Pollen Grains Of Plants Research Articles

Ultrafast and one-step coating sporopollenin exine capsules with metal-phenolic networks for bio-composite applications

Sporopollenin exine capsules (SECs), extracted from plant pollen grains, are becoming increasingly popular as natural microcapsules for a broad spectrum of bio-composite applications due to their plentiful supply, resilience to chemicals and physical stress, unique species-specific designs, exceptional consistency in structure, and significant internal volume. However, SECs have a relatively bioinert interface hindering their application in biomaterials. Thus, surface modification is an efficient strategy to convert SECs into biocompatible materials better for biological applications. Previous approaches predominantly depend on labor-intensive, multi-stage procedures that are time-consuming. Herein, we report an ultrafast, one-step, and effective modification strategy to render SECs biocompatibility by coating them with ferric ions and tannic acids, which endow them with a better cell adhesion property. In summary, our results show that this ultrafast and one-step biocompatibility strategy enhances the functional characteristics of SECs and holds wide-ranging implications for bio-composite applications..

An Ecofriendly Nature-Inspired Microcarrier for Enhancing Delivery, Stability, and Biocidal Efficacy of Phage-Based Biopesticides.

In pursuit of sustainable agricultural production, the development of environmentally friendly and effective biopesticides is essential to improve food security and environmental sustainability. Bacteriophages, as emerging biocontrol agents, offer an alternative to conventional antibiotics and synthetic chemical pesticides. The primary challenges in applying phage-based biopesticides in agricultural settings are their inherent fragility and low biocidal efficacy, particularly the susceptibility to sunlight exposure. This study addresses the aforementioned challenges by innovatively encapsulating phages in sporopollenin exine capsules (SECs), which are derived from plant pollen grains. The size of the apertures on SECs could be controlled through a non-thermal and rapid process, combining reinflation and vacuum infusion techniques. This unique feature facilitates the high-efficiency encapsulation and controlled release of phages under various conditions. The proposed SECs could encapsulate over 9 log PFU g-1 of phages and significantly enhance the ultraviolet (UV) resistance of phages, thereby ensuring their enhanced survivability and antimicrobial efficacy. The effectiveness of SECs encapsulated phages (T7@SECs) in preventing and treating bacterial contamination on lettuce leaves is further demonstrated, highlighting the practical applicability of this novel biopesticide in field applications. Overall, this study exploits the potential of SECs in the development of phage-based biopesticides, presenting a promising strategy to enhancing agricultural sustainability.

РАСТЕНИЯ АЛЛЕРГЕНЫ СЕМЕЙСТВА ЗЛАКОВЫЕ. СОЗДАНИЕ ГЕРБАРНОЙ КОЛЛЕКЦИИ И МИКРОПРЕПАРАТОВ ПЫЛЬЦЕВЫХ ЗЕРЕН

The growth of allergic diseases among the population of large cities continues to grow, different regions have their own characteristics of the course of hay fever, in this regard, the issues of the growth of allergen plants, structural features and phases of their biological development are very relevant. Species diversity and the quantitative ratio of pollen in the air depend primarily on the characteristics of the vegetation cover of a particular region, as well as on climatic and meteorological factors. In this regard, there is a need to search for rational approaches to diagnosing plant allergens, and further prevention and treatment. Among plant allergens, a large place is occupied by plants of the cereal family, which grow en masse both in urban conditions and are dominant species in meadow communities. Among plants of the cereal family, there are species whose pollen can cause cross-allergic reactions, and their level of sensitization to pollen allergens ranges from 1.6 to 40.9%. In our modern times, when the chemical industry is developing more and more rapidly, we have an excellent opportunity and a wide range of options for conducting experiments in the field of microscopy of plant objects, including finding more accessible media for fixing plant objects. We have studied and investigated other, new media that are more accessible for the preparation of temporary and permanent micropreparations. Total micropreparations are prepared to fix a plant object that is small in size, which is completely visible under a microscope. The article provides a general description of the representatives of the family. Poaceae including the most medically important species causing hay fever. Their pollen has been studied using light microscopy. The structure of pollen grains of plants of the cereal family was studied. Microscopic characteristics of pollen from different plants, such as shape, color, and exine structure, have been established. Keywords: pollen, microscopy, cereals, microspecimen, allergen, pharmacy.

ПАЛИНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ МЁДА В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ БУРЯТИЯ

In recent years, agricultural production has been given the strategic task of intensifying and strengthening the production of a quality food product. Many experts testify that indicators regulated by documents, although providing sufficient information about the quality of honey, they do not allow characterizing some properties, for example, its botanical origin. The botanical type of honey is substantiated by the nectar collection area. In practice, examples are given when natural honey is falsified by introducing various impurities into it. For example, they falsify with sugar, flour, starch, sugar syrup, starch and sugar syrup, artificial honey. Palynological analysis is the most objective method for assessing the botanical origin of honey, on which many of its value and quality characteristics depend. The goal is to study the palynological composition of honey obtained in the conditions of the Republic of Buryatia, identify falsification and confirm naturalness. The studies were carried out using a Carl Zeiss Primo Star microscope. The morphometric study was carried out on a Carl Zeiss Primo Star microscope at a magnification of about 10, volume 5 in the program Zeiss Efficien tNavigation (ZEN). Results: Microscopic examination revealed crystals of various shapes in the samples: needle-shaped, star-shaped, irregular and regular geometric shapes. In natural honey, crystals should only be needle-shaped and star-shaped. According to the results of the research, it was revealed that crystals were found in 40 % of the studied samples, namely, regular and irregular geometric shapes. This indicates that honey samples are falsified and made by bees using sugar syrup or sugar. Based on a palynological study, pollen grains were found in all 20 samples studied, corresponding to their botanical origin. Solitary pollen grains of other associated plants were also found. This method of analyzing honey allows you to detect falsification of a product with sugar or powdered sugar under a microscope, as well as fungal spores, pollen grains of plants.

EVALUATION OF THE COMPLEX USE OF PLANT TEST-SYSTEMS TO DETERMINE THE NATURE AND INTENSITY OF THE MUTAGENIC BACKGROUND OF THE ENVIRONMENT.

Aim: A comprehensive evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of plant test-systems as biological objects for the identification of the specifitown of the effect of mutagens on the hereditary apparatus. Materials and methods: With the use of test-systems (determination of the gonadotoxitown of plant pollen grains, the Allium cepa-test and the use of celandine greater Chelidonium majus as an accumulative phytoindicator) was analyzed the ecological situation of the areas in Ivano-Frankivsk region. The samples of soil, water, generative and vegetative organs of plants were taken in the territories of the Carpathian region and tested in the following areas: ecologically safe, conditionally ecologically safe and ecologically dangerous areas. Results: Inhibition of mitotic activity in cells of the primary meristem of Allium cepa roots grown in water samples taken in chemically polluted Kalush and Burshtyn and stimulation of mitosis in water samples from Stetseva, was determined. The town Kosiv is considered conditionally ecologically clean, a control district. The indices of chromosomal aberrations frequency were high in plants from the chemically polluted Burshtyn (3.98±0.31) %, Kalush (2.95±0.25) % and village Stetseva (3.36±0.39) %, and dominated by controls 4.57-fold; 2.92-fold and 3.86-fold, respectively. Conclusions: With the help of a comprehensive study of two test-systems (determination of the fertility of plant reproductive structures and the Allium cepa test), we have proven an increased level of xenobiotics in the water, soil and air of the chemically polluted territoties of Precarpathian region. The use of Chelidonium majus as a test-object with metal-accumulating properties is a promising index for the detection of substances of a chemical nature (heavy metals) in ecological areas of the Ivano-Frankivsk region.

Plant Pollen Grains: A Move Towards Green Drug and Vaccine Delivery Systems

HighlightsPlant pollen grains and plant spores have emerged as innovative biomaterials for various applications.Current trends and prospects related to the application of plant pollen grains for the delivery of vaccines and drugs are discussed.

Progress on genic male sterility gene in soybean.

