Country's Political System Research Articles

Historical development of political structures in the context of the modern russian-ukrainian war: key vectors

Introduction: The study aims to analyze the evolution of political institutions in Ukraine. Hence, the main objective is to analyze the evolution of political institutions in Ukraine within the framework of the modern Russian-Ukrainian war, with an emphasis on the main vectors of change and their impact on the country's political system. Methods: The research employed content analysis, thematic analysis, and coding to systematically examine relevant scientific literature and other sources on the topic. These methods were applied to identify and categorize Ukraine's political structures' main themes and transformations.Results: The results determined that the most significant changes in the system of development of political structures took place after the Revolution of Dignity and the beginning of the Russian invasion of Crimea in 2014, which necessitated systemic changes in the political organization of Ukraine. It was also established that Russian aggression influenced active transformations in the political structures of Ukraine, in particular, the modernization of the state apparatus, the growing role of civil society, active international support, decentralization of power, and strengthening of national identity. Conclusions: The conclusions also emphasize that there are challenges related to the crisis of confidence in parliamentarism and the party system. However, the study recognized that the transformations that took place as a result of Russian aggression created new opportunities for the development of the state body and political structures of Ukraine

ECONOMIC CRIME AND ITS DYNAMICS, CASE STUDY SECTOR OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS TETOVO

Economic crime is the negative phenomenon that is encountered in all economic and political systems of countries regardless of their level of development. This is because in individuals and groups of individuals during the historical period there has always been a tendency to get rich in the easiest and shortest way, taking on themselves the risks that can result from those behaviours. Economic crime is considered one of the most serious forms that in the first order harms the state economy. Despite numerous attempts to give a comprehensive definition of economic crime, so far no such thing has been achieved, which shows the complexity of this phenomenon. In this paper, some definitions and characteristics of economic crime will be elaborated, then some states data on this type of crime in the Tetovo Internal Affairs Sector for 2021 and 2022 will be analyzed. In the course of the paper, the analysis method, statestic method, comparative method, observation method, etc. will be used. In conclusion, some concrete conclusions and recommendations will be made that should be taken into account in the fight against this type of crime.

Theistic Democracy Studies Hadith Analysis Deliberations in Contemporary Islamic Political Ethics

Islam is a religion that exists as a religion today, where many universal questions are discussed, one of the main topics of today's big questions is democracy in politics. Although Islam talks about democracy, ironically, Islam itself does not specifically mention the ideal form of a political system. In this context, the discussion about the ideal political formula becomes clearly important among Muslims in modern times, especially against the backdrop of Western civilization which can be said to have destroyed Muslims with its culture. In the midst of this chaotic situation, contemporary Muslim intellectuals present as Muslim thinkers who seek to present the "ideal" concept of modern Islamic politics. In this study, the author tries to emphasize that the substantive principles of Islam must be applied in the country's political system, in this case theistic democracy exists as a legacy from the problematic modern state. Democracy, or deliberation in Islamic nomenclature, is one of the ethical values ​​of constitutional politics in current political life.

Developing the Institution of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan in the Context of Forming a Fair Kazakhstan

This paper examines the evolutionary development of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan (APK), an important structural component of the country's political system and an institution that promotes inter-ethnic harmony. The analysis is based on program documents that reveal the different stages of development and provide insights into its transformation. The article is based on institutional design and theoretical develop-ments by B. Jessop and E. Yesengarayev. It provides an understanding of the role of the APK in harmonising inter-ethnic relations. The paper emphasises the social and legal interdependence required to adapt to dynam-ic socio-demographic conditions. The article considers the development of the APK in the context of the formation and assembly of the nation of Kazakhstan following the collapse of the USSR. It offers a new per-spective on the evolutionary path of the APK and its implications for strengthening social cohesion in Ka-zakhstan. The authors emphasise the institution's ability to navigate complex inter-ethnic dynamics. This study contributes to the existing literature by offering novel insights into the evolutionary journey of the APK and its implications for fostering social cohesion in Kazakhstan.

