Polyaniline Doped With Dodecylbenzene Sulfonic Acid Research Articles

PVA/PANI-DBSA Nanomesh Tactile Sensor for Force Feedback.

Touch serves as an important medium for human-environment interaction. The piezoresistive tactile sensor has attracted much attention due to its convenient technology, simple principle, and convenient signal acquisition and analysis. In this paper, conductive beads-on-string polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/polyaniline doped with dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (PANI-DBSA) nanofibers were fabricated via the electrospinning technique. Due to the special nanostructure of PVA-coated PANI-DBSA, the tactile sensor presented a wide measuring range of 12 Pa-121 kPa and appreciable sensitivity of 8.576 kPa-1 at 12 Pa~484 Pa. In addition, the response time and recovery time of the sensor were approximately 500 ms, demonstrating promising prospects in the field of tactile sensing for active upper limb prostheses.

Effect of DBSA‐doped PANI on the corrosion protection performance of GO/epoxy coatings

AbstractIn this study, the anticorrosion effect of polyaniline doped with dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (PANI‐DBSA) in graphene oxide (GO)/epoxy coating is investigated. PANI‐DBSA is effectively synthesized on the surface of GO via chemical polymerization, and its properties are investigated via a series of characterization methods. The PANI‐DBSA/GO hybrid exhibits improved compatibility with organic resin. The anticorrosion performance of PANI‐DBSA/GO coatings is assessed through water absorption tests, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements, and adhesion strength tests. The results indicate that PANI reduces the water absorption of GO, and the favorable compatibility of PANI‐DBSA/GO with epoxy resin minimizes coating defects and enhances the interfacial blocking for diffusion electrolytes. In this work, the PANI has no active function such as passivating the metal surface, it just serves to shield the hydrophilic GO surface and to improve compatibility between GO and the epoxy, attributing its low pigment content.

Electromagnetic wave absorption, EMI shielding effectiveness and electrical properties of ethylene – vinyl Acetate (EVA)/ Polyaniline (PAni) blends prepared by in situ polymerization

Flexible, low cost and scalable microwave absorbing materials are very important for application in the telecommunication area and also in stealth technology for military purpose. In the present work, polyaniline doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (PAni.DBSA) was synthesized in the presence of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer by in situ inverted emulsion polymerization and the corresponding composites were explored as potential electromagnetic wave absorbing materials and electromagnetic interference shielding materials in the X- and Ku-band frequency range. The properties of the composites, such as rheological, electrical and dielectric properties, were investigated as a function of the composite composition. The findings reveal that the microwave absorption of EVA@PAni composites is influenced by the PAni content, with the optimal attenuation achieved by the composite with 33 vol % PAni. This composite displays superior microwave absorbing performance, with a minimum reflection loss of −39 dB (99.99 % attenuation) at 16.65 GHz. This study demonstrates the potential of EVA@PAni composites as microwave-absorbing materials, mainly in the higher frequency range (Ku band) and open new possibilities of developing flexible, low-cost, lightweight and processable materials for applications in both civil and military field.

Effect of Synthesis Temperature on Properties of Polyaniline

The effect of synthesis temperature on percentage yield, thermal stability, surface morphology, crystallinity, and conductivity of polyaniline doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI-DBSA) was studied. PANI-DBSA was synthesized at and the 5, 10,20, 25 and 30 0C and the percent yield of the product was determined. Furthermore, thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Visible spectrophotometry and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were utilized to inspect the variation in different physicochemical properties of the synthesized polymer with changing synthesis temperature

Effect of Aniline Concentration on the Morphology and Electrochemical Properties of DBSA-Doped Polyaniline for Flexible Supercapacitor Electrode Materials

Polyaniline as a supercapacitor electrode material has attracted great research interest due to its advantages, especially including high pseudocapacitance. Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid-doped polyaniline materials are prepared at different aniline concentrations and characterized by various measurements. The effect of the aniline concentration on the morphology, chemical structure, crystallinity, and electrochemical properties is thoroughly investigated. Based on the morphology alteration with the increase of aniline concentration, the formation mechanism of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid-doped polyaniline microstructure is proposed. Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid-doped polyaniline with an aniline concentration of 0.5 mol/L exhibits the superior electrochemical properties with a specific capacitance of 146 F/g, low charge transport resistance of 1.27 Ω, and steep slope in the low frequency region. In combination with its solubility, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid-doped polyaniline is an excellent candidate for the electrode materials of a flexible supercapacitor.

