Pollution Control Expenditures Research Articles

Equity market performance: The role of environmental protection and corporate social responsibility efforts

AbstractBusinesses that contribute to social welfare and development are regarded as reliable and generate more wealth for their stakeholders. This study attempts to determine how corporate social responsibility (CSR) and environmental protection measures influence the financial performance of Indian businesses. A panel dataset containing 330 Nifty 500 companies is included to determine their relationship. The quarterly and semi‐annual share prices are employed as proxies for the financial performance of companies. In the regression model, the lagged share prices (log) of two periods serve as the response variable, while the CSR and the CSR plus the environment and pollution control expenses (CSREP) serve as explanatory variables. The results suggest that the fixed‐effect regression model is suitable where the explanatory variables are time‐invariant and the relationship between the dependent and explanatory variables across firms is constant over time. Our analysis indicates that CSR spending alone has little effect on the share prices of companies over two prospective time periods. However, as companies invest more in environmental and pollution control activities in addition to their CSR expenditure, the market recognises this as a significant factor, and their share prices rise. Consequently, we discovered that CSREP (CSR plus environmental and pollution control expenditure) is a significant factor that influences quarterly and semi‐annual share prices.

Environmental regulation and foreign direct investment attractiveness: Evidence from China provinces

AbstractChina strengthened environmental regulation to inhibit the formation of new pollution havens and to change its growth mode. This study explores the efficiency for attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) with the inclusion of environmental regulation in 31 Chinese provinces over the period 2015–2017, using a dynamic direction distance function‐data envelopment analysis (DDF‐DEA) model. The empirical results show that the mean overall efficiencies and ranks in the eastern region are significantly higher than those in the non‐eastern regions with or without environmental regulation, but the environmental regulation has a greater impact on the efficiency of attracting FDI in the economically developed areas. The average efficiencies for both the number of foreign companies and FDI amount in the eastern regions are higher than those in the non‐eastern regions. The industrial pollution control expenditure efficiency with the inclusion of environmental regulation of each province keeps in efficiency frontier. Relative to the efficiency of input variables, the output efficiencies in the non‐eastern regions have more scope to improve.

Research and Optimization of the Coupling and Coordination of Environmental Regulation, Technological Innovation, and Green Development

Environmental regulation and technological innovation play important strategic roles in green growth, and the three systems interact and influence each other. Herein, we used a comprehensive development level evaluation model for calculating the environmental regulation and technological innovation indices for 17 cities in Shandong Province. We used the slack-based measure-data envelopment analysis (SBM-DEA) model to measure green development efficiency. The coupling coordination degree model was used to determine the coordination of environmental regulation, technological innovation, and green development; we divided the cities into three systems: green economy lagging, environmental regulation lagging, and technological innovation lagging. We used grey correlation analysis to explore the factors affecting system development. Eastern coastal cities were better developed in the three systems and the degree of coupling and coordination, like Qingdao and Weihai, and the observed level of technological innovation development, a critical factor in the coordinated development of cities, was lowest in Shandong Province. The grey correlation analysis illustrated that the level of economic development and the level of foreign economic development impacts cities labeled green economy lagging; the impact of pollutant emissions is greater than pollution control expenditure in environmental regulation lagging cities; and the government’s attention and the cultivation and attraction of talent are foundational for technological innovation in lagging cities. Considering these factors, we make recommendations for the optimal development of cities and coordinated development of regions.