РОЛЬ МЕЛИСА ЭШИМКАНОВА В ФОРМИРОВАНИИ МЕДИАПРОСТРАНСТВА И ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ КЫРГЫЗСТАНА

This article explores the characteristics of political culture and the development of media space in Kyrgyzstan. The creation of pluralism in the information space is considered one of the significant accomplishments in the country's political system. The media acts as an intermediary between society and the government, fulfilling the functions of the "fourth estate" despite facing pressure from various political forces. The figure of journalist Melis Eshimkanov, who was willing to confront the political system and establish the traditions of an independent and democratic press, embodies the unique features of his time. M. Eshimkanov's perspectives were influenced by the transitional period of Kyrgyzstan's development, which saw the overlay of democratic values

Dynamics of Indonesian Islamic Law: Its Role and Impact on the Political and Legal System in Indonesia

<p><span>Indonesia, as the country with the largest Muslim majority in the world, has a rich and diverse Islamic legal tradition that continues to evolve over time. This research analyzes the dynamics of the role of Islamic law in Indonesia and its impact on the country's political and legal system. This research uses a normative legal approach by examining in depth the relevant legal content, identifying patterns of change, challenges and opportunities in the implementation of Islamic law in the political and legal context in Indonesia. The research results show that the role of Islamic law in the political and legal system in Indonesia is truly significant. Islamic law not only provides a moral and ethical basis for the formation of inclusive and just political policies, but also aligns the national legal system with Islamic values held by the majority of society. In addition, Islamic law provides specific guidelines in regulating various aspects of daily life, strengthens the legitimacy of the political system, empowers Muslim communities in the political process, and provides alternative dispute resolution based on the principles of Islamic law. The impact is enormous, not only reflecting the diversity and plurality of Indonesian society, but also strengthening the legal foundations that are inclusive, just and harmonious in creating harmony between citizens.</span></p>

Political Regime and Governance on climate Change. Evidence from the Western Balkan Economies

Abstract The political environment plays a crucial role in steering societies to address the challenges posed by global warming and contributing to global initiatives toward a resilient and environmentally sustainable future. Political regimes in different places in the democracy-authoritarianism spectrum show varying degrees of effort to reduce their nation's respective carbon emissions. This paper aims to determine the role of political regimes along with governance dimensions in climate change mitigation. The analysis uses the V-Dem database and the World Governance Indicators (WGI) to conceptualise and measure each country's political system and its institutional quality of governance, respectively. The empirical model uses a panel database of the variables of interest for the years 1998-2022 regarding the Western Balkan (WB) economies. The target group of countries sparks our interest due to their significant challenges, such as widespread pollution, political regime changes, and severe governance problems. Furthermore, integrating the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, which suggests a complex relationship between economic growth and environmental sustainability, the analysis provides evidence that the relationship between CO2 emissions and GDP per capita follows a quadratic trend, suggesting that as GDP per capita increases, the associated CO2 emissions may not change linearly but instead follow a parabolic pattern. WB countries also share the ambition of EU accession and hold the EU candidate status. To the extent these states manage to overcome their institutional issues, they will be in the position to implement the EU environmental acquis efficiently, which will amount to a critical step in the region's environmental health. Policymakers and scholars of the field will benefit from this paper since it determines the impact of political systems precisely matched with empirical results to derive conclusive answers regarding the political systems and climate change debate.

The history of studying the problem of transformation of the Spanish political system on the example of the activity of the party «Citizens» (2015-2022)

