Political Reasons Research Articles

HIGHEST CASTE ON THE DEFENDANT'S SEAT:

After the end of colonial periods, many Latin American countries struggled with authoritarian regimes. Most of these countries experienced waves of authoritarianism followed by democratic moments during the last century. For that reason, democratic institutions were built under the imminent threat of a coup d’état. To ensure that presidents would not be persecuted for political reasons, Brazil has established that its Supreme Court (Supremo Tribunal Federal) would be the only court with powers to judge presidents (except impeachment cases), federal deputies, and senators, amongst other higher authorities. Based on the Brazilian example, this work seeks to understand if other Latin American countries also offer the same protection to their authorities and why. What are the factors that influence the existence of jurisdictional privilege? Furthermore, what does influence the extent of the privilege given to more or fewer authorities? This research used a multi-method approach to present and analyze the institutional phenomenon of jurisdictional privilege. First of all, exploratory and descriptive comparative research was carried out from Latin American constitutional texts to identify where jurisdictional privileges are present and their respective amounts. Then, a quantitative analysis applied statistical tests to the variables included in the research database, to check possible correlations between institutional quality indexes and the variation in the number of representative categories of political authorities benefiting from the privilege of jurisdiction. Finally, this work performed a qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) to describe the logical relationship between the variables in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions for the occurrence of the phenomenon under study. Keywords: Latin America; institutional comparative analysis; Supreme Courts; jurisdictional privilege; empirical approach.

Results and scientific significance of the Sibiryakov’s (Yakut region) expedition (1894 -1896)

This article considers the scientific results of the first comprehensive stationary expedition studying the indigenous peoples of Eastern Siberia – the Sibiryakov’s (Yakut region) expedition of the East Siberian Department of the Russian Geographical Society (1894-1896). This study aims to identify the scientific significance of publications based on the results of the expedition in the source study aspect, which will allow us to consider the history of the accumulation of knowledge about the Yakut language (Sakha language) and Yakut literature (Sakha literature) of the 19th-20th centuries, and will replenish the source study base of historical and literary science. During the research, systematic and holistic approaches, as well as contextual, interpretive, historical-literary and comparative methods of scientific research were used in the study of the source. In this regard, the study of the dictionary of the Yakut language by E.K. Pekarsky gains increasing relevance in the problematics of supertext, both its linguistic value and its significance in the historical and cultural terms are highlighted. As a result of the study, special importance is given to the role of a persons exiled for political reasons to Yakut region, who became participants in this expedition, which undoubtedly had a favorable effect on the results of field research and the fate of the exiled themselves. Precisely the involvement of these young people in the work of the expedition enabled to collect and publish scientific works on the beliefs of the Yakuts (Sakha people), folklore and the Yakut language, which laid the foundation for the development of the Yakut people’s verbal folklore. It is no less valuable that owing to the work of the exiles, it was possible to attract representatives of the local population to further scientific study of their language, culture and region, the spiritual and moral influence of the Russian language and culture on the development of the national region as a whole.

Impeachment as Last Resort to Safeguard Democracy? Removing the Head of Government in Different Institutional Settings

Democracy would essentially fail if, despite an electoral defeat, the government refused to concede office. This possibility is a constant uncertainty that democracy has to deal with, which makes it fragile in terms of its survival. This was on full display after the 2020 U.S. presidential election, including the resulting denials by then President Trump and his followers and their attempts to have the results overturned, with the dramatic conflict culminating in the storming of the Capitol. Trust, but also mistrust, is constitutive for democratic regimes: Trust makes democracies exist, and mistrust makes them survive. Recent studies have pointed out that institutionalized mistrust has long been ignored as relevant for democracies; however, there is little if any research attention given to the most pivotal tool in terms of institutionalized mistrust, namely the vote of no confidence or the early removal of the head of government from office. In parliamentary systems, parliament can remove the head of government for political reasons, whereas presidentialism lacks this option, although impeachment provides a way of removal on legal grounds. This article aims to prompt further reflection in comparative government on how these tools of institutionalized mistrust are defined in the context of different institutional settings and what potential risks they entail. Do the principles of trust and mistrust actually differ between the various governmental systems? Finally, does impeachment strengthen democratic principles, or is it pathological in a sense that it might even foster autocratization?

