Political Foreign Policy Research Articles

İKİNCİ DÜNYA SAVAŞI SONRASI KALKINMA DÖNEMİNDE TÜRKİYE'NIN ÇEKOSLOVAKYA İLE TİCARİ İLİŞKİLERİ (1945-1950)

Economy is as important as politics in the efforts of states to exist in the international public opinion. Thus, the country's domestic and foreign trade network develops, and development moves accelerate in many ways. The Republic of Turkey, which was established after a long-term war of independence, gave importance to the economy as well as politics in foreign policy and was included in the world trade system. Especially with the establishment of the central bank following the 1929 crisis, it established stronger commercial ties with other countries. In order to recover from the devastating effects of the Second World War, Turkey spent more energy to strengthen these ties. There are positive reflections of Truman doctrine and Marshall aids in this. Czechoslovakia is one of the countries with which Turkey developed commercial relations between 1945 and 1950. With the development of good relations from the Ottoman Empire in the republic period, the signing of a friendship agreement and the contribution of cultural interaction, Turkey made mutual trade with Czechoslovakia in this period. Turkey's commercial relations with Czechoslovakia between 1945-1950 constitute the limitation of this study. In this study, in which quantitative and qualitative research methods were applied; Turkish state archives, statistics institution data, press archives and copyrighted works have been the source. While Turkey mostly exports cereals, raw minerals and sea creatures to Czechoslovakia, it imported heavy industry, processed textile products and agricultural machinery from this country.

Issue-Image Trade-Offs and the Politics of Foreign Policy: How Leaders Use Foreign Policy Positions to Shape Their Personal Images

This article explains how leaders can use foreign policy issues to shape their personal images. It argues in particular that presidents and presidential candidates can use hawk-ish foreign policies to craft valuable impressions of leadership strength. This dynamic can give leaders incentives to take foreign policy positions that are more hawkish than what voters actually want. The article documents the causal foundations of this argument with a preregistered survey experiment; it presents archival evidence demonstrating that presidential candidates use unpopular foreign policies to convey attractive personal traits; and it uses observational data to show how those trade-offs have shaped three decades of presidential voting. The article’s theory and evidence indicate that democratic responsiveness in foreign policy is not as simple as doing what voters want. Leaders often need to choose between satisfying voters’ policy preferences and crafting personal images that voters find appealing. Aligning foreign policy with voters’ preferences is thus easier said than done, and it is not always the best way for leaders to maximize their public standing.

The Second Cold War: Carter, Reagan, and the Politics of Foreign Policy

The Second Cold War: Carter, Reagan, and the Politics of Foreign Policy

From Melting Pot to Islamophobia: Mohsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist

America was founded on the idea of the melting pot that guarantees success, an opportunity to prosperity and social upward regardless of race, religion or status at birth. After the events of 9/11, the idealized notion of the melting pot was abandoned. Therefore, another version of America initiates fueled by post-9/11 xenophobia and President Bush administration’s “war on terror” launched on the pretext of promoting democracy. The Bush Doctrine, however, represented terrorism as a cause rather than an effect of the long history of Western colonization, oppression and manipulation of the Muslim World. This is exactly where the importance of Mohsin Hamid’ novel, The Reluctant Fundamentalist (2007), is manifested to challenge and subvert the dominant post-9/11 discourse. In Hamid’s novel the “Other” is directly represented, not through the Orientalist discourse, but through an Easterner who changes his allegiance from a believer in and proponent of the neoliberal capitalist version of the American Dream to a skeptic and opponent of USA economic and political foreign policy. Therefore, this research argues that Hamid’s novel attempts to delineate the discourses of Islamophobia, capitalism, economic and political domination of the west, and fundamentalism in context of 9/11 attacks and their aftermath.