Monitoring soil pH variation using Polyaniline/SU-8 composite film based conductometric microsensor

Development of Poly-aniline/SU-8 (an epoxy resin) nanocomposite film based conductometric microsensor platform to measure change in soil pH is reported. For this, poly-aniline doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (PANI-DBSA) was mixed with SU-8, and spun coated on Au-IDE patterned on Si/SiO2. The nanocomposite exhibited excellent response towards change in pH against three different conditions, namely standard buffer solutions with pH ranging from 2 to 10, Red and Bentonite soils, wherein the pH varied with water (soil moisture contents) and pH with different concentrations of calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution. The films exhibited the sensitivities of 455 and 290 μS/pH towards acidic (Lower pH) and alkaline solutions (Higher pH), respectively. The sensitivities of 34 and 89 μS/pH with water for Red and Bentonite soil samples, respectively were obtained. Importantly, for Red and Bentonite soils, the sensitivities of 41 and 52 μS/pH with CaCl2 concentration were achieved. Moreover, the sensor revealed faster response kinetics with response and recovery times of ˜10 and ˜30 s respectively. Overall, the sensor exhibited good sensitivity, excellent long term stability, high repeatability and low fabrication cost. Our results demonstrated that PANI/SU-8 composite films as a potential material for the determination of soil pH variation crucial for precision agriculture.

Fabrication of porous SnS nanosheets and their combination with conductive polymer for hybrid thermoelectric application

Conductive polyaniline (PANI) is incorporated with porous tin sulfide nanosheets (pSnS NSs) to achieve a high-performance thermoelectric material. The SnS NSs are chemically exfoliated from an SnS ingot, thus producing two-dimensional thin structures with sizes from 200 to 500 nm. Numerous pores are introduced into the SnS NSs via solution-phase transformation with the aid of tartaric acid. Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid-doped PANI is coated onto the surface of the pSnS NSs, resulting in the fabrication of an organic/inorganic hybrid thermoelectric material. The thermoelectric power factor (σ·S2) of the PANI-coated pSnS NSs (PANI-pSnS NSs) is optimized by controlling the number of PANI coatings, and the thermoelectric properties of the PANI-pSnS NSs are investigated and discussed as a function of the carrier transport properties. The PANI-pSnS NS sample coated twice with PANI produces an outstanding ZT of 0.078 at 450 K, which is significantly higher than that of the pristine pSnS NSs. This study demonstrates the utility of combining pSnS NSs and conductive PANI to achieve high-performance materials for thermoelectric applications.

Fabrication of Polyaniline-Coated SnSeS Nanosheet/Polyvinylidene Difluoride Composites by a Solution-Based Process and Optimization for Flexible Thermoelectrics.

The fabrication of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid-doped polyaniline (PANI)-coated SnSe0.8S0.2 (PANI-SnSeS) nanosheets and their application to flexible thermoelectric composite films are demonstrated. The thermoelectric power factor of PANI-SnSeS nanosheets was optimized by manipulating the number of PANI coating cycles, and changes in their electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficients were investigated and analyzed by considering carrier transport properties. An optimized, solution-based procedure for introducing inorganic nanoparticles comprising PANI-SnSeS nanosheets into a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) matrix maximized the power factor. A composite film with a PANI-SnSeS nanosheet-to-PVDF weight ratio of 2:1 showed outstanding durability and thermoelectric performance, exhibiting a maximum power factor of ∼134 μW/m·K2 at 400 K. These results demonstrate that the incorporation of conductive PANI into SnSeS nanosheets can facilitate high-performance flexible thermoelectric applications.

DBSA-CTAB mixture as the surfactant system for the one step inverse emulsion polymerization of aniline: Characterization and blend with epoxy resin

Polyaniline doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (PAni.DBSA) with outstanding electrical conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) was successfully obtained by performing the inverse emulsion polymerization of aniline in toluene medium and in the presence of a mixture of dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) and cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as the surfactant system. The optimum CTAB/DBSA molar ratio was found to be 0.5, giving rise to PAni.DBSA with higher electrical conductivity, EMI SE of −45dB in the X-band microwave range (8.2–12.4GHz), which corresponds to an increase of almost 100% related to the PAni.DBSA sample obtained without the presence of CTAB. The CTAB confinement in the PAni.DBSA particles was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis. The morphology of this sample is characterized by thin lamellar structures with thickness around 100–150nm. The presence of CTAB confined in the PAni.DBSA aggregates resulted in epoxy resin/PAni.DBSA dispersion with lower viscosity, caused by the presence of smaller particle size as observed by scanning electron microscopy. The electric conductivity was also increased by the presence of PAni.DBSA prepared with CTAB as the co-surfactant.