Examining the Motivations Underlying International Students’ Migration Behaviors: the Case of Master’s Students in Spain

This study aims to examine the motivations that international graduate students have to either migrate or return home after completing their master’s degree in Spain, one of the most important and yet under-researched host countries in the international European education arena. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 63 international students graduated in a business field of a top-tier highly international private university. Through thematic analysis, we extracted 113 themes, 70 from the group that decided to migrate and 43 from the group that decided to return to their home country. These themes were classified under 13 motivation categories, 5 of them being work-related and 8 non-work-related, thus resulting in a 2 × 2 factor model. Work-related motivations to migrate included the perception of better career opportunities and the desire to work for an ideal company. Salary played a limited role. Non-work-related motivations to migrate included having a global identity, which to our knowledge has not been identified before, and not returning home for political reasons. Work-related motivations for returning included not seeing job opportunities abroad and seeing higher job opportunities in the home country. Non-work-related motivations for returning included the pandemic, personal motivations, and mobility restrictions. Results from this case study bring new insights about the phenomenological motivations of this population for deciding whether to pursue an international career or not and can therefore help professionals like policy makers and career advisors to develop and implement appropriate measures to support their decisions.

Profiling European Consumers that Engage in Boycotting

Boycotting involves abstention from buying specific products or brands for political, ethical, or ecological reasons. Boycott is usually framed as an expression of political consumerism and has been on the rise. Companies that suffer a boycott may endure severe consequences including long-term damaged brand image and harmed reputation. However, there is still an incomplete picture of the socio-political and demographic profile of boycotters. Most characterizations of political consumers are based on research that combines boycotters and buycotters under a single construct of political consumers, and yet these consumers are driven by different motivations. The objective of this exploratory study is to provide a general characterization of European political consumers that engage in boycotting. The data used was collected between the 25th of May, 2022 and the18th of September, 2022, and was retrieved from the 10th edition (2022) of the European Social Survey. The study employs binary logistic regression to assess the association between boycotting and various potential factors listed in extant literature. Results indicate that boycotting behaviour is affected by age and other life-cycle variables, gender, education, institutional trust, the degree of satisfaction with the political system and the government, the level of trust in information and communication technology, reported self-happiness and self-general health perceptions. In general, the parameters of the models suggest that European consumers that engage in boycotting behaviour tend to be female, young, well-educated, trust on national political institutions and make intensive use of digital media. The conclusions of the empirical study are discussed and interpreted in light of current theories of consumer behaviour that highlight the post-modern, fragmented and globalized characteristics of current western societies. The results of this study enrich the literature on consumer boycotts and confirm the predicting power of various socio-demographic, psychological and attitudinal variables. Avenues for future research are identified together with consideration of the study limitations.

Reasons for migration, parental acculturation, and language: the case of Chinese American and Mexican American parents and dual language learners.

Migration is a complex process associated with a range of social, economic, and political reasons. In the U.S., almost one-quarter of the total population of parents are immigrant parents of children ages 0-10. Immigrant parents transmit values from their culture of origin as well as their language to their children. Additionally, they may undergo a process of cultural and psychological change known as acculturation. Research has shown that acculturation can be linked to parenting styles and adolescents' psychological well-being and behavioral problems. However, little is known about the associations among immigrant parents' acculturation, their home language and literacy practices, and their bilingual children's language skills. This study explores the relationships among reasons for migration, parental acculturation, home language and literacy practices, and child expressive vocabulary in English and their heritage language (HL). A group of 190 Spanish-English (N = 66) and Chinese-English (N = 124) dual language learners (DLLs) (mean age = 48.98 months) and their Chinese and Mexican parents (mean age of migration = 18.57 and 21.38 years old respectively participated. Frequency counts revealed that Mexican American families migrated to the U.S. mostly for multiple reasons, including joining family members, getting married, and looking for better education or job opportunities, whereas most Chinese American families migrated for family reasons only. Path analysis models showed that, for both cultural groups, language input in Spanish and Chinese mediated the relationship between parents' cultural orientations and DLLs' HL expressive vocabulary. These findings emphasize that despite the heterogeneity of immigrant families and the variability in DLLs' vocabulary skills in preschool, there exist some similarities across immigrant parents and bilingual children. A deeper understanding of acculturation practices and home language use can help educators better support children from diverse backgrounds and promote cultural awareness and sensitivity in the classroom.