Male sterility refers to the phenomenon that stamens cannot grow normally and produce viable pollen grains in plants. Hybrid seed production by taking advantage of the trait of male sterility is an effective and quick strategy to increase crop yield. Up to date, the yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.), maize (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and other crops has been greatly increased based on hybrid vigor utilization. Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is a self-pollination species, artificial emasculation is not only time-consuming, but also labor-intensive and economically impracticable. So far, large scale hybrid breeding has not been performed in soybean due to the shortage of male sterile lines suitable for hybrid production. Therefore, it is urgent to identify a stable male sterile system for the rapid utilization of heterosis in soybean. In this review, we summarize the progress on the discovery of soybean genic male sterility (GMS) mutants and GMS genes. Combining with the investigation of GMS genes in Arabidopsis, rice and maize, we provide important insights into the identification and potential utilization of GMS genes in soybean in the perspective of reverse genetics.

On the results of the aeropalinospore monitoring of urban air: some features of inside and inter-seasonal variability of lower fungi spores level

Public health risks associated with molds include sensitization, allergic symptoms, irritation and/or toxicity. Sensitization to fungal allergens often occurs in patients who are hypersensitive to other groups allergens, including plant pollen. Both plants and molds are characterized by active growth in warm seasons, in temperate latitudes from April to October, which determines the presence of pollen grains of plants and mold spores in the atmospheric air during this period. This determines the needs in monitoring activity aimed to biogenic pollutants evaluation in the air of large cities where many people live compactly. The report presents the monitoring results of Alternaria, Cladosporium and other lower fungi spores in the air of Samara city in 2015 - 2020. It has been established that for the air environment of Samara, lower fungi cannot be considered as the predominant source of allergens. The high concentration of fungal spores is most often caused by fungi of Alternaria genus, which leads to the development of sensitization in 27.7% of children and 14.6% of adults in the region. The results of aeropalinospore monitoring demonstrated the lesser significance of Cladosporium genus fungi as a risk factor, or an allergens source for Samara city (Middle Volga region).

КАЧЕСТВО ПЫЛЬЦЕВЫХ ЗЁРЕН В ЗРЕЛЫХ ПЫЛЬНИКАХ ПШЕНИЦЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ IN PLANTA (НА ПРИМЕРЕ СОРТА ЖНИЦА)

Biotechnological and selection investigations for making of wheat high-yielding resistant varieties require a significant amount of high-quality mature pollen. It is important to assess It is important to assess the quality of pollen grains in mature anthers in planta of the wheat genotypes included in the experiments. In the course of research the analysis of the histological status of mature anthers was carried out and qualitative cytological evaluation inside them pollen grain of spring soft wheat Zhnitsa cultivar was done in in planta conditions. It was shown that the structure of the wall locule anther presented by exothecium and endothecium is typical for cereals. It was established that 3-cell mature pollen grains are fertile (87-92%) and viable (75–80%) in general. At the same time in every mature anther abnormal pollen grains were observed and the cellular, nuclear, cytoplasmic and architectonic deviations from the norm were revealed. On the base of literature date the analysis of the reasons for the formation of abnormal pollen grains in planta was done and the classification of anomalies of plant pollen grains and the terminology used in this field of research were discussed.

Retraction Note: Cloning and characterization of TaPUB4, a U-box gene from common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) involved in regulation of pollen development by influencing sucrose-starch pathway in anther

Development of functional pollen grains in plants is regulated through complex genetic networks and environmental clues. The ubiquitin-26S proteasome system is important in the post-translational modification of intracellular proteins, and the system includes the ubiquitin activating (E1), ubiquitin conjugating (E2), and ubiquitin ligase (E3) enzymes. Here, a novel plant U-box-containing cDNA was isolated in anther from common wheat (Triticum aestivum) and designed as TaPUB4. The cDNA encoding comprised 2598 bp, with an open reading frame of 865 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of TaPUB4 showed 41.2–92.3% identity with other plant U-box homologous genes. Self-ubiquitination assay indicated that the bacterially expressed TaPUB4 protein had E3 ligase activity, and subcellular localization results showed that TaPUB4 was located in the nucleus and cytoplasm in onion epidermal cells. Overexpression of TaPUB4 gene in Arabidopsis atpub4 mutant restored partially the fertility of the mutant, increased the number of pollens in anthers, enhanced pollen viability, and displayed normal degradation of tapetum as anther development. The expression levels of genes related to starch deposition also changed greatly in the anthers of transgenic lines. These results support the notion that as a homolog of AtPUB4, TaPUB4 might control male fertility by regulating sucrose-starch metabolism in pollen grains, and this process may be accomplished through ubiquitin-proteasome system. The development and utilization of TaPUB4 as a functional molecular marker may be helpful for improving its fertility in wheat breeding programs in the future.