The paper offers an analysis of modern research devoted to the qualification of the state of the modern political system in Spain. The author's attention is focused on the interpretation of systemic changes, the indicator of which was the activity of a new national party – "Citizens". The activities of the "Citizens" revealed the crisis of the traditional political system, based, in particular, on bipartisanship, within which two national forces dominated the country for more than 30 years – the conservative People's Party (NP) and the center-left Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE). Therefore, the activity of the Citizens Party in 2015-2022 is an illustrative example of the changes taking place in the country's political system. The author systematized the main directions of modern historiography, both Spanish and Russian, paying attention to the logic of their formation, the focuses of research interest, the source base and the methods used by specialists. The methodological basis of the work is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, systematic analysis; historical and genetic method and comparative approach, which is due to the research logic of studying works on the transformation of the Spanish political system over time, and involves a comparative analysis of domestic and foreign literature. The conclusion is made about the similarity of methodology and sources; the "turn" in the study of Spanish Transit and the party-political system formed in 1975-1982 is defined – the transition from "modeling" to historical specifics. The main characteristics of the Spanish political system that exist in modern research are revealed, and the controversial prospects for the evolution of the system are noted. The author's qualification of the party system (the movement from bipartism to unstable multiparty system) dominates both modern historical works and political analysis. Modern researchers and analysts mainly paid their attention to the bright Podemos party, which is associated with its loud rhetoric and opposition to the constitutional foundations of Spain, but the activities of "Citizens", despite their activity in a crisis situation, turned out to be on the sidelines of research interest.

Jordan’s Tripartite Reform: A Critical and Analytical Examination of the 2022 Reforms

The study's goal is to provide insights into the factors that influenced decision-making and determined the nature of comprehensive reforms, as well as to examine the specific changes that have been implemented in various aspects of the country's political, economic, and administrative systems, and to identify the motivations behind Jordan's significant reforms. The study focuses on Jordan's overall development and its implications for the country's long-term viability. It employed descriptive-analytical, institutional, and decision-making methodologies in its research methodology. It shows how political, economic, and administrative developments are inextricably linked to Jordan's stability and future prospects. It demonstrated the importance of comprehensive modernization, development, and administrative tracks for Jordan's long-term sustainability and existence. It discovered that one of the most important levers for the success of Jordan's comprehensive reforms is the availability of political will, starting at the top of the political system with His Majesty King Abdullah II, who was the first supporter of these reforms and the primary guarantee of their viability. The study concludes that thorough reform procedures, a clear national strategy, precise legislative translation, and reorganization of societal institutions are all required.

How does the problem-oriented innovation system (PIS) help in the management of cardiovascular diseases?

Cardiovascular diseases are a multifaceted and complex problem in the health system that can change the priorities of the economic, social, and even political systems of countries. Therefore, as a grand challenge (GC), its management requires adopting a systematic, interdisciplinary, and innovative approach. In Iran, the most common causes of death, have changed from infectious and diarrheal diseases to cardiovascular diseases since 1960. In this study, the novel framework of the problem-oriented innovation system (PIS) has been used, and cardiovascular diseases in Iran have been selected as a case study. To this end, first, the main challenges related to cardiovascular diseases in Iran were identified in two layers of "governance-centered" (including legal and policy gaps, insufficient education, financing, lack and unbalanced distribution of medical personnel) and "society driven" (including unhealthy diet and lifestyle, uncontrolled and hard-to-regulate factors, and high costs) through a library research. Then, the functional-structural framework of the problem-oriented innovation system was used to analyze cardiovascular diseases and provide policy recommendations. The findings indicate that based on the eight functions of the problem-oriented innovation system, an important part of cardiovascular diseases can be managed and controlled in three short-term, medium-term, and long-term periods. Increasing public awareness in the form of university courses, participation of the government with the private sector in building and equipping specialized cardiovascular centers, creating an electronic health record from birth, implementing a family health plan focusing on less developed areas, supporting agriculture and guaranteeing the purchase of agricultural products and healthy food, increasing the capacity of accepting students in medical and paramedical fields, and allocating pharmaceutical currency in the form of pharmaceutical subsidies directly to cardiovascular patients, are among the most important policy recommendations for this grand challenge.