Trade, security, and authoritarianism: domestic politics of foreign policy making in China

ABSTRACT Could trade bring security and stability to international relations? China has become one of the most important players in the global economy without being democratized. In this article, I present a game-theoretic model in which an authoritarian state would behave more cooperatively in international relations if internationalists are empowered vis-à-vis hardliners in domestic politics. Reformists and internationalists are likely partners. The reformists have a strong incentive to use the free trade agreements’ (FTAs) stipulating domestic regulations as external pressure to advance structural reforms: they see intra-industry trade, enhanced by global value chains (GVCs), as a means to achieve sustainable economic growth. This article breaks down the broader claim that FTAs regulating GVCs-based intra-industry trade are connected to regional security in two steps: first, FTAs empower the reformist-internationalist coalition; and second, the empowered reformist internationalists make the state’s behavior more cooperative in the international sphere. The model’s equilibrium outcome implies that the FTAs that require the signatories to be committed to domestic economic reforms will promote international cooperation and strengthen regional security by empowering people who favor reform and internationalism in each state’s domestic politics. This means, if an authoritarian state is involved in the global economy and benefits from international economic transactions, like China does, then concluding and spreading FTAs requiring domestic economic reforms would be more effective policy to bring security and stability than promoting democratic transitions.

The end of consensus? Folk theory and the politics of foreign policy in the Brexit referendum

ABSTRACTWhile it is well-known that Brexit will have consequences for the UK’s role in the world, foreign affairs is not thought to have featured prominently in the referendum campaign itself. This apparent lack of foreign policy salience is surprising given the broader challenge to liberal international order provided by other anti-elite campaigns across Europe. In this article we analyse mentions of foreign affairs made by the Remain and Leave camps in the Brexit referendum campaign. We find that both campaigns articulated distinct views of Britain’s role in the world with regards to security, international organization, trade, morality, and regime-type. We argue these distinct perspectives represent “folk theories” of liberal internationalism and realism, respectively, given their correspondence with the core claims of these theoretical traditions. Our findings suggest that the goals of British foreign policy itself are likely to be increasingly subject of political division in the years after Brexit.

Differentiation and diffusion: shifting public opinion attitudes toward foreign policy in North Africa

ABSTRACTDrawing on Arab Barometer data, this article provides the backdrop for understanding continuity and change since the Arab Spring in national-level public opinion attitudes toward economic and political foreign policy issues in North Africa, inclusive of Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia. The article leverages the concepts of differentiation and diffusion to understand how international affairs shape public opinion in North Africa since the Arab Spring. Three findings emerge. First, public opinion about domestic and international issues are linked in the minds of North African citizens and foreign policy issues are more important factors underlying pre- and post-Arab Spring politics than are often recognised. Especially in the post-Arab Spring era, Arab citizens widely see external interference as a problem and this perception increased in every North African country between 2013 and 2016. Moreover, there is considerable variation across and within North African states in attitudes toward economic and political foreign policy issues, including the Arab-Israeli conflict and attitudes about economic and security relationships with Israel. Anti-Israeli sentiment increased substantially in the years leading up to and following the Arab Spring. Finally, since the Arab Spring, anti-Americanism, as measured by negative perceptions of U.S. culture, has declined in Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia, but risen slightly in Egypt, even as North Africans demonstrate increased support for a U.S. role in resolving the Arab-Israeli conflict during this same time period. These trends suggest that anti-Americanism is highly dependent on specific domestic and international developments and is highly complex in the Arab world.

김정일 시기 대외정책의 국내정치성 - 사회적 강제, 자유활동공간, 순응적 태도 -

김정일 시기 대외정책의 국내정치성 - 사회적 강제, 자유활동공간, 순응적 태도 -

The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy

The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy

China’s Global Order: a New Paradigm in South to South Relations

Abstract This article analyses the evolution of Chinese political foreign policy and its strategy in approaching developing and less developed nations. In this context, the relationship between China and Latin America appears to reveal the practice of the Beijing Consensus when considering their interests: China needs natural resources and new markets for its products, and Latin America needs financial aid and loans to develop its infrastructure and provide social programmes. The absence of the US in the region and the rise of political movements denouncing the American imperialism of the Washington Consensus are all factors that contribute to the expansion of Chinese influence. All these considerations allow a discussion concerning the new role of China in developing countries as an expression of a new emerging order in which China is assuming an important role.