Ionic liquid – Assisted emulsion polymerization of aniline in organic medium

Polyaniline doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (PAni.DBSA) with different conductivities and morphologies was prepared by inverted emulsion polymerization, in toluene using ammonium peroxydisulfate as the oxidizing agent, in the presence of two different imidazolium – based ionic liquids, such as, 1-methyl-3-butyl imidazolium tetrafluorate (bmim.BF4) and 1-(11-carboxyundecyl)-3-methylimidazolium bromide (mimC10COOH.Br). The influence of ionic liquid on the morphology and particle size of formed PAni.DBSA samples was investigated by field emission - scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. Ultraviolet–visible measurements were also employed to confirm the structure of the conducting polymer. PAni.DBSA samples were also characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, cyclic voltammetry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). PAni.DBSA samples prepared in the presence of ionic liquids have shown improved dispersability in epoxy resin as indicated by optical micrograph.

Preparation and Characterisation of Electrically Conductive Thermoplastic Vulcanisate Based on Natural Rubber and Polypropylene Blends with Polyaniline

Thermoplastic vulcanisates [TPVs] based on natural rubber, polypropylene and dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid-doped polyaniline [PAni.DBSA] with useful electrical conductivities (up to about 1.2 S cm−1) were produced by using an internal mixer. A very low electrical percolation threshold (about 2.0 wt.%/1.13 volume % of PAni.DBSA) was achieved for TPVs prepared via this method. All the TPVs exhibited useful physical properties and also a reasonable good electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness [EMI SE]. The TPVs could be recycled up to 4 times without significant loss of their EMI SE, electrical and physical properties.

Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)/polyaniline blends assisted by phosphonium – Based ionic liquid: Dielectric properties and β-phase formation

In this paper, the ionic liquid denoted tributyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (IL) was used for the first time to improve the processability of blends based on polyaniline and a fluorinated polymer matrix during the melting process. In this case, polymer blends constituted by poly(vinylidene fluoride)-co-(hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-co-HFP) and polyaniline doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (PAni.DBSA) were prepared at different compositions with the presence of IL. Thus, the use of 5wt% of IL exerts a strong influence on the melt viscosity, mainly for blends containing 10wt% of PAni.DBSA. In addition, improved electrical conductivity and dielectric properties (permittivity and dielectric loss), as well as electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) in the X-band frequency range are achieved by adding IL to the conducting blends. The presence of IL favors the formation of conducting pathways of PAni.DBSA in the thermoplastic matrix as observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, the β-crystalline phase fraction of PVDF–HFP is significantly enhanced by the presence of IL, as indicated by X-ray diffraction.

Thermal Conductivity and Specific Heat Capacity of Dodecylbenzenesulfonic Acid-Doped Polyaniline Particles—Water Based Nanofluid

Nanofluid has attracted great attention due to its superior thermal properties. In this study, chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline was carried out in the presence of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) as a dopant. Particles of DBSA-doped polyaniline (DBSA-doped PANI) with the size range of 15 to 50 nm were obtained, as indicated by transmission electron microscope (TEM). Results of ultra violet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies as well as thermogravimetric analysis showed that PANI nanoparticles were doped with DBSA molecules. The doping level found was 36.8%, as calculated from elemental analysis data. Thermal conductivity of water was enhanced by 5.4% when dispersed with 1.0 wt% of DBSA-PANI nanoparticles. Specific heat capacity of water-based nanofluids decreased with increasing amount of DBSA-PANI nanoparticles.

Effect of silver nanoparticle embedment on the frequency dispersive conductivity and electrical relaxation dynamics in dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid-doped polyaniline

The present work aims at studying electrical relaxations in silver–polyaniline nanocomposites using dielectric spectroscopy. The nanocomposites of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid-doped polyaniline (PANI) with different concentrations of silver nanoparticles (~6–12 nm) are synthesized by simple wet-chemical route. The temperature dependence of dc conductivity in all the samples follows three-dimensional variable range-hopping conduction mechanism. The loss factor, after having subtracted the dc contribution, shows a relaxation peak which simultaneously attributes to the frequency dispersion in conductivity spectra. The observed dielectric relaxation is well fitted by the Havriliak–Negami function, and the fitting parameters are determined. The temperature dependence of characteristic relaxation frequency and dc conductivity is in line with each other and bear a resemblance to the origin of dc transport and dielectric relaxation in these systems. The temperature behavior of the relaxation strength confirms that an exclusive hopping conduction of polarons in the disordered PANI matrix can be considered as the origin of the observed electrical properties of the systems. Further, the self-similar behavior of the real part of normalized ac conductivity, within the measured temperature range, also confirms the above inferences. The variation of frequency exponent with temperature suggests that ac conduction is due to the correlated barrier hopping of polarons which strongly affected by the dispersion of silver nanoparticles within the PANI matrix.