Grass pollen morphology investigation as a basis for monitoring of allergenic biological particles in an automatic mode

A clear distinction between the morphology of allergenic pollen grains of various genera of the Poaceae family is an important task in determining the causal allergenic factors in the population. It allows significant improvement of the efficiency of seasonal allergy diagnostics caused by grass pollen. Moreover, it let to perform better predictions of allergenic risks for people, suffering from pollinosis caused by Poaceae pollen. Therefore, the aim of our study was to establish the morphological difference between the pollen grains of plants of various species of Poaceae family in order to further determination of the possibility to use the established distinctions for the identification of pollen in aerobiological studies. For this, both herbarium samples and pollen of the studied plants were collected in the field during May-June 2019 in Vinnytsia. The pollen was shaken off the anthers directly onto a glass slide, immediately stained with basic fuchsin, and covered with a cover slip. The sizes of pollen grains – their width and length – were determined and analyzed using the PhotoM 1.21 program, and the obtained data on the sizes of pollen were divided into categories by the quartile method in Excel. Three categories of pollen sizes were identified: large, medium and small. Large grains had width and length parameters of 40 μm or more, average grains ranged from 26 to 39 μm, and small grains had a size of 26 μm or lesser in width and length. The large category includes the pollen of Hordeum morinum (39.5-53.1 μm), Elytrigia repens (41-48 μm), Secale cereale (48.4-62.5 μm) and Bromus arvensis (42.2-52.7 μm). The medium grain category included pollen from Dactylis glomerata (29.2-38.1 μm), Poa spp. (26.1-37.3 μm), Panicum capillare (33.3-39.5 μm), Lolium perenne (30.4-35.3 μm), Bromus sterilis (28.3-30.8 μm). The pollen size of B. ramosus ranged from 26.1 to 39.5 µm, and B. tectorum was from 35 to 38.4 µm. The pollen grains of Poa pratense (22.1-25.9 μm) and Piptatherum spp were assigned to the category of the smallest pollen (20.3-24.1 microns). Agrostis gigantea was the only grass pollen type whose size fitted for each category. We found out large, medium-sized and grains of 25.0-27.7 microns, which lie between categories 2 and 3, for different populations of this plant. Consequently, some genera and species of Poaceae can be distinguished by the size of their pollen, while in others the size of pollen grains varies considerably. It is necessary to carry out further research that will help to establish the morphology of pollen of a larger number of Grass family plants. This will significantly improve the diagnosis and prevention of seasonal allergy caused by grass pollen in Ukraine.

Microrobots Derived from Variety Plant Pollen Grains for Efficient Environmental Clean Up and as an Anti‐Cancer Drug Carrier

AbstractThe production of large quantities of micromachines and microrobots is limited by fabrication methods and the use of synthetic templates. Pollen is one of the most stable structures in the world, capable of surviving harsh treatment and for millions of years. Pollen grains are available in large variety of shapes and sizes. The use of a wide variety of naturally abundant, nontoxic pollen grains for the efficient fabrication of platinum‐pollen (Pt‐pollen) hybrid microrobots capable of fast propulsion for environmental and biomedical applications is demonstrated. Nine different pollen grains are selected and modified (dandelion, pine, lotus, sunflower, poppy, camellia, lycopodium, cattail, and galla) to demonstrate the robustness of different types of pollen grains for potential applications in environmental remediation. The efficient mobility rendered by the fabricated microrobots enhances their performance in the removal of heavy metals in aqueous medium. Furthermore, they can be used as doxorubicin carriers.

Height and hourly variations in the concentration of airborne pollen grains and fungal spores in Sosnowiec (Poland)

The aim of the work was to compare the qualitative and quantitative composition of aeroplankton in Sosnowiec (Poland) at three heights. The research was conducted on July 3rd, 4th and 5th, 2018 with the help of three Burkard spore traps: one stationary and two portable ones. The analyses were carried out at an altitude of 83 m, 15 m and at the ground level. Aerobiological data was recorded every hour and the collected pollen grains and fungal spores were determined later on. The relationships between individual meteorological conditions and different features of the alder pollen season were determined using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients. The research has shown that the greatest fluctuations in the daily pollen count occurred at the lowest measuring point, i.e. at the ground level. The largest part of the determined palynomorphs were fungal spores, the most numerous of which was Cladosporium, followed by Alternaria, Epicoccum and Botrytis. Statistical analysis showed that the highest concentrations of fungal spores and plant pollen grains were influenced by wind speed, maximum gust of wind and solar radiation.

