Political Governance Research Articles

پلانی کارگێڕيی وه زار هتی ت هندروستیی عێراق و ڕەوشی دام و د هزگا ت هندروستیی هکانی سلێمانی

This study attempts to investigate the health conditions in the city of Sulaymaniyah, through the generalhealth situation in Iraq and the impact of economic and political factors and government decisions that fallwithin the health services of the Iraqi individual.This study consists of two main parts. The first part is devoted to the Iraqi government’s plan to manage thehealth sector, including the laws and finances allocated to this sector, as well as focusing on the internationalagreements in which Iraq has participated in the advancement of the health situation. The second part focused onthe health institutions in the city of Sulaymaniyah in terms of the numbers of hospitals and clinics and the capitalallocated to this sector, with mentioning the most important steps taken by the government to advance the sector.

How the synergy of government intervention and digital transformation affects carbon emission: evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China

ABSTRACT Digital transformation (DT), government intervention (GI) and carbon emissions (CE) have always been the focus of academic attention, and arguments on the relationship amongst them exist. This study seeks to introduce the degree of political connection and government subsidies (GS) as GI into the relationship between DT and CE at the micro-level and aims to provide a new perspective for resolving previous arguments. By using a difference-in-differences model, the impact of DT on reducing CE is measured by taking a sample of 3925 observations from listed enterprises in China and dividing them according to the following degrees of political connection: none, moderate and high. Results show that DT is effective in reducing CE. Additionally, DT of enterprises with moderate political connections has had the greatest effect on reducing CE, followed by the effect of enterprises with high political connections. The effect of enterprises with no political connections is insignificant. If enterprises with a moderate or no political connections gains more GS, then the negative impact of DT on CE will be stronger. This study provides new evidence that DT reduces CE at the micro-level and presents a new perspective on reaching a consensus by introducing GS and the degrees of political connection.

Ethnopolitical Trends of Party Building in Kazakhstan and China

The role of political parties in multi-ethnic states is quite complex, as they should be focused not only on political governance at the level of the state as a whole, but also on promoting national unity in interethnic relations, forming tolerant cooperation and interaction between different ethnic groups. Aim. This article aims to take the operation and development of political parties in multi-ethnic countries such as Kazakhstan and China as examples to study the role of political parties and to study cases from the practice of their activities in maintaining national stability, promoting social harmony, and protecting the interests of small ethnic groups.Tasks. One of the tasks of political parties in multi-ethnic states is to integrate different social interests and ensure that all ethnic groups have a voice and are represented in the decision-making process at the national level.Methods. Comparative analysis is used to compare models of multi-ethnic governance in different countries or regions, and to analyze the role and effectiveness of different political parties in these models. This will help to understand the strengths and weaknesses of different governance models and identify best practices. It also analyzes the reasons for the successes and failures of different countries and political parties by analyzing their historical practices of multi-ethnic governance. This will help to understand how political parties have responded to ethnic conflicts and governance challenges throughout history.Results. The research paper pointed out that the policies developed and implemented by political parties in multicultural countries in support of the cultures of different ethnic groups, the protection and promotion of the languages, religions, traditions and cultural identities of different ethnic groups, comply with the UN standards and principles on these issues. However, as shown by the political and SWOT analysis of the statutory and program documents of the political parties in the countries studied, there are problems.Conclusion. Certainly, political parties are making efforts to ensure equal opportunities and access for all ethnic groups to the economy, education, employment and so on, in order to promote the creation of a fair and inclusive society, while ensuring the civil rights of minority ethnic groups, or as it is called in international legal literature “national minorities”.

