Surface Of Polyethylene Terephthalate Fabrics Research Articles

Modification of Agro-wastes Reinforced onto the PET Fabric for Decolorisation of Palm Oil Mill Effluent

The abundance of agricultural wastes from various industrialized processes has become one of the significant contributors to water pollution, particularly in the color of effluents from industrial-based palm oil mills. Inventively, this research focused on three different agro-wastes: pineapple leaves (PL), rice straw (RS), and empty fruit bunch (EFB) reinforced onto PET fabric composite and its decolorization performances by using palm oil mill final effluent discharged (POME-FED). The calcinated agro wastes/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) reinforced onto the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabrics were prepared by using the dip-coating technique and characterized via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDS), spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), turbidity and color of POME-FED. It was found that the calcinated PL/PVDF/Fabric displayed the best performance in the turbidity and decolorization by 12.02 NTU, 760 ADMI, and ~60% color removal efficiency as compared with raw POME-FED (~1800 ADMI). Nevertheless, the decolorization efficiencies of RS/PVDF/Fabric and EFB/PVDF/Fabric had increased by ~37 % and ~49 %, respectively. It shows that the formation of a reinforcing layer on the PET fabric surface has improved the transparency of POME-FED. The SEM micrographs and the change of peaks at regions 1650 cm-1, 1450 cm-1, 1210 cm-1, and 990 cm-1 in composites' spectroscopies demonstrate the different patterns of these calcinated samples are various patterns that impart the strength of the composite fabric surface functionality and hydrophobicity. The reduction of the color value of effluent showed the hydrophobicity of the integrated palm oil waste coated with PET, which enables to trap of the particles in the effluent, thus this composite has potential use in the filtration of water treatment.

Enhancing oil repellency of electron beam‐grafted polyethylene terephthalate fabric with 2‐(perfluorohexyl) ethyl acrylate monomer via pre‐irradiation

AbstractElectron beam (EB)‐induced graft polymerization is advantageous for the surface modification of fabrics. We investigated the effect of monomer concentration and the addition of alkyl groups on the oil repellency of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabrics treated with monomers containing fluoroalkyl groups through EB‐induced graft polymerization via pre‐irradiation. We use 2‐(perfluorohexyl) ethyl acrylate (FEA) and stearyl acrylate (SA(C18)) with long alkyl chains as vinyl monomers to induce reaction with radicals generated from EB irradiation. The weight gain and surface morphology of the PET fabrics change with the FEA monomer concentration. The uniformity of the EB‐grafted PET fabric surface is determined at low monomer solution concentrations. Results of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis show that adding 0.1 mol/L of FEA monomer to the EB‐grafted PET fabric yields the highest dodecane contact angle of 93.4° and a surface fluorine concentration of 39.8%. The addition of SA(C18) monomer to the FEA monomer decreases the dodecane contact angle by 77.5° and yields a surface fluorine concentration of 19.1%. EB graft polymerization via pre‐irradiation results in a uniformly treated surface, and stable oil repellency is achieved when using solely the FEA monomer at a lower monomer concentration than that used in a similar irradiation method reportedly previously.

Flexible and durable conductive nickel/graphene‐coated polyethylene terephthalate fabric for highly efficient electromagnetic shielding

AbstractThis research describes a facile method to prepare durable and highly conductive polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabrics for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding applications. The PET fabric surface was first coated with graphene (Gr), which converted PET to conductive Gr‐PET fabric. In addition, magnetic nickel (Ni) nanoparticles were deposited on the Gr‐PET substrate by an electroplating approach with different deposition time intervals (5–20 min). The surface morphology, microstructure, magnetic properties, electric conductivity, and EMIs shielding properties of the Ni/Gr‐PET fabrics were ascribed as a function of the deposition times. The Ni/Gr‐PET fabrics with different nickel nanoparticle morphologies display different microstructures. The manufactured Ni/Gr‐PET fabrics exhibited excellent electrical conductivity and saturation magnetization of 100–134 S/cm and 14–30 emu/g, respectively. The EMI shielding efficiency of the manufactured Ni/Gr‐PET fabrics with 15 min of deposition time reached −70.0 dB with a thickness of 0.33 ± 0.03 mm over the 8–12 GHz frequencies. The Ni/Gr‐PET fabrics maintained relatively durable electrical properties even after cyclic bending, ultra‐sonication, and treatment with organic solvents. It has been demonstrated that the properties of Ni/Gr‐PET fabrics can be controlled by changing the surface morphology and microstructure of the nickel nanoparticles, which provides a novel protocol to manufacture PET fabrics with highly efficient EMI shielding properties.