Hydrophobic to superhydrophilic tuning of multifunctional sporopollenin for microcapsule and bio-composite applications

Sporopollenin sporoderm microcapsules (S-SMCs) are readily extracted from plant pollen grains and provide a renewable, biocompatible source of robust microparticles for a wide range of potential applications. While the lipidic/aromatic sporopollenin copolymer surface results in a predominantly hydrophobic interface, herein, we demonstrate how ultraviolet/ozone (UV-O) light-induced tuning of S-SMC interfacial properties enables production of hydrophobic to superhydrophilic microparticles, along with programmable function for colloidal science and cellular applications. In oil/water systems, stable Pickering emulsions are achieved using S-SMCs with short duration UV-O treatment, while incorporation of superhydrophilic S-SMCs into oil/water systems provides a novel means to produce, and isolate, fully oil-loaded microparticles. Furthermore, it is shown that human cells adhere to S-SMCs acting as tissue seeds, with the controllable formation of either 3D cell spheroids or network structures. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that light-induced modification of S-SMCs has broad implications across colloidal science, microencapsulation, drug delivery, and cellular applications.

Modulation of Mast Cell Reactivity by Lipids: The Neglected Side of Allergic Diseases.

Mast cells (MCs) have long been mainly regarded as effector cells in IgE-associated allergic disorders with potential immunoregulatory roles. Located close to the allergen entry sites in the skin and mucosa, MCs can capture foreign substances such as allergens, toxins, or noxious substances and are exposed to the danger signals produced by epithelial cells. MC reactivity shaped by tissue-specific factors is crucial for allergic responses ranging from local skin reactions to anaphylactic shock. Development of Th2 response leading to allergen-specific IgE production is a prerequisite for MC sensitization and induction of FcεRI-mediated MC degranulation. Up to now, IgE production has been mainly associated with proteins, whereas lipids present in plant pollen grains, mite fecal particles, insect venoms, or food have been largely overlooked regarding their immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory properties. Recent studies, however, have now demonstrated that lipids affect the sensitization process by modulating innate immune responses of epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and NK-T cells and thus crucially contribute to the outcome of sensitization. Whether and how lipids affect also MC effector functions in allergic reactions has not yet been fully clarified. Here, we discuss how lipids can affect MC responses in the context of allergic inflammation. Direct effects of immunomodulatory lipids on MC degranulation, changes in local lipid composition induced by allergens themselves and changes in lipid transport affecting MC reactivity are possible mechanisms by which the function of MC might be modulated.

Flower development and pollen vitality of Moringa oleifera Lam. grown in a humid temperate climatic condition

Moringa oleifera is a tropical tree cultivated in many countries. This species has acquired a great importance in human nutrition and it was recently indicated as a “novel food” by the European Commission. Recently, moringa plants have been introduced in humid temperate climatic areas, among which Moreno (Buenos Aires Province - Argentina). In such area, the cultivation is possible for the production of leaves, but plants need protection during winter time in order to overcome damages due to low temperatures and hence to produce capsules and seeds. The main objective of this research was to study flower morphology and anatomy of M. oleifera, as well as microsporogenesis and viability of pollen grains of plants cultivated in Moreno in comparison with those produced in a humid sub-tropical climatic area of Argentina (San Miguel de Tucuman). Flowers grown in the temperate environment resulted similar for morphological parameters to those observed in the sub-tropical environment. Nevertheless, pollen grain fertility depended directly on air temperature and it was negatively affected by the lower temperatures registered in the temperate site. According to the observed results, pollen viability increases with mean monthly temperatures above 16°C.