The Role of Foreign Policy in Constructing the Party Identity of the Turkish Justice and Development Party (AKP)

Since the start of its tenure, the Justice and Development Party's (AKP) departure from traditional Turkish foreign policy identity has elicited praise and criticism. This article addresses this development by discussing how the AKP has impacted traditional Turkish foreign policy identity, and how, in return, Turkish foreign policy identity has impacted the party identity of the AKP in domestic politics. In particular, this study examines the domestic politics–foreign policy continuum by exploring how foreign policy has served both as an extension of domestic politics as well as a medium to restructure domestic politics during the AKP's three terms in office.

India and the South Asian strategic triangle

1. Introduction 2. 1950s: From China-India Pretensions and Complicity to Strategic Contentions 3. Theory of Strategic Triangles and its relevance in the Indian Subcontinent and Himalayan Zone 4. Strategic Triangles in the Himalayan Zone pre-1949 History and 1949-50 5. The Making of Sino-Indian Conflict: Role of Bilateral Actions- Reactions, Third Party Foreign Influences & Domestic Politics in Foreign Policy 6. The Inevitability of Sino-Indian Conflict 7. India Regrouped, China's Irredentist Escalation Continued (1962- ) and the China-India-Pakistan Triangle Emerged (1963- ) 8. Sino-Indian Manoeuvres That Led to a Strategic Stalemate and Conflict Formation 9. Current Dynamics and a Look to the Future

'Avenge England's Dishonour': By-elections, Parliament and the Politics of Foreign Policy in 1898

'Avenge England's Dishonour': By-elections, Parliament and the Politics of Foreign Policy in 1898

REVIEWS

Elizabeth's Wars. War, Government and Society in Tudor England The Rule of Law, 1603‐1660. Crown, Courts and Judges. By James S. Hart Jr. Harlow The Crisis of 1614 and the Addled Parliament. Literary and Historical Perspectives. Edited by Stephen Clucas and Rosalind Davies (ed.) Proceedings of the Long Parliament. House of Commons. Volume 4: 19 April– 5June 1641. Edited by Maija Jansson. Rochester The Cult of King Charles the Martyr. By Andrew Lacey Puritan Iconoclasm during the English Civil War. By Julie Spraggon1 John Morrill, ‘William Dowsing and the Administration of Iconoclasm in the Puritan Revolution’, in The Journal of William Dowsing Public Debt and the Birth of the Democratic State. France and Great Britain, 1688‐1789. By David Stasavage Palmerston and the Politics of Foreign Policy 1846‐1855. By David Brown Gladstone. By Michael Partridge The Letters of Arnold Stephenson Rowntree to Mary Katherine Rowntree, 1910‐1918. Edited by Ian Packer1 George L. Bernstein, Liberalism and Liberal Politics in Edwardian England.2 Elfrida Vipont, Arnold Roumtree. A Life (1955).3 Among the memoirs published by Rowntree's Liberal contemporaries are F. A. Channing, Memories of Midland Politics, 1885‐1910 (1910); G. Leveson‐Gower, Years of Endeavour 1886‐1907 (1942); and R. Winfrey, Great Men and Others I Have Met (Kettering, 1943).4 Odyssey of an Edwardian Liberal. The Political Diary of Richard Durning Holt, ed. David Dutton5 Ian Packer, ‘Religion and the New Liberalism: The Rowntree Family, Quakerism, and Social Reform’, Journal of British Studies. The Scottish Labour Party. History, Institutions and Ideas. Edited by Gerry Hassan British Elections and Parties Review. Volume 11. Edited by Jonathan Tonge, Lynn Bennie, David Denver and Lisa Harrison Volume 12. Edited by Lynne Bennie, Colin Railings, Jonathan Tonge and Paul Webb Volume 13. Edited by Colin Railings, Roger Scully, Jonathan Tonge and Paul Webb