Global prescriptions and local adaptations: the role of political culture in shaping governance strategies for university funding

ABSTRACT This article explores the influence of New Public Management (NPM) reforms on local higher education (HE) governance in the context of globalisation, focussing on the funding mechanisms of universities in Hong Kong and Taiwan. Through the development of an analytical framework for governance strategies, the study examines the principles underlying funding allocation and distribution decisions in these regions. The findings show that, although both regions adopt performance-based funding aligned with NPM principles, significant differences emerge due to their distinct political cultures and societal expectations. Taiwan’s strategy is characterised by regulatory oversight driven by societal shifts and electoral pressures, while Hong Kong’s approach is market-oriented, reflecting its British colonial heritage and alignment with industry demands. This study highlights the role of path dependency in shaping localised adaptations of global governance models, demonstrating the diversity and adaptability of HE governance strategies. The paper concludes by proposing directions for further research into the interplay between political culture and HE governance, advocating for the development of context-sensitive frameworks that address evolving governance strategies.

Analyzing Public Discourse on the Affordable Care Act through YouTube Comments

Abstract Introduction Social media’s pervasive role in daily life provides a unique avenue for understanding public sentiments. This study utilizes YouTube comments on an MSNBC video about the Affordable Care Act (ACA) to explore public opinions on the policy and its political implications. Methods A qualitative analysis of YouTube comments on an MSNBC video was conducted. Netlytic, a scraping tool, gathered 1,949 comments. Thematic analysis, based on a coding framework derived from Semetko and Valkenburg’s frames, identified three predominant frames: Responsibility, Human Interest, and Economic Consequences. Results Of the 1949 comments posted in response to the ACA video on YouTube, 488 were analyzed. Three media frames were used to categorize the comments. Among the analyzed comments, 42% fell within the Responsibility Frame, indicating that 205 comments attributed responsibility for ACA-related issues, healthcare access, and costs to political parties, individual politicians, and government entities. The Human-Interest Frame accounted for 11% of the comments, with 53 remarks reflecting individual experiences related to healthcare access and costs. Additionally, 26% of the comments fell within the Economic Consequences Frame, signifying those 125 comments included remarks concerning the economic impacts of the ACA, such as increased healthcare access, taxes, and penalties. The remaining 21% of comments did not align with the three frames. Conclusions This study embarked on a comprehensive exploration of public discourse surrounding the Affordable Care Act (ACA) within the context of the 2024 presidential election, utilizing YouTube comments as a rich source of qualitative data. Through a meticulous methodological approach, which included thematic framing analysis and intercoder reliability assessments, valuable insights into the diverse perspectives and sentiments expressed by social media users regarding this critical healthcare legislation were gained. Key messages • Social media allows for real-time understanding of people’s thoughts, beliefs, opinions, and ideas, as well as serves as a useful tool that fosters broad, unfiltered data/content. • Researchers conducted a qualitative analysis of public discourse on YouTube to explore the range of sentiments regarding the ACA.

POPULIST POLITICS IN PAKISTAN: A CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN THREEK -E- INSAF (PTI) FROM 2018-2023

Populism, although not a new political ideology, has witnessed a significant resurgence since the late 20th century. Emerging initially among Southern sharecroppers and tenant farmers in the United States during the 1880s, populism has since manifested globally, characterized by its opposition to elites and its appeal to the "common people." This thesis explores the nature of populism, its ideological foundations, and its impact on contemporary politics, with a particular focus on Pakistan's political landscape. The study critically examines the populist strategies of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) and its leader Imran Khan, assessing their socio-political and economic consequences from 2018 to 2023. By distinguishing between populist and non-populist politics in Pakistan, this research provides a comprehensive analysis of PTI's rise and its implications for democracy and governance in the region. The analysis reveals the intricate dynamics between populist rhetoric and policy, and their effects on the economic and sociopolitical fabric of Pakistan. Key findings indicate that PTI's populist approach has significantly reshaped political discourse and governance structures, promoting a narrative that pits the "pure people" against the "corrupt elite." The thesis also highlights the broader implications of populism for democratic practices, suggesting that while populism can invigorate political engagement and address genuine grievances, it also poses challenges to pluralism and institutional stability. Ultimately, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of populism in the Pakistani context, offering valuable insights into its potential trajectories and the critical balance required to sustain democratic values amidst rising populist sentiments.