Выборы президента США: меняющийся электорат в кризисе двухпартийности

The election of the American President reflects all the difficulties of the transition period which the country's political system has entered as a mirror. At the center of the systemic transformation is the two-party organization of the political process. Throughout of U.S. history, bipartisanship has been a guarantor of stability and relative predictability of the country’s political development. The two parties have traditionally been adaptive and flexible enough to, on the one hand, structure society and government, and, on the other, quickly respond to changing mood of the electorate and to socio-economic developments in society. Elections in such a system appeared to be a routine and predictable transfer of power. However, in 2000, predictability came to an abrupt end. The presidential elections began to show clear signs of deep socio-political changes that no longer fit into the two-party system framework. Since 2016, the obviousness of these changes is no longer in doubt. The purpose of this article is to use the example of the 2024 election campaign to identify key changes occurring in the American electorate that reflect the degradation of the two-party political system. The authors examine current changes in the party preferences of various social groups that have emerged during the current election campaign, the significance of ‘swing states’ in a polarized political environment, and the programs of both political parties presented at respective national conventions this summer. The article analyzes the electoral shift between the parties, which began in 2016, and is likely to continue in the 2024 elections. At the center of this shift are two social groups – the white working class and ethnic minorities – that have become the main focus of the struggle between Democrats and Republicans in the current elections. The authors come to the conclusion that the U.S. political system is gradually moving towards a search for a new equilibrium formula, elements of which are only beginning to appear in the current processes.

MODELS OF UNIVERSITY AUTONOMY IN EU COUNTRIES: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

The article is devoted to justifying the classification of models of university autonomy based on their comparative analysis. It is emphasized that education functions as a systemic element in the social structure, which is embedded in connections and coordination with other social actors, in particular with state power and the market. It is noted that university autonomy is the authority of a higher education institution to determine its own goals and programs, as well as the means to achieve them; autonomy, independence and responsibility in making decisions regarding one's own development. It is emphasized that the degree of university autonomy is correlated with the country's political and administrative system, economic development and cultural traditions, historical and ideological context, axiological orientation of society, traditional role of higher education institutions. On the basis of a comparative analysis of common features and specifics of models of university autonomy, the author's classification is substantiated depending on three fundamental factors: relations between state authorities and universities; internal organizational and management structure of universities; as well as generalization of cases of certain national systems of higher education or groups of countries united by historical and regional features. It is emphasized that the most relevant is the classification of models of university autonomy, which takes into account not only the relationship between state control and university autonomy and the peculiarities of intra-university management, but also the administrative and financial system of the state, financial support of higher education, etc.

Presidential Threshold Polemic in the 2019 Election and Before the 2024 Election Contest in Indonesia

The application of the presidential threshold in the presidential nomination election in Indonesia gave rise to various controversies and became a topic of discussion in the country's political system. This research wants to see the presidential threshold polemic in the 2019 election and before the 2024 election contestation in Indonesia. The type of research used is normative legal research. The findings in the 2019 election of the presidential threshold polemic that occurred were a number of political parties objecting to a high threshold, restrictions on the freedom of the people/the best sons and daughters who wanted to advance in the presidential election, the public were given choices that were not varied, weakened the presidential system and contradicted the 1945 Constitution Then the polemic leading up to the 2024 election, namely: elite candidates dominating, alternative candidates are limited, consideration of the Constitutional Court is problematic, article 222 of the law is contrary to article 6A (2) of the 1945 Constitution and democratic space is now limited.

State Capacity and Elite Enrichment in Uganda's Northeastern Periphery

In the mid-2000s, Uganda's authoritarian National Resistance Movement (NRM) regime set out to extend state control over Karamoja, a long-neglected region in the northeast of the country. This effort has involved large-scale deployment of security personnel, investment in an expansive administrative system used to subdue the local population, and construction of physical infrastructure that connects Karamoja with the rest of Uganda and facilitates the exploitation of the region's natural resources by members of the political elite. Government bodies in Karamoja capably perform functions that benefit the NRM elite and regime; other government responsibilities, notably for public service provision, have been assumed by non-state organisations. This article shows that the unevenness of state capacity in the region is the result of a coherent strategy that the regime has implemented across Uganda; developments in Karamoja illuminate this strategy and, thereby, help to account for the apparent incongruity of the country's political system.