The Frustrating Study of Foreign Policy Analysis

The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy. By Christopher Hill. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. 416 pp., $75.00 cloth (ISBN: 0-333-75421-2), $24.95 paper (ISBN: 0-333-75423-9). The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy is an important book and an important contribution to the general study of the dynamics of foreign policy. In short, Christopher Hill provides a valuable and badly needed synthesis of a large and growing body of thought and work in the area of foreign policy analysis. As Bernard Cohen (1957:2), one of the classic students of the field, noted long ago in The Political Process and Foreign Policy , “while there may be widespread recognition of the desirability of knowing more about how foreign policy is made, it is a far from simple task actually to build up a useful body of relevant knowledge.” Although we have an occasional review article, textbook, or edited volume, no quality-authored book has attempted to provide a synthesis—and thus demonstrate the extent to which we have built up “a useful body of relevant knowledge”—until now. But Hill's high aspirations and the difficulty of the task as noted by Cohen also make The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy very frustrating at times. By its very nature this book is not going to satisfy everyone in every way, including probably Hill himself. This frustration helps explain why such a synthesis and multidimensional perspective is rarely attempted, and why it is so much easier, and often professionally rewarding, to specialize or hyperspecialize by studying one facet or part of the larger foreign policy process. Overall, Hill deserves to be congratulated for his effort and accomplishment. Hill lays out a number of objectives in his preface to The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy . First, he seeks to “persuade any practitioners and general readers…that there already exists a useful frame of analysis which can help them make sense of particular …

The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy. By Christopher Hill. New York: Palgrave, 2003. 416p. $75.00 cloth, $24.95 paper

The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy. By Christopher Hill. New York: Palgrave, 2003. 416p. $75.00 cloth, $24.95 paper

Late Modern

Books reviewed:Colin Jones and Dror Wahrman (eds), The Age of Cultural Revolutions: Britain and France, 1750–1820Lynn Abrams, The Making of Modern Woman: Europe, 1789–1918B. J. Bluth, Marching with Sharpe: What it was like to fight in Wellington's ArmyAnnabel Patterson, Nobody's Perfect: A New Whig Interpretation of HistoryPaula Byrnek, Jane Austen and the TheatreDavid Laven, Venice and Venetia under the Habsburgs, 1815–1835Alexander Chubarov, The Fragile Empire: A History of Imperial RussiaWalter G. Moss, Russia in the Age of Alexander II, Tolstoy and DostoevskyBrian E. Vick, Defining Germany: The 1848 Frankfurt Parliamentarians and National IdentityJo Burr Margadant (ed), The New Biography: Performing Femininity in Nineteenth‐Century FranceNicola Verdon, Rural Women Workers in 19th‐Century England: Gender, Work and WagesPhilip Salmon, Electoral Reform at Work. Local Politics and National Parties 1832–1841David Brown, Palmerston and the Politics of Foreign Policy, 1846–55Patricia Lynch, The Liberal Party in Rural England, 1885–1910: Radicalism and CommunityLawrence Goldman, Science, Reform, and Politics in Victorian Britain. The Social Science Association 1857–1886John Gardiner, The Victorians: An Age in RetrospectMark Freeman, Social Investigation and Rural England 1870–1914Jonathan A. Grant, Big Business in Russia: The Putilov Company in Late Imperial Russia, 1868–1917Andrea Colli, The History of Family Business, 1850–2000Julian Jackson, Europe 1900–1945P. Ackerman and J. Duvall, A Force More Powerful. A Century of Nonviolent ConflictMichael Howard, The First World WarJonathan Atkinc, A War of Individuals: Bloomsbury Attitudes to the Great WarMark Cornwall (ed), The Last Years of Austria‐Hungary: A Multinational Experiment in Early Twentieth‐Century EuropePeter Hart (ed), British Intelligence in Ireland, 1920–21: The Final ReportsJeremy Smith, Making the Peace in IrelandLewis Johnman and Hugh Murphy, British Shipbuilding and the State since 1918: A Political Economy of DeclineJohn Shepherd, George Lansbury: At The Heart of Old LabourRobert Self (ed), The Neville Chamberlain Diary Letters, Volume 3: The Heir Apparent, 1928–1933Steven P. Remy, The Heidelberg Myth: The Nazification and Denazification of a German UniversityDavid Brandenberger, National Bolshevism: Stalinist Mass Culture and the Formation of Modern Russian National Identity, 1931–1956Helen Graham, The Spanish Republic at War, 1936–1939Jan T. Gross, Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western BelorusssiaChris Mann and Christer Jörgensen, Hitler's Arctic War: The German Campaigns in Norway, Finland and the USSR 1940–1945Bernhard R. Kroener, Rolf‐Dieter Müller and Hans Umbreit, Germany and the Second World War. Volume V: Organization and Mobilization of the German Sphere of Power. Part 2: Wartime Administration, Economy, and Manpower Resources 1942–1944‐5Debórah Dwork and Robert Jan van Pelt, Holocaust: A HistoryMarek Jan Chodakiewicz, After the Holocaust. Polish–Jewish Conflict in the Wake of World War IIEmmy E. Werner, A Conspiracy of Decency: The Rescue of the Danish Jews During World War IISarah Fishman, The Battle for Children: World War II, Youth Crime and Juvenile Justice in Twentieth‐Century FranceFabrice Virgili, translated by John Flower, Shorn Women: Gender and Punishment in Liberation FranceKathleen Burk (ed), The British Isles since 1945Keith Gildart, North Wales Miners: A Fragile Unity, 1945–1996Michael Newman, Ralph Miliband and the Politics of the New LeftNorbert Frei, Adenauer's Germany and the Nazi Past: The Politics of Amnesty and IntegrationFeiwel Kupferberg, The Rise and Fall of the German Democratic RepublicJohn Merriman, The Stones of Balazuc: A French Village in Time