Dua Dekade Kebebasan Akademik di Indonesia: Tantangan di Tengah Menguatnya Otoritarianisme dalam Model Barunya

This research focuses on analyzing the debates and roles of the academic freedom movement in Indonesia’s authoritarian politics. Numbers of scholars argued on the democracy decline and its current situation of authoritarian turn (Mietzner 2016, 2020; Hadiz 2017; Wiratraman 2018; Waburton and Aspinal 2019; and Winters 2021). Authoritarianism governance in recent politics has been worsening situation of free expression, including academic freedom. Recently, one of attacks is connected to cyber-attacks, which has been targeting journalists, academics, activists or students who defend human rights and environment, indigenous leaders, anti-corruption activists, and women's groups. This article discusses first, how has academic freedom at campuses been shaped by Indonesia's the rise of authoritarian politics; and second how academic freedom has been influenced and easily attacked in the rise of digital authoritarianism. By using an interdisciplinary approach, this article argues that there is a strong relation between the threat of academic freedom and the strengthening of authoritarianism in Indonesia, especially by disciplining campuses through a more systematic bureaucratization. While at the same time, academic freedom has been affected by stronger control of authoritarianism regime by deplying cyber troops in digital spheres. Hence, this article also discusses how human rights instruments and its institutions could promote and defend academic freedom in general.

How does land subsidy policy affect economic performance? Theory and evidence from China

ABSTRACT The causes and consequences of governments’ land subsidy policy aiming for promoting industry development have been little studied. We measure the degree of industrial land subsidy from the spatial perspective by the price ratio of neighbouring commercial and residential land to the industrial land which firm purchased from local governments. By merging data of Chinese listed firms with land transaction data over 2007–2017, we find that industrial land subsidy is related to political connection and governments’ selective industry policy. We also find that industrial firms received land subsidies have lower productivity and profitability. Our results indicate the inefficiency of industrial land subsidy policy. We interpret these findings as evidence of the resource curse of subsidies, where the industrial land subsidy policy benefits firms at the expense of efficiency. Policy of reshaping the incentives of local governments is recommended to correct the distortion of land subsidy policy.

Governmentality in construction claim management: Role of smart data initiatives

Despite efforts to identify and prevent causes, construction claims remain inevitable and repetitive. Therefore, focus has shifted to managing claims with systematic processes, yet challenges related to claim preparation persist. Drawing from political governance, where data analytics promote self-governance to overcome similar challenges, this study contrasts politics with construction claims, aiming to investigate potential for adopting similar data-driven approaches in the construction claim context. Through a systematic literature review in conjunction with ten industry interviews, we present similarities in control mechanisms and disciplinary powers as regulatory elements but reveal dissimilarities in self-governance and utilisation of data analytics. This study proposes categorizing initiatives in claim preparation to people-led, organisational-led, and data-led with data analytics pivotal in each. Through the application of data analytics resembling governmentality within the realm of political governance, the study reveals that the integration of self-governance and smart data analytics presents a potential solution for effectively addressing the challenges inherent in the preparation of construction claims.

The AI president: a country governed by artificial intelligence

Purpose This paper aims to explore the possible forms and characteristics of an artificial intelligence (AI) leader and discuss the potential applications of AI in political leadership and governance. Design/methodology/approach A categorization system consisting of three categories – the level of responsibility, the voting system and the bindingness of the AI’s decisions – was developed to better understand the various types of AI leaders. Additionally, to identify the main characteristics of an AI leader, a comprehensive literature review was conducted. The themes from the literature were then categorized and supplemented with additional discussions. Findings This paper identifies several potential AI leaders, including the AI President, the AI Dictator, the AI Minister and the AI Consultant. The key characteristics of an AI leader were also discussed. The primary strengths of AI lie in their intelligence and rationality, which could potentially lead our societies toward a peaceful and prosperous future. However, a significant drawback of AI is that it will always be limited by the capabilities and intentions of its programmer, whether human or AI. Practical implications Understanding the forms and characteristics of AI leaders may help policymakers and decision-makers explore the possibilities of integrating AI into political leadership and governance. Originality/value This paper contributes to the emerging field of AI in governance by exploring the forms and characteristics of AI leaders and discussing their potential applications in political leadership.