WHAT WE TALK ABOUT WHEN WE TALK ABOUT FASCISM

ABSTRACTBruce Kuklick's Fascism Comes to America: A Century of Obsession in Politics and Culture offers a compact, accessible, and broad‐reaching survey of “the linguistic career of fascism” in the United States. The book charts the widespread use of the term “fascism” across US political, cultural, and intellectual discourse from the early 1920s up through the present, arguing that rampant, uncritical overuse, outright abuse, and other hyperbolic deployments of the term have purged “fascism” of its analytic value and effectively negated its meaningful critical capacities. Moreover, Kuklick contends that this US “addiction to fascism” as a way to malign ideological and political enemies and express anxieties about the fragility of US democracy impedes accurate assessment of legitimate problems with the country's political system and traditions. This review essay offers a critical assessment of Kuklick's approach, interrogating what his narrow analytic focus on rhetoric and ideas misses and what nuance gets lost in declaring “fascism” a “political swear word” and little else. This thoroughly researched accounting of fascist invectives succeeds in showing that the term has consistently lacked reliable and substantive meaning, but as a survey, the book falters in collapsing its contexts, treating each and every usage of the term as equal and equally meaningless. Engaging with new scholarship on fascism, antifascism, and the modern US Right, as well as with Black radical political thought on fascism since the 1930s, this review essay challenges Kuklick's conclusion that the term “fascism” should be purged from public and intellectual discourse. In turn, it proposes a set of approaches for how we might continue our engagement with greater precision and analytic care.

Algeria’s "Hirak" Movement (2019): Achievments and Faillures

The Hirak protest movement in Algeria began in February 2019, sparked by wide-spread anger and frustration over the government's handling of the country's economic and political situation. The protests were initially triggered by President Abd al-Aziz Boutef-lika's announcement that he would seek a fifth term in office despite his advanced age and declining health. The Algerian people had long been dissatisfied with the ruling elite and the govern-ment's perceived corruption, economic mismanagement, and lack of political freedom. The Hirak movement was a response to these grievances, and it quickly grew into a massive protest movement that brought together people from all walks of life, including students, professionals, workers, and retirees. The protesters called for an end to the Bouteflika regime and demanded an overhaul of the country's political system. The movement was peaceful and largely decentralized, with no clear leaders or formal organization. One of the important points of the paper is the position of the Algerian authorities, particularly the army, the structure that has real power in the country. Along with the progress and development of the opposition movement, the tactics of the authorities changed too. The Algerian political elite chose a tactic appropriate to the moment to maintain their position, influence and wishing to prevent the situation from escalating at the same time.

Проектные особенности функционирования региональных отделений партии «Единая Россия» в контексте избирательного цикла 2021 года

The article provides an analysis of the project activities of the regional branches of the «United Russia» party in the Rostov region and the Stavropol region in the 2021 electoral cycle. The purpose of the study is to analyze the impact of «United Russia's» project activities on its functioning in the regions and the conceptualization of «United Russia's» image and electoral projects. The study was conducted on the materials of the 2021 elections in the Rostov region and the Stavropol region. The main research tool was the methods of applied political analysis. The results of the study: theoretical conceptualization of the image and electoral projects of «United Russia», a description of specific projects of the regional branches of «United Russia» in the electoral cycle of 2021, disclosure of the functional significance of each of the described projects. The main conclusions of the study are as follows. First, the difference between image and electoral projects lies in the goals of the projects and the periods of their implementation. Secondly, the electoral projects of «United Russia» have the potential for qualitative transformation into image projects, as an example, the project «People's Program» is given. Thirdly, image projects are often associated with the fulfillment by «United Russia» of important functions for the country's political system.