Simultaneous chemical modification and functional finishing of polyester textiles

PurposeThis study aims to study the simultaneous treatment of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs).Design/methodology/approachPET fabrics loaded by TiO2 NPs were investigated by the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Factors affecting the finishing process such as NaOH and TiO2 NPs concentrations, finishing duration and temperature were discussed.FindingsThe finished PET fabrics imparted new properties such as antimicrobial and ultraviolet protection factor protection, what is undoubtedly will increase the spread of this type of fabric and its use in new areas.Research limitations/implicationsThe method used mainly depends on activating the surface of PET fabrics by a chemical method, specifically NaOH to cause partial decomposition, which may lead to an environmental impact.Practical implicationsThe obtained results revealed that the simultaneous treatment of PET fabric with NaOH and TiO2 NPs showed antimicrobial and UV protection properties. They exhibited a strong antimicrobial activity and UV protection efficiency even after five washing cycles, indicating excellent laundering durability.Originality/valueThe approach has simplicity and implementability on an industrial scale without cost investment.

Synthesis of Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardant Monomer and Grafting of PET Fabrics via Electron Beam Irradiation

The flame retardant, diethyl methacryloylphosphoramidate (DMPP), was synthesized by the reaction of diethyl chlorophosphate with methacrylamide and triethylamine. DMPP was grafted onto polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabrics by electron beam (EB) irradiation. scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectra showed that the flame retardant was successfully grafted on the surface of PET fabrics. The morphology of the grafted fabrics after burning showed a porous protective layer on the surface. The FT-IR spectra showed that the flame retardant generated a large amount of phosphorus oxygen-nitrogen compounds after burning. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the grafted fabrics increased with the increase of DMPP concentration. The char length of fabrics treated with DMPP after combustion decreased from 30 cm to 5.9 cm, which demonstrated effective flame resistance.

Surface modification of PET fabric through in-situ reduction and cross-linking of graphene oxide: Towards developing durable conductive fabric coatings

A durable electro-conductive polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric has been fabricated via reduction and cross-linking of graphene oxide (GO) with SnCl2. The stannous ions (Sn2+) reduce GO and generate multilayer cross-linked and reduced graphene oxide (XrGO) coatings on PET fabric surfaces. In addition to the chemical treatments, thermal annealing was also used to improve the electrical conductivity and durability of coatings on PET surface. The planner aromatic structure of PET promotes the adsorption of the XrGO sheets via π–π interactions, and the adsorbed XrGO sheets can be physically fused onto the surface of PET fibers below 200 °C, mainly due to the thermoplastic nature of PET. A good washing fastness and mechanical stability has been observed confirming the effectiveness of the chemical cross-linking and thermal anealing on the durability of the conductive coating onto the PET fabric surface.

Wearable supercapacitors on polyethylene terephthalate fabrics with good wash fastness and high flexibility

All solid-state micro-supercapacitors (MSC) have emerged as attractive energy-storage units for portable and wearable electronics. Here, we describe a textile-based solid-state MSC via laser scribing of graphene oxide (GO) coatings on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric. The laser-scribed graphene oxide layers (LGO) possess three-dimensionally porous structure suitable for electrochemical-double-layer formation. To improve the wash fastness and the flexibility of the as-prepared MSCs, glutaraldehyde (GA) was employed to crosslink the GO layers and PVA-gel electrolyte onto the PET fabric. The resultant all solid-state MSCs exhibited excellent flexibility, high areal specific capacitance (756 μF·cm−2 at 20 mV·s−1), and good rate capability when subject to bending and laundering. Furthermore, the MSC device showed a high power density of about 1.4 W·cm−3 and an energy density of 5.3 × 10−5 Wh·cm−3, and retained 98.3% of its initial capacitance after 1000 cycles at a current density of 0.5 mA·cm−2. This work is the first demonstration of in-plane MSCs on PET fabric surfaces with enhanced durability and flexibility.

Durable grafting of silkworm pupa protein onto the surface of polyethylene terephthalate fibers

In this paper, reactive –NH2 groups (8.36×10−6mol/g fabric) were introduced to the surface of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabrics by a nitration and reduction method, and epoxy groups were introduced to silkworm pupa protein (SPP) by reaction with epoxy chloropropane. PET-SPP composite fabrics were then prepared by reaction of these two precursors. The results showed that the SPP was firmly grafted onto the PET fabric surface and that the hydrophilicity of the fabric was markedly improved by the grafting of SPP. SEM images revealed a layer of substance covering the surface of the PET fibers, and XPS investigation showed that the nitrogen content of the PET-SPP fabric was higher than that of the original PET fabric (2.32% vs 0%). ATR-FTIR adsorption bands at 1653 and 1543cm−1 suggested the successful grafting of SPP onto the PET fabric surface. The DSC and TG of the PET fibers demonstrated that the thermal stability of the original PET fibers was maintained well by the SPP-grafted PET fibers. The breaking strength, bending rigidity, air permeability, and crease recovery angle of the original PET fabric were also retained by the SPP-grafted PET fabric.

