect of organotalc content on the charge transport in the electrolyte and solar cell performance and optimize the organotalc content. Without the previous adsorption of iodine molecules, the organotalcs appear to remove iodine from the electrolyte solution decreasing device’s performance significantly. Instead, the samples with additional iodide had higher Jsc and efficiency approaching the values of the reference cells containing liquid, which suggests that this kind of gelling method would be suitable for dye solar cells. Charge transport in the gel electrolyte is investigated with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry analyses using symmetrical CE-CE electrochemical cells.

Toward a Delaminated Organotalc: The Use of Polyamidoamine Dendrons.

A sequence of generations of the polyamideamine dendron, PAMAM-talc-Gn (n = 1-7), was constructed on the surfaces of ethylenediaminepropyl-functionalized magnesium phyllosilicate lamellas by using a modified microwave-assisted synthesis. The successful functionalization of the inorganic layers by the organic dendrimer was confirmed by FTIR and (13)C NMR spectroscopies, elemental analyses, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The solid materials presented an increase in their interlamellar space and disorganization of lamella packing with the growth of the dendrons. Thermal-programmed desorption analysis showed that the lower dendron generation, PAMAM-talc-G1, adsorbed 1.30 mmol of CO2/g of sorbent at 30 °C. PAMAM-talc-G5 adsorbed the double of PAMAM-talc-G3, probably due to the higher amount of the primary amine group; however, PAMAM-talc-G5 adsorbed more CO2 than PAMAM-talc-G7 probably because in the delaminated seventh generation intradendron N-H interactions were more prevalent than in the fifth generation and blocked CO2 interaction sites.

Design of PAMAM-COO dendron-grafted surfaces to promote Pb(II) ion adsorption.

An expanding area of green technology is the wastewater treatment of heavy metal ions. As the adsorption of cations onto solid surfaces has been proven to be successful, recent research has demonstrated enhanced adsorption profiles by grafting dendron brushes onto a solid support. Via the molecular dynamics technique, we examine the adsorption of Pb(II) ions onto polyamidoamine (PAMAM) with carboxylate terminal groups through a coarse-grained implicit solvent model. We identify dendron generations and grafting densities, or surface coverage levels, which demonstrate optimal adsorption of Pb(II) ions. Our results can be potentially used to design functionalized surfaces for metal ion adsorption in application entailing environmental remediation or protective surface coating.