国家重点生态功能区转移支付与生态环境保护的协同性分析

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 国家重点生态功能区转移支付与生态环境保护的协同性分析 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201901250193 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务专项重点项目（GYZX180106）；国家重点研发计划项目（2016YFC0500205） Synergic relationship between transfer payment to national key ecological function areas and eco-environmental protection Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:针对国家重点生态功能区转移支付在资金分配方面存在的不足，选择享受重点生态功能区转移支付的县（市、区）作为典型县域，利用方差分析法和耦合协调度模型，分析了重点生态功能区转移支付与生态环境保护的协同性。结果表明，2017年，不同省份、不同类型生态功能区之间典型县域的生态环境保护支出、环境污染治理支出、生态保护修复支出均存在显著差异（P<0.05），但是典型县域获得的重点生态功能区转移支付金额无显著性差异（P>0.05），典型县域重点生态功能区转移支付金额与其生态环境保护支出在地域差异和类型差异上不具备协同性；典型县域及其所属各省、各类生态功能区获得的重点生态功能区转移支付金额与生态环境保护支出、环境污染治理支出、生态保护修复支出的耦合协调度均小于0.4，典型县域及其所属各省、各类生态功能区的重点生态功能区转移支付金额与生态环境保护支出均处于失调状态。从典型县域看，当前重点生态功能区转移支付资金分配尚未体现重点生态功能区生态环境保护投入的地域差异和类型差异，也未体现与重点生态功能区生态环境保护投入的协同性，亟需完善重点生态功能区转移支付资金分配机制。 Abstract:According to deficiencies in design and practice of transfer payment to national key ecological function areas, 140 typical counties which received transfer payment to national key ecological function areas were selected in Gansu, Guizhou, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Anhui and Hainan provinces. The interregional synergy and the coupling coordination degree were analyzed for transfer payment to national key ecological function areas and eco-environmental protection expenditure in typical counties of different provinces and different ecological function areas. The results showed that there was significant difference (P<0.05) in the eco-environmental protection expenditure, pollution control expenditure, and the ecological restoration expenditure of typical counties in different provinces or different ecological function areas. The difference between transfer payment of typical counties in different provinces or different ecological function areas was not significant (P>0.05). In terms of the regional difference and type difference, there was no synergy between transfer payment to key ecological function areas and eco-environmental protection expenditure of typical counties. The coupling coordination degree between transfer payment and the eco-environmental protection expenditure, pollution control expenditure, and the ecological restoration expenditure in typical counties, provinces and ecological function areas was less than 0.4. The coupling coordination status between transfer payment and the eco-environmental protection expenditure was imbalance in the typical counties, provinces and ecological function areas in 2017. At present, the regional difference and type difference of eco-environmental protection expenditure was not be reflected for the fund allocation of transfer payment to national key ecological function areas, The synergy with eco-environmental protection expenditure was not reflected too. Further research is needed to innovate and improve fund allocation of transfer payment to national key ecological function areas. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Accounting and Analysis of the Cost of Air Pollution Control in Urban

With the analysis model of control cost per-unit, the cost of air pollution control was accounted in Xi’an from 2000 to 2007 in this paper. Based on the accounting results, the gross amount and the structure of control cost were analyzed. Environmental economic indicators were used in analytical process, such as the virtual control cost, the index of pollution control cost deduction from GDP and the environmentally adjusted domestic product. The results showed that the key control pollutants are smoke and SO 2. The ratio of the virtual control cost to actual control cost showed that the air pollution control expenditure remains inadequate, so the investment for air pollution control should be increased progressively. The index of pollution control cost deduction from GDP in air pollution was less than the national average.

Environmental regulation and the productivity of Japanese manufacturing industries

This paper attempts to provide empirical evidence on issues concerning: (a) the effect of the stringency of environmental regulations (as measured by pollution control expenditures) on innovative activity (as measured by R&D expenditures) and on the average age of capital stock and (b) the productivity enhancement effect of environmental regulations in Japanese manufacturing industries. The empirical findings in the paper show that the pollution control expenditures have a positive relationship with the R&D expenditures and have a negative relationship with the average age of capital stock. It is also shown that increases in R&D investment stimulated by the regulatory stringency have a significant positive effect on the growth rate of total factor productivity.

Economic and environmental impacts of pollution control in a system of environment and economic interdependence

The importance of the rate of change of the pollution stock in determining the damage to the environment has been an issue of increasing concern in the literature. This paper uses a three-sector (economy, population and environment), non-linear, discrete time, calibrated model to examine pollution control. The model explicitly links economic growth to the health of the environment. The stock of natural resources is affected by the rate of pollution flows, through their impact on the regenerative capacity of the natural resource stock. This can shed useful insights into pollution control strategies, particularly in developing countries where environmental resources are crucial for production in many sectors of the economy. Simulation exercises suggested that, under plausible assumptions, it is possible to reverse undesirable transient dynamics through pollution control expenditure, but this is dependent upon the strategies used for control. The best strategy is to spend money fostering the development of production technologies that reduce pollution rather than spending money dealing with the effects of the pollution flow into the environment.