Thermal, morphological, and conductivity profile of pyridine/thiophene-based polyesters and their miscible blends

New Schiff-base polyesters were prepared from a dihydroxy monomer ( E) -1-(5-(4-hydroxy-3-chlorobenzylidene)thiocarbamoylaminonaphthyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-chlorobenzylidene)thiourea. The processable pyridine or thiophene-based poly(azomethine–ester)s (PAEs) possess high molar mass of 111 × 103–127 × 103 g mol−1. The 10% weight loss (521–527°C) and glass transition temperature (287–291°C) depicted high thermal stability. Polyaniline (PAN) doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PAN/DBSA), prepared by in situ doping polymerization, was blended in solution/melt with PAEs. Field emission scanning electron microscopy of melt blended PAEs/PAN/DBSA showed nanolevel homogeneity of microstructure accountable for superior electrical conductivity (1.9–2.8 S cm−1). The miscible nanoblends also exhibited high heat stability ( T10; 500–507°C) and mechanical strength (45.51–48.17 MPa) relative to reported azomethine/PAN-based structures.

A comparative study of epoxy and polyurethane based coatings containing polyaniline-DBSA pigments for corrosion protection on mild steel

Organic coatings based on epoxy and polyurethane matrices containing polyaniline doped with dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (Pani-DBSA) were prepared and applied over steel plates (SAE 1020). The plates were submitted to salt spray chamber for up to 30 days in order to evaluate the corrosion protection of these coatings. The properties of the coated plates were analyzed as a function of time by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, open circuit potential, optical microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. In general, results indicate a decrease in the electrical resistance, increase in capacitance and decrease in open circuit potential. Epoxy based coatings have improved performance when Pani-DBSA is used as pigment, whereas for the polyurethane coatings, Pani-DBSA seems to play an adverse effect. Raman spectroscopy indicates a possible chlorination of the epoxy matrix after 30 days exposure to salt spray chamber.

Morphology and Mechanical Properties of the Polyurethane/PANI-DBSA Blend Nanofibers by the Electrospinning Technique

In this study, composite nanofibers of polyaniline doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (PANI-DBSA) and polyurethane (PU) were prepared via an electrospinning process. The morphology, diameter, and structure of the electrospun nanofibers were investigated. SEM images showed that the morphology and diameter of the nanofibers were mainly affected by the weight ratio of the blend. The average diameter of the nanofibers was 370–1620 nm. The diameter gradually decreased with increasing PANI-DBSA content in the blend, and more beads were obtained in the composite.

Effects of Microstructural Changes by Injection Velocity Variations on Conductivity in Polyaniline-Based Polymer Blends

Polyaniline doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI-DBSA)/high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) blends were injection molded with increasing velocity, in order to understand how shear stress-induced microstructural changes influence polymer conductivity. The results showed the changes in the chain conformation from a compact coil to an expanded coil in PANI, increased degree of polymer orientation along the flow direction, and increase in the degree of crystallinity on the skin, but not on the core with increasing injection velocity. The blends, in which the microstructure is anisotropic, exhibited anisotropic conductivity between the skin and core (σskin/σcore).

Microwave dielectric properties and EMI shielding effectiveness of poly(styrene‐b‐styrene‐ butadiene‐styrene) copolymer filled with PAni.Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and carbon black

AbstractConducting composites of polyaniline doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PAni.DBSA), carbon black (CB) and poly(styrene‐b‐styrene‐butadiene‐b‐styrene) (STF) as supporting matrix were prepared by in situ polymerization. The influence of components and composition (% w/w) on the electromagnetic properties (dielectric constant ε′ and the dielectric loss ε″) and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI‐SE) of the materials were evaluated with a waveguide, using a microwave network analyzer from 8.2 to 12.4 GHz (X‐band). It was found that CB presence generates adverse effects on PAni.DBSA yield during synthesis, as it can be seen by X‐ray diffraction and TGA analyses. The type of PAni.DBSA formed modifies the composites properties. Dielectric constant, loss factor, and EMI shielding increase with conductive filler loading. Both the fillers, individually and in combination, increase the properties; however, the effect is not additive in nature. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 52:2041–2048, 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers

Synthesis of conductive adhesives based on epoxy resin/nanopolyaniline and chloroprene rubber/nanopolyaniline: Characterization of thermal, mechanical and electrical properties

Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid-doped polyaniline was prepared by sonication method. Electrically conductive blends were prepared by mixing a polyaniline–dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid salt with epoxy resin and chloroprene rubber. The nanostructure of the conductive blends was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The polyaniline/epoxy resin and polyaniline/chloroprene rubber showed threshold concentrations of polyaniline (5 and 10 wt%, respectively) for electrical conduction. The electrical conductivity of both polyaniline/epoxy resin and polyaniline/chloroprene rubber increased with the addition of polyaniline–dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, reaching values higher than 1.89 × 10−2 and 7.50 × 10−4 S/cm with 50 wt% of polyaniline–dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid. The structures of conductive adhesives were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Also the thermal, mechanical, and adhesion strength properties of blends containing different amounts of polyaniline–dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid were determined.