No Level Playing Field: Barriers to Disability Representation in Politics

AbstractWhile one in five people in the UK are disabled, their number among elected representatives remains disproportionately low. In ongoing efforts to make politics more inclusive and diverse, disabled people often remain sidelined. As a politically relevant identity, disability is associated with a shared set of experiences and policy interests which are often overlooked. This is at least in part owing to the under‐representation of disabled politicians, which is likely also contributing to a sense of political alienation. Thus, tackling the barriers that disabled people experience in the political recruitment process is not only a matter of democratic justice and equality, but also essential for ensuring that disabled people's needs and concerns are recognised and met. This article outlines the obstacles that disabled people experience in pursuing elected office—including inaccessibility, inadequate financial resources and ableist institutions and cultures—and offers recommendations to political parties, parliaments and governments on how to mitigate them.

Informal governance and transnational access in world politics

AbstractThe governance turn in political research has led to increased attention to informal institutions. For scholars of international relations this has contributed to recent scholarship that reveals a notable growth in the number of informal intergovernmental organizations (IIGOs). Many aspects of IIGOs remain unknown, including whether they involve transnational actors (TNAs). Yet, whether IIGOs are open to TNAs or not may affect their performance and legitimacy. Given the importance of TNA access to IIGOs, this article explores IIGOs openness to TNAs. We illustrate that IIGOs vary whether they are open or not and that arrangements for TNA access differ. Theoretically, we build on existing literature to posit that the political costs of involvement, TNA resources, and the institutional environment affect whether IIGO are open or closed to TNAs. Empirically, we present new data on TNA access to 94 IIGOs and examine the variation in IIGO openness to explore the validity of our theoretical expectations. We find that no single account can be offered to understand access across IIGOs, and our explanatory factors show variegated effects across different subgroups of the sample. Our findings have implications for debates on the rise of informal global governance and the openness of global governance.

Концепты «политическая элита» и «политическое лидерство» в контексте проблемы девиации элитного уровня власти

In the article, the concepts of "political elite", "political leadership" and "deviation" were analyzed in their interrelation and interdependence, the "paradox of elites" was revealed, associated with the duality of their positioning in the system of public morality and management, provided with exclusive powers and resources to establish socio-political norms, realize their own interests, and approve practices Doublethink, transgression and arbitrariness as attributes of political morality based on the paradigm of Machiavellianism and the concept of political efficiency. Since in classical and modern concepts of administrative and bureaucratic elites, their essential characteristics and functionality are determined in accordance with the rational-legal type of domination, the main deviations of their behavior and quality occur in the plane of deviation from the system of rational-legal attitudes and rules. On the one hand, in order to prevent deviations, this focuses on the maximum exclusion of the impact of the so-called "human factor" in political management, associated with the objective tendency of the elite to isolate, distance itself from the majority, its exploitation in the corporate interests of retaining and increasing power, etc. On the one hand, in order to prevent deviations, this focuses on the maximum exclusion of the impact of the so-called "human factor" in political management, associated with the objective tendency of the elite to isolate, distance itself from the majority, its exploitation in the corporate interests of retaining and multiplying power, etc. And, on the other hand, actualizes the problems of the value component in the activity administrative and political elites, the problem of serving the interests of the majority and state strategic development goals, identifying and analyzing mechanisms and models of political governance not only on the basis of legal rationality, but also traditional public values. At the same time, the most promising model of interaction between a political leader and his followers is the constitutional model, and transformational leadership is most consistent with the tasks of parrying the mechanisms of deviation of political elites and the development of civil society in crisis transitions.

Measuring the use of financial information by politicians in local government

IMPACT This article presents a tool to assess levels of financial information (FI) use by politicians—the FIU Index. The index provides a multidimensional perspective, whereby items of information used are combined with the main types of meetings where FI is discussed (annual budgets and accounts), and also with members of political bodies (local council, parliament, executive, government, political committee, etc.) in which FI is used. Entities may be ranked as below or above the average of those considered for the analysis each year. The FIU Index evidences the need for improvement, so that politicians can make the best use of FI to improve decision-making and dialogue with various stakeholders.