Political Reasoning and the Nation-State: A MacIntyrean Consideration of a Thomistic Debate

The Traditional Natural Law (TNL) considers the political community a good human beings desire as one of the greatest goods of practical life, while those within the New Natural Law (NNL) camp argue instead that the political community is an instrumental good. Neither side has been able to offer a decisive refutation of the other, despite each offering strong arguments supported by both philosophical argument and textual evidence. In response, I will present Alasdair MacIntyre’s approach to practical reason and political community in hopes of shedding new light on this debate. From a MacIntyrean perspective, the TNL and NNL disagreement is more apparent than real, because the two sides in fact address different objects. MacIntyre presents political community as a constitutive aspect of excellent practical reasoning, but he denies the modern nation-state can be such a community.

Milton's Legal Duel: Nature and Norm in Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes

Abstract: Scholars have often linked John Milton with natural law; this article argues instead for the strong interest of Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes in legal positivism. By the mid-seventeenth century, thinkers like Hugo Grotius and Thomas Hobbes were in their different ways proposing a natural law based on self-preservation rather than theology, and as a result natural law became increasingly indistinguishable from political defactoism and reason of state. Milton struggled more than is generally recognized with the threat this naturalism posed to free will and moral value, and he responded by anticipating the work of nineteenth- and twentieth-century thinkers like John Austin, Hans Kelsen, and H. L. A. Hart, who made positivism central to liberal jurisprudence. Positivism asserts legal norms to be based on their authoritative source rather than their conformity with fact or reason, and thus positivist legal theory offers an escape from ethically minimal natural law. Positivism, though, also relies on preexisting, potentially arbitrary authority and makes penal sanctions constitutive of legal order, and these qualities paradoxically bind positivism to the worst features of naturalism: determinism and coercive violence. Milton grapples with precisely these issues in his 1671 poems, and his conflicted embrace of positivism illuminates a number of puzzles long noted in these works.

Asymmetric Wars: A Study of the Concept, Characteristics, Features, and Causes

Asymmetric wars is becoming one of the most important subjects that had been studied by the specialist of strategic studies. as well as other political studies, because this war it's have different range than the regular war by its themes and causes.
 The standard war was a subject for studies and research for a long time and for many reasons one of which that these standards wars was drain too much resources and manpower and because Disastrous results hit the community's and the mankind and cause backwards for humanity. 
 Although there are many common features. between the different types of wars, asymmetric wars are characterized by characteristics and features that differ to a large extent from the characteristics and features that characterized conventional wars, in addition to the fact that there are multiple other reasons behind the escalation of this type of war or Threats, including economic, political, religious and cultural reasons.
 Likewise, those types of wars have their own tools or means, through which they are threatened or used against the other hostile party that disagrees with the threatened party, with reference to a fundamental and important point, which is the inequality of the warring parties, as the asymmetric war may be carried out by a weaker party than the other. In terms of physical (hard) force, the threat may come from units or other non-international actors such as terrorist organizations or some extremist groups, or even from individuals.
 All this made the study of asymmetric threats or wars a matter of interest to researchers and specialists, because of the dangers that these wars and threats pose to the international community and human security, and negatively affect the economic and cultural development of the international community.