Testing Theories of State Hazardous Waste Regulation

This research reassesses the conclusions reached by Williams and Matheny in their analysis of state and industry spending for hazardous waste regulation. Using updated and in some cases reconfigured indicators for hazardous waste expenditures, the authors affirmed earlier findings pertaining to the link between industry influence and regulatory spending decisions. However, they also concluded that the market failure thesis provided a better explanation of state hazardous waste decision making than the original research and that the socialization of cost thesis was less useful in accounting for interstate variation in pollution control expenditures.

The weaning of the green: Environmentalism comes of age in the 1990s

The extremes must come closer to each other for the problems caused by environmental pollution to be solved equitably. E nvironmental issues are certain to assume enhanced prominence throughout the 1990s and into the twenty-first century. Environmentalism will provide new business opportunities, such as marketing biodegradable plastics, dolphin-safe canned tuna, and even wristwatches containing small gardens of grass. The most significant economic effect of the environmental movement, however, will continue to be business costs of complying with government regulations and corporate liability for damages from pollution. As environmental control costs grow, the pattern of regulation and liability will continue to evolve in new directions. Environmental regulation and liability already carry enormous economic effect. The Environmental Protection Agency estimated that private industry spent $64 billion in 1988 to prevent or clean up pollution, and federal, state, and local governments spent an additional $31 billion. The expenses of pollution control have steadily increased since the early 1970s. The soon-to-bepassed reauthorization of the Clean Air Act will probably add another $10-$20 billion in annual economic cost. Countless additional dollars are paid out in common law and statutory liability awards and settlements for environmental damages. Economic studies have attributed a significant portion of the nation's productivity slowdown to environmental expenditures. Environmental protection regulation and liability have become an integral part of business planning for most industries, including many promising hightech industries. To state the considerable costs of pollution control is not to dejustify them, however. Environmental contamination annually causes billions of dollars of direct economic loss, without even considering costs to public health and quality of life. Eliminating pollution control expenditures is not an economically efficient action and is politically unacceptable. As costs rise, pressure from international competition makes it increasingly essential not to waste expenditures on relatively valueless endeavors, but to obtain the greatest possible environmental protection bang for the buck. Traditional environmental regulation, unfortunately, has been neither particularly efficient nor effective. Environmental concerns have been marked by considerable antagonism between the environmental and industrial communities. In a political attempt to appear greener than thou, environmental activists have demanded the most extreme levels of environmental protection and refused to consider the costs of such protection. Industrial representatives have too often fought even efficient environmental protection measures and employed spurious science on behalf of their position. The product of this hostile battle is only coincidentally beneficial to society in general. The recent shift in attitudes of both these political combatants offers promise for improved environmental policies.

Productivity performance of the Canadian pulp and paper industry

This paper analyzes the productivity performance of the Canadian pulp and paper industry for the 1963–1984 period. The industry's productivity is first measured, then its sources are analyzed. Total factor productivity is used to measure industry productivity, and statistical estimation of neoclassical cost functions are used to determine sources of the productivity changes. In addition to decomposing the productivity changes into technical changes and changing the scale of the industry's output and capacity utilization, an attempt is also made to assess the impact of pollution control expenditures. The paper finds that although labour productivity grew at 2.5% per year (modest in comparison to other industries), the gross total factor productivity grew only by 1.2% per year. This is largely due to the fact that capital investment raises labour productivity but retards overall productivity. Of the 1.2% growth in total factor productivity, 0.88% was due to the increased scale of the industry output and 0.32% to technical change. Although there is no statistically conclusive evidence, the point estimate indicates that pollution control expenditures may have retarded productivity growth. However, this subject requires further investigation.

The air pollution control market in the 1990s.