Palmerston and the Politics of Foreign Policy 1846-55

Palmerston and the Politics of Foreign Policy 1846-55

Civil War by Other Means

The war in Kosovo opened more fissures in the American public and the U.S. foreign policy elite than any U.S. military interven tion since the Vietnam War. Many have remarked that viewpoints about the war transcended the ideological categories of left and right, producing unusual alliances of conservatives and liberals among both supporters and opponents of the nato campaign against Serbia. What has been overlooked, however, is the influence of American regional culture?not only on attitudes toward the war in Kosovo but on the domestic politics of foreign policy throughout American history. That so little attention has been paid to regional influences on U.S. foreign policy is surprising. After all, the polarization of American domestic politics along regional lines is one of the most obvious and striking phenomena of our time. The disproportionately southern congressional leadership reflects the new southern base of the Repub lican Party. Both liberal Democrats and moderate Republicans find their strongest support in the states of New England and the northern tier. The superimposition of regional cultural loyalties atop partisan ideologies accounts for much of the increase in partisan rancor in the United States. To name only one example, the impeachment of President Clinton revealed a stark division between this southern

Power Politics in Foreign Policy:

Scholars of foreign policy-making have concentrated on how the most powerful domestic actors influence foreign policy and have largely ignored the influence of less powerful, minority actors. This article argues that bureaucratic minorities — subordinates and less powerful departments — can and do influence foreign policy. Despite the extensive scholarship on bureaucratic politics and the central importance of `power' in the theory, we know little about the nature and effects of asymmetrical power relations. Drawing from various research, this article proposes that bureaucratic minorities can adopt strategies based on rewards and costs, manipulation of decision procedures, and information to bypass or exploit their status to influence policy. The choice and effectiveness of these strategies may depend on whether or not the actor is a vertical minority (a subordinate influencing a superior) or a horizontal minority (a representative from a less powerful department influencing other departments). Further investigations of the conditions under which minority players have influence can be part of a much needed revival of the bureaucratic politics perspective on foreign policy-making.