"That Jewish Belief in the Living God of Israel": Jewish Tradition in the Thought of Ze'ev Jabotinsky

ABSTRACT: Scholars who have dealt with Jabotinsky's attitude toward Jewish tradition have shared the premise that he was a secular thinker who went through a significant ideological shift in the 1930s, or at least displayed a more favorable approach to religion thereafter for political reasons. However, close examination of his early writings shows that almost all the views he expressed in the 1930s are to be found decades before. Hence, Jabotinsky should be viewed as a thinker who for most of his life held a multifaceted, yet fairly consistent approach to tradition: criticizing Jewish halakha and calling for its reform, while considering religion a great moral force for human progress, describing Jewish tradition as integral to national culture, past and future, and to a certain extent, even romanticizing religious experience. This inclination establishes Jabotinsky as a moderate-secularist easily able to ally himself politically with Religious-Zionists while remaining a non-observant Jew.

Discurso del Presidente de la Academia Argentina de Cirugía

It is a great honor and an enormous responsibility to have been elected president of such a prestigious institution as the Academia Argentina de Cirugía by my peers, and I am deeply grateful for this nomination. This academy was created almost 112 years ago at a very particular historical moment in our country (a rich and migrant-receiving country). Buenos Aires was a thriving, cosmopolitan city with important medical advances. It was in this context that a group of surgeons, led by Dr. Daniel Cranwell, gathered at his home to found the Sociedad de Cirugía de Buenos Aires, the first association of surgeons in Argentina. Later, in 1939, it became Academia Argentina de Cirugía, following the guidelines of the French Academy of Surgery. However, for political reasons, it was forced to return to its original name in 1954, and it was not until 1969 that it took on its current name.

The Twentieth Century Politics of Neologisms and Toponyms in the Albanian Language

This study analyses the political reasons behind the introduction of neologisms and new toponyms by the two most powerful Albanian rulers during the twentieth centuries, Ahmet Zogu and Enver Hoxha. The study adopts an interdisciplinary approach which combines linguistic, political and historical analysis, with selected reference to anthropological and folkloristic research. The analysis is based on a thorough review of scientific literature and official documents and periodic publications related to new toponyms and new words in the twentieth century. Zogu imposed his will for the use of new words and toponyms in all official correspondence and publications. By the end of his rule, he requested the change of more than 50% of toponyms. Hoxha followed suit after Zogu, however, most of the neologisms introduced by them with a top-down approach did not survive their rule. The toponyms introduced by Zogu were rescinded after he fled Albania, whereas the toponyms introduced by Enver Hoxha are still officially in use, but common people use most of the old toponyms in their daily parlance. Language is almost like a living thing, that grows and changes organically by the interactions of millions of cells – the people that speak and write it.

"That Jewish Belief in the Living God of Israel": Jewish Tradition in the Thought of Ze'ev Jabotinsky

ABSTRACT: Scholars who have dealt with Jabotinsky's attitude toward Jewish tradition have shared the premise that he was a secular thinker who went through a significant ideological shift in the 1930s, or at least displayed a more favorable approach to religion thereafter for political reasons. However, close examination of his early writings shows that almost all the views he expressed in the 1930s are to be found decades before. Hence, Jabotinsky should be viewed as a thinker who for most of his life held a multifaceted, yet fairly consistent approach to tradition: criticizing Jewish halakha and calling for its reform, while considering religion a great moral force for human progress, describing Jewish tradition as integral to national culture, past and future, and to a certain extent, even romanticizing religious experience. This inclination establishes Jabotinsky as a moderate-secularist easily able to ally himself politically with Religious-Zionists while remaining a non-observant Jew.