The usefulness of aerobiological methods in monitoring lycopod sporulation

Background and aims – The purpose of the study was to determine whether the concentration of lycopod spores present in aeroplankton reflects their release during sporulation and whether it is a good indirect tool to estimate the condition of lycopod populations in Poland.Methods – The study was conducted in Sosnowiec, S Poland. The airborne spores were continuously captured by the volumetric spore trap during a period of eleven years (1998–2008). Plant pollen grains and spores from the trap were macroscopically identified, counted and expressed as daily pollen grain and spore concentrations in 1 m3 of air. Key results – The average monthly sum of captured lycopod spores varied in the analysed period of time from 0.3 to 4.1 spores per year. Their yearly concentration was small in comparison to the ascertained pollen grains and did not exceed 0.5% of all airborne particles captured in a given year. In addition, they showed seasonal fluctuations with the highest concentration of spores usually detected in July. This finding is in accordance with the typical time of lycopod sporulation. In addition, we detected the presence of lycopod spores outside the typical summer sporulation time, i.e. during months of winter and early spring. In our opinion, their presence is related to the phenomenon of lengthened (winter) sporulation of clubmosses.Conclusions – Our results showed only limited transportation of lycopod spores by wind. Therefore, the condition of lycopod populations in Poland can hardly be estimated using aerobiological methods. Nevertheless, the seasonal dynamics of lycopod spore concentration can be recorded by aerobiological methods.

The spectrum of sporomorphs collected from the surface of the skin and clothes of some people in Włodawa County during the summer.

Due to their microscopic size, ubiquity, and resistance to destruction, pollen grains are an especially valuable biological material that can be used in forensic investigations. Determination of the species composition of pollen grains deposited on the clothing and skin of the people walking in Włodawa County during the summer. Pollen grains deposited on the surface of the skin and garments of individuals walking in four villages of Włodawa County were analysed. The material was sampled using two-sided adhesive tape. The qualitative and quantitative composition of pollen grains was evaluated after analysis of microscopic slides at 400-x magnification. In the present investigations, we identified pollen grains of plants flowering in summer, i.e. in the experimental period. The palynological analyses indicate that the surface of clothes on the shoulders and the surface of the forearm skin are the most suitable areas for deposition of pollen grains, whereas the lowest amounts of pollen were noted on the calves. The statistical analysis shows that the differences in the number of sporomorphs deposited on the different surfaces are not statistically significant. Palynological material collected from suspects or victims should be taken from various parts of clothing and skin, because it does not attach to them in the same way.

Palynomorphological Data of Some Species of the Genus Achillea

The article includes the palynomorphological study of some species of the genus Achillea in Albania. In this article submitted comparative features of the species: Achillea abrotanoides, Achillea ageratifolia, Achillea clavennae, Achillea chrysocoma dhe Achillea millefolium. The material for the study was obtained in National Herbarium in Tirana. For the study of palynomorphological features are analyzed 31 pollen grains from each species. The treatment of material is made with acetolysis method and basic fuchsine. The fixing of pollen grains is made with glycerin gelatin. The study and photos of pollen grains are realized with light microscope with 1000x power. Between the plant species included in the study are differences and similarities regarding the palynological features such as: dimension of pollen grain, thickness of exine, length of spines, width of spines. The pollen grains of plants above are tricolporate. The shape of pollen grains by the outline appears spheroidal or prolate spheroidal. The exine appears thick and has two-layers. The sculpture of exine is echinate. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2016.v5n3s1p74

Air Pollution by Pollen Grains of Anemophilous Species: Influence of Chemical and Meteorological Parameters

One of the most important particles of biological origin present in the air is pollen grains of plants. Having basic biological function in the process of pollination, pollen grains of some plant species can cause allergic reactions among 20–30 % of the human population and thus affect their health and overall quality of life. Bearing in mind the potential influence air pollutants and meteorological parameters may have on release of pollen and granules of allergen from pollen, concentrations of air pollutants and 26 different anemophilous aeropollen types as well as meteorological parameters were established in a 5-year period (2009–2013) in Subotica, Northern Serbia. Spearman’s rank correlation was made for statistical analysis of relationships between concentration of some air pollutants (sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, soot, particulate matter (PM)10 and PM2.5), meteorological factors (temperature of air, humidity, wind speed, cloud index) and airborne pollen. In most of the examined years, significant positive correlations were determined between temperature and total pollen concentration, while significant negative correlations were established between humidity as well as cloud index and total pollen concentration, clearly proving the influence these meteorological parameters have on pollination of all examined species.