Solid growth is seen for the air pollution control industry for the rest of the century. Over the next twelve years purchases of particulate control equipment in the US will grow at a rate considerably better than the GNP; growth rates in developing countries will be even higher. The portion of air pollution control expenditures represented by FGD systems is predicted to rise from its current level of 12% to 62% in 1991 if acid rain legislation is passed as predicted. A significant market is seen also for municipal, industrial and agricultural waste incinerators. Geography plays an important role in the strength of the industry; in the future, industrialized countries will be the sites of new designs and applications, while developing countries will be the life extension of the tried and proven designs. Industrywide, new product development is seen as an underused route to success.

Water quality management worldwide

This article analyzes water quality on a global scale. An overview of the global water supply and demand situation is presented first, including regional and country information, as well as data on selected water use patterns. The focus then shifts to a discussion of water pollution, its various causes, impact, and remedies, with emphasis on legal and administrative solutions. Water pollution control expenditures and the resultant achievements are dealt with in the final third of the article, with projections to 1995. A wide variety of published sources was dovetailed to obtain a composite picture and most likely scenario; this was supplemented with primary interviews by the author conducted in North America, Western and Eastern Europe, and Oceania at the start of the 1980s.

Putting environmental economics in perspective: case study of Four Corners Power Plant, New Mexico.

Environmental control costs can be made to appear much larger in impact than they actually are by placing costs in misleading contexts or failing to provide perspective. It is essential for continued public support of environmental health programs that this practice be countered by more meaningful presentations of economic data. As an example, analytic methods appropriate to the case of a large coal-fired power plant in northwestern New Mexico are developed and disucssed. Pollution control expenditures at the Four Corners Power Plant in northwestern New Mexico were presented to the public as costing $82 annually. Although this figure may be the correct one, data were collected and analyzed to show that this cost represented an increase of only 5 to 60 cents on a $100 electricity bill for the consumer of electricity.

Subsidizing pollution control expenditures: A critical appraisal of the current trend

Subsidizing pollution control expenditures: A critical appraisal of the current trend

Evaluation of Pollution Control Expenditures by Leading Corporations

A number of empirical studies in recent years have thrown light on several important aspects of the business investment decision process [3, 4, 5, 9]. So far as I know, this study is the first to address itself to the capital budgeting process applied to pollution abatement expenditures. The study's purpose is to determine the investment techniques used in evaluation of pollution control investments by leading industrial corporations. There follows a brief discussion of the significance of a survey's results.

Gray iron foundries: a case study

Air pollution control expenditures are expected to vary widely among firms. Judgments on economic impact should not be based on the absolute value of the costs. Instead costs should be examined relative to denominators common to emitters. Accordingly, indicators of impact are desirable which permit comparisons between emitters. The purpose of this paper is to suggest indicators which facilitate such comparisons and to develop realistic examples that demonstrate their usefulness. Two model gray iron foundries are used as examples. Four alternative control systems are proposed for each model plant. Indicators are formed by comparing the investment and annual costs of the control systems to the financial, engineering, and production characteristics of the model plants as well as to effectiveness measures of the control systems. The characteristics of the model are represented by data on: investment in melting equipment, plant assets, retained earnings, value of castings, net income, melt rate, control system...

An analysis of state air pollution control expenditures.

Air pollution control, a significant problem facing state governments, receives a varying amount of fiscal resources in each state. The purpose of this paper is to examine social, economic, and political factors that may be related to state air pollution control expenditures. The indicators of the social-economic factors are urbanization, industrial pollution potential, income, and industrialization. The indicators of the political system are interparty competition, malapportionment, voter participation, local control effort, and general state expenditure efforts. The findings show that the few states expending for air pollution control in 1963 were, for the most part, characterized by a high level of economic development. In 1967, states at all levels of economic development allocated revenues for air pollution, although the more developed continued to hold an edge. In neither year did the political variables differentiate between levels of expenditure. The reasons advanced for the expenditure behavior i...

Air Pollution Control Expenditures in the Chemical Industry

Air Pollution Control Expenditures in the Chemical Industry

Preferential tax treatment for pollution control expenditures: engineering considerations.

Preferential tax treatment for pollution control expenditures: engineering considerations.