Changes in Extreme Rainfall in New Capital of Indonesia (IKN) Based on 20 Years of GPM-IMERG Data

The Indonesian government has decided to relocate the nation’s capital city from Jakarta on Java to the Nusantara Capital (IKN) on Kalimantan for political, socioeconomic, and infrastructure reasons, among others, including the threat of flood, earthquake, and land subsidence in Jakarta. However, IKN remains susceptible to hydro-meteorological disasters due to its equatorial location and high yearly rainfall amounts. In this article, we investigated changes in extreme rainfall in the IKN area over the last 20 years (2001- 2020) based on Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) version 6 data. Overall, extreme rain in the IKN area, especially in the Sepaku and Semboja sub-districts, has slightly declined in the last 2 decades, as shown by negative and positive Sen’s slopes of precipitation amount-based indices and the consecutive dry days (CDD), respectively. A decrease was also observed in RX1 day (annual maximum 1-day precipitation) and SDII (annual total rainfall divided by the number of wet days in the year) indices. This indicates that the IKN area is getting drier and could impact the availability of clean water in the future by increasing the intensity and duration of the drought. While the total amount of precipitation has decreased over the past 2 decades, there has been an increase in the intensity of more extreme precipitation events. This is evident from the rise in precipitation frequency-based indices (annual count of days with rainfall exceeding certain thresholds), such as R20mm and R50mm. The RX5day index (maximum 5-day precipitation) has also shown an increase. These changes increase the risk of flooding, so it is crucial to implement appropriate measures to mitigate the risk of floods in the IKN area. HIGHLIGHTS Extreme rain in the IKN area, especially in Sepaku and Semboja sub-districts, has slightly declined in the last 20 years. Increases were observed in the consecutive dry days (CDD) and some precipitation frequency-based indices. It is important to take appropriate measures to reduce the risk of floods and drought in the IKN areas. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

FINNISH ECONOMY AMID THE CRISIS PHENOMENA 2021–2023

This article is devoted to the analysis of the development of the economic situation in Finland in the context of the crisis phenomena of recent years. Their main source was the increase in world energy prices. Then the crisis worsened due to the consequences of Russia launching a special military operation on the territory of Ukraine. For Finland, this led to the emergence of additional crisis phenomena. In particular, for political reasons, economic cooperation with our country has been reduced to almost zero. Particularly sensitive was the rejection of Russian oil and gas in favor of Norwegian and American, the price of which was much higher. This factor, combined with the build-up of public debt during the tenure of Prime Minister Sanna Marin, has led to a chain reaction in the Finnish economy, which risks turning into a full-fledged crisis for it. The new Premier Minister Petteri Orpo does not have much time and resources left to prevent this scenario.

조선 시대 정의현 유배인 연구

Jeju really became an island of exile in the Joseon Dynasty. As of 2021, the number
 of people exiled to Jeju was found to be around 700 during the Joseon Dynasty.
 Including the Chinese exile of Yuan(元) and Ming(明) in the late Goryeo, Jeju’s exile
 identified in the literature were more than 1,000 during Goryeo and Joseon Dynasty. Of
 these, 122 people were exiled to Jeonguihyeon. Most of them were exiled in the late
 Joseon Dynasty, especially during King Yeongjo(英祖).
 The 122 people were mostly exiled for political reasons. Families and relatives
 involved in treason and rebellion were 46, almost half of them. About 20 people were
 exiled for political change and treason, and about 10 were exiled such as admonition and
 criticism of the royal order. In particular, many people were exiled due to the rebellion
 of Yi in-jwa(李麟佐, 1728) and Naju Gwaeseo(羅州掛書) incident(1755) during the reign
 of King Yeongjo in the first half of the 18th century.
 There has been no research on Jeonguihyeon, a place of exile during the Joseon
 Dynasty. At least there was no research result on Jeonguihyeon’s exile and their exile
 period and reasons for exile in the literature. Accordingly, this paper selected and
 accurately grasped about 10 kinds of literature that can examine the exile of
 Jeonguihyeon. In addition, the list and status of 122 people, the timing and reason of
 exile, and reference are listed and presented.

Sofia Quintero Romero: Protection and Support of Breastfeeding With a Feminist and Social Justice Lens.