Pathology of the Implementation System of Iran’s Social Welfare Policies

Introduction: In the implementation of public policy, there are many factors and obstacles, the identification of which will lead to the efficient way of implementing the policies. Method: The present research was conducted with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the obstacles to the implementation of Iran's social welfare policies. The research is of a meta-composite type, in the qualitative part, semi-structured interviews were used so as to collect the data with open coding, and finally the obstacles to the implementation of social welfare policies were identified. In the quantitative part, using the review of related literature and research studies, six fundamental research studies in the field of policymaking were selected according to the citations and the items affecting the implementation of policies having been extracted from other studies in the form of commonalities. Then, the 10 experts cooperated, and the three-step Delphi method was used. Findings: Based on Friedman's test, ten priorities were identified, which are as follows: existence of opposing and supporting parties, technical difficulties, lack of use of new technologies, legitimacy of the country's political and governance system, lack of attention to the intellectual and political maturity of the target group, political factors, political conflicts, the welfare state of the target group, the lack of appropriate executive instructions, the lack of alignment of programs, and the lack of optimal allocation of the country's budget. Discussion: It was found that the influential factors are in the hands of the government and the role of the executives in the implementation of social welfare policies is weaker. Therefore, it is suggested that the government should pay more attention to the use of pro and opposition parties, the legitimacy of the ruling political system, and executive guidelines.

Dampak Politik Pencitraan (Imagologi) Terhadap Kontestasi Politik di Indonesia

This research is intended about how the implementation of the recruitment process for the management of political parties in finding administrators in its implementation refers to the political party law number 2 of 2011, in general political parties are a key to the success of a country's political system, and the most important key is the recruitment of cadres and political party administrators, which is an important indicator to see the changes and development of a political party in building a political system in the government of a country. But in practice the process of recruiting cadres and party officials still violates the rules as regulated in the Act. Number 2 of 2011 concerning political parties. An example of the phenomenon that is currently booming is that artists are busy being registered as legislative candidates by political parties, which is evidence of the failure of political parties to carry out regeneration. So that political parties take shortcuts by exploiting the popularity of artists to gain votes in legislative elections and this certainly has a negative impact on democracy in Indonesia. This research is focused on how the procedures of political parties in recruiting their cadres in finding and occupying political party management positions in a democratic manner or more on a nepotistic approach. looking for management. Research Methods The research used is descriptive analytical. The results of the study, examining from a legal perspective based on the rules of law No. 2 of 2011 concerning political parties and the Articles of Association and Bylaws of political parties, in this study concludes that as in recruiting for positions of administrators, many political parties do it in a way that does not democratic positions, such as positions that have significant influence in political parties, such as the positions of DPD Chair, DPC Chair, Treasurer, Secretary General of the party to the general chairman of political parties. So that it has implications for the electability of political parties and the image of political parties is bad and undemocratic. This research is focused on how the procedures of political parties in recruiting their cadres in finding and occupying political party management positions in a democratic manner or more on a nepotistic approach. looking for management. Research Methods The research used is descriptive analytical. The results of the study, examining from a legal perspective based on the rules of law No. 2 of 2011 concerning political parties and the Articles of Association and Bylaws of political parties, in this study concludes that as in recruiting for positions of administrators, many political parties do it in a way that does not democratic positions, such as positions that have significant influence in political parties, such as the positions of DPD Chair, DPC Chair, Treasurer, Secretary General of the party to the general chairman of political parties. So that it has implications for the electability of political parties and the image of political parties is bad and undemocratic.

Nonprofit Organizations and Political Protest: Social Media Coverage of Protest Action by Public Organizations

There are quite a few groups of actors in Russia who have their own unique interests and influence the country's political system. In general, all interests can be divided into three large clusters: state, commercial, and public. However, it should be noted that often these interests do not coincide with each other, which can lead to conflict situations. In such cases, one of the response options may be the use of various forms of protest, including rallies, marches and pickets. These forms of protest are widely used by both citizens and domestic nonprofit organizations. This article examines how nonprofit organizations cover protests that occurred between 2020 and 2022. The authors examine the different approaches these organizations take to draw attention to the issues they face. Nonprofit organizations are uniquely positioned to draw attention to important issues and changes in the country, and to work for the public good. They can act as a powerful tool for civic engagement. In this article we also look at the various forms of protest that nonprofit organizations use and how they can influence the political life of the country.