Radiation grafting of glycidyl methacrylate and divinylbenzene onto polyethylene terephthalate fabrics for improving anti-dripping performance

A new kind of anti-dripping polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric was successfully prepared by simultaneous gamma radiation-induced grafting polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and divinylbenzene (DVB) onto the surface of PET fabrics. The grafting yield (GY) and anti-dripping effect were optimized by changing the total absorbed dose, dose rate, concentration and the feed ratio of GMA and DVB. The grafting yield increased with the increase of absorbed dose and GMA monomer concentration, and decreased with the dose rate. It is confirmed that PET fabrics had been modified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The tensile strength and elongation at break of modified PET fabrics were improved compared with original PET fabrics. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of modified PET fabrics with the GY of 23–25% was 21.5, which was similar to that of unmodified PET fabrics. However, the anti-dripping performance of PET fabrics was improved remarkably after radiation modification due to the crosslinking of the sidechains grafted on the PET surface. This anti-dripping fabric may be promising for fire protective clothing.

Preparation and properties of polyester fabrics grafted with O-carboxymethyl chitosan

Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) was prepared with a view to develop a multifunctional finish on saponified polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric. CMCS was synthesized by chemical reaction with chloroacetic acid, and its chemical structure was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). CMCS was grafted on saponified PET fabric using 3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-1-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)/N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and polyethylenimine (PEI)/glutaraldehyde (GA) as cross-linking agent. FTIR, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses confirmed CMCS grafting on saponified PET fabric surface. TGA indicated saponification and CMCS grafting did not affect thermal property of PET fabric. The CMCS grafting greatly improved wettability, antistatic property of saponified PET fabric without harmful effect on their physico-mechanical properties.

Preparation of superhydrophobic PET fabric from Al2O3–SiO2 hybrid: geometrical approach to create high contact angle surface from low contact angle materials

In this work we prepare high contact Poly Ethylene Terephthalate (PET) fabric surface from low contact angle materials. Superhydrophobic PET fabric is prepared by coating the fabric with hybrid Al2O3–SiO2 sol. In this case, the high contact angle Al2O3–SiO2 hybrid is created from low contact angle Al2O3 and SiO2 precursors. PET treated with hybrid Al2O3–SiO2 exhibit Water Contact Angle (WCA) as 150°, while PET treated with individual Al2O3 sol or SiO2 sol exhibits lower WCA, (Al2O3 WCA = 137°; SiO2 WCA = 141°). FESEM and AFM investigations show that the hybrid Al2O3–SiO2 sol and individual Al2O3 or SiO2 sol imparted different roughness geometry on the PET fabric surface. We observe surface structure of fish fin-like, particle-like and hybrid fin-particle for treated PET fabric with; Al2O3, SiO2 and hybrid Al2O3–SiO2 sol, under FESEM and AFM observations.AFM observations show the evolution of roughness (Ra) dimension of different surface structures with the order of: SiO2 < Al2O3 < Al2O3–SiO2 (Ra = 31, 63 and 273 nm). We believe that the disparity of the surface geometries lead into different surface WCA. FTIR spectra of Hybrid Al2O3–SiO2 shows additional peak at 902, 850, 557, and 408 cm−1 which can be ascribed to the hybridization structure.

Preparation and characterization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fabrics treated by blends of cellulose nanocrystals and polyethylene glycol

AbstractIn this study, the coating based on the blends of low molecular weight polyethylene glycol (PEG) and cellulose nano‐crystals (CNC) was introduced to immobilize on the surface of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabrics to modify the surface properties of fabrics, and to fabricate comfortable fabrics for formidable climate. Field‐emission scanning electron microscope, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were employed to study the topography, superficial ingredients, and thermal activity of the finished fabrics. The observation of field‐emission scanning electron microscope and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed that the surface of PET fabrics was covered by CNC/PEG1000/PEG600 coating. The transition onset temperature and phase change enthalpy of PET fabrics treated with CNC/PEG1000/PEG600 were at 7.06°C and 11.41 kJ/kg, respectively. Dimensional memory measurement demonstrated that the introduction of CNC caused the deformation percent to decrease by about 41% for PET fabrics covered with CNC/PEG1000/PEG600 coating. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007