Sofia Quintero Romero graduated as a medical doctor at Universidad del Rosario, Bogotà, Colombia, in 1977. She spent a compulsory rural year working in a remote indigenous community in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Columbia. In 1979 she worked in Bolivia for Terre des Hommes and Oxfam, evaluating their health projects with the Aymara Indians and in the tin mines. She had to leave Colombia for political reasons and went to England, where she obtained, in 1981, an MSc in Community Health at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM). That's where she met her husband, Adriano Cattaneo. She then worked in Mozambique and Nicaragua where she was in charge of maternal and child health services at the regional level. Since 1990, she devoted her time to the protection, promotion, and support of breastfeeding. Sofia obtained a PhD in Maternal and Child Health at the University of Bologna, Italy, and a Diploma in Breastfeeding Theory and Practice at the Child Health Institute in London UK. She taught hundreds of breastfeeding courses for health professionals and peer counsellors in Italy and in dozens of countries abroad, using the World Health Organization/United Nations Children's Fund (WHO/UNICEF) manuals. In the past 15 years, she changed her approach for breastfeeding education to biological nurturing. Sofia has been a member of the International Baby Food Action Network (IBFAN) since 1992 and coordinated the Nestlé Boycott in Italy. She retired in 2018.

COME, LET US EAT AND DRINK TOGETHER: FEASTING PATTERNS AND THEIR SOCIO-POLITICAL DIMENSIONS IN LATE BRONZE AGE EASTERN CRETE

Feasts in Bronze Age Crete are an important manifestation of material culture. Indications of feasting can be identified in funerary, palatial, and domestic archaeological contexts. As a result of scholarship traditionally focusing on the religious character of funerary practices and palatial feasting, convivial activities within the domestic sphere have been neglected and/or misinterpreted. As a result of this research bias, there is a notable gap in the record of in-depth archaeological analysis of the social, political and ideological reasons of performing a feast in a domestic environment (or within the bounds of a settlement itself). Researchers have found it hard to distinguish between different types of feasts based on the associated cultural material, consequently leading to misinterpretations regarding the differences in feasting symbolism and the contribution of feasting to social organisation. The re-examination of published material from the Neopalatial (c. 1700‒1500/1450 BC or Middle Minoan IIIB‒Late Minoan IB in pottery terms) sites of Pseira, Mochlos and Gournia in eastern Crete reveals that specific patterns of feasts were in fact in existence and socially performed. Furthermore, the data suggest that feasts in settlements functioned as politically motivated rituals which played a leading role in the formation of social organisation through intra-community antagonisms.

Unmasking the politics of policy‐driven change (or not) for gender diversity

AbstractThis article places a critical lens over one part of an empirical study to explore the political reasons for why (or why not) women on boards policies are effective (or not) in Aotearoa New Zealand. Political intersectionality is used as a heuristic tool to link the political agendas of macro level public policies to meso‐level organizational processes and how these (re)shape the micro‐level everyday politics of structural privilege and disadvantage. Interview data from 10 influential male directors show how the political agendas of powerful interest groups can shape the dialog and further embed the status quo by promoting a business case for gender diversity based on the inherent assumption that it incentivizes businesses to function as meritocracies. We argue that power and conflicting political interests must be addressed if diversity‐related interventions are to achieve the desired gender equity and social justice outcomes in a board membership.

The “kirat religion” in Nepal: quest for a new religious and ethnic identity

The Limbu, Rai Yakha and Sunuwar peoples of eastern Nepal are part of the wider Kiranti ethnic group. Traditionally they used to worship spirits and objects of nature. Rituals were held at temporary altars built from natural materials. The continuity of the tradition was ensured by a complex of oral texts called mundhum, which was transmitted by shamans. In the 20th century, for sociocultural and political reasons, these traditional beliefs underwent major changes. At the beginning of the 20th century, a new reformist doctrine of Satya Hangma (Limbu “true faith”) emerged. Guru Phalgunanda combined traditional beliefs with Hindu ideas, transforming dogmatics and religious practice. At the end of the 20th century political processes began in Nepal, which led to the growth of ethno-religious self-awareness of various groups. For the first time, in the 1991 census, there was included an option to recognize the “Kirat religion”.