Changing preferences and societal dynamics: Analyzing public attitudes toward preferential discrimination policy in urban India

AbstractThis article analyzes public preferences toward affirmative action (reservation policy) designed for disadvantaged social groups in India by examining the co‐relational and causal relationship between the perceived fairness of the reservation policies and the citizens' preferences for reservation policies available in the political sphere, government jobs, and higher education institutions; and how urban India—particularly the metropolitan cities—utilizes better opportunities for socioeconomic mobility. I argue that there are opposing trends in discourse, primarily based on self‐interest or motivation‐based community interest. Examining citizens' preferences by adding more variables to the analysis and testing them with the data (N = 1800) is imperative since self‐motivation or community interest cannot be the sole factor. The findings allow us to represent potential interaction effects based on caste, education level, and place of birth. These are the primary reasons for citizens' choices, and they all have an additive effect rather than being present as an individual factor of analysis.Related ArticlesHarel‐Shalev, Ayelet. 2013. “Policy Analysis beyond Personal Law: Muslim Women's Rights in India.” Politics & Policy 41(3): 384–419. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12016.Harel‐Shalev, Ayelet. 2009. “Lingual and Educational Policy toward ‘Homeland Minorities’ in Deeply Divided Societies: India and Israel as Case Studies.” Politics & Policy 37(5): 951–70. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2009.00206.x/abstract.Pearson‐Merkowitz, Shanna. 2012. “Aqui no hay oportunidades: Latino Segregation and the Keys to Political Participation.” Politics & Policy 40(2): 258–95. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00349.x/abstract.

Policy implementation and strategic effects: Assessing the impact of parliamentary thresholds on Indonesia’s political system and governance

This study examines the impact of parliamentary thresholds on the Indonesian political system through the lens of the Routine Policy Implementation Model and the Strategic Policy Implementation Model. The main objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of parliamentary thresholds in managing political fragmentation, assess their impact on stability and representation in the legislative system, and understand their implementation’s technical and strategic implications. Using a qualitative approach supported by interview studies and field observations, this research combines analysis of election data in the 2009, 2014, and 2019 elections with a qualitative assessment of policy changes and political dynamics. The Routine Policy Implementation Model focuses on the technical aspects of threshold implementation, including vote counting procedures and seat allocation efficiency. Meanwhile, the Strategic Policy Implementation Model examines the broader implications of these thresholds for political consolidation, government effectiveness, and the representation of minor parties. The results show that the parliamentary threshold has significantly reduced political fragmentation by consolidating the number of parties in Parliament, resulting in a legislative system that is cleaner and easier to administer. However, this consolidation has also marginalized small parties and limited political diversity. The novelty of this study lies in its comprehensive analysis of how parliamentary thresholds affect administrative efficiency and strategic political stability in Indonesia, compared to democratic countries in transition, such as Slovenia and Montenegro. In conclusion, although parliamentary thresholds have increased political stability and government effectiveness, they have also raised concerns about the reduced representation of small and regional parties. The study recommends maintaining balanced thresholds that ensure stability and diversity, implementing mechanisms to review thresholds periodically, and involving diverse stakeholders in adjusting policies to reflect evolving political dynamics. This approach will help balance the need for a stable legislative environment with broad representation.

The Impact of Political Stability on Regional Economic Growth in India: A Comparative Study of State-Level Development

This study explores the intricate dynamics of Indian politics, focusing on the interplay between historical legacies, electoral processes, and socio-economic factors shaping contemporary governance. As the world's largest democracy, India offers a unique perspective on political evolution influenced by colonial history, diverse cultural contexts, and rapid economic changes. The analysis covers the historical foundations of India's political system, the impact of major political parties and leaders, and the role of elections in determining policy outcomes. Key areas of focus include the influence of caste and religion on voting behavior, the effects of political campaigns and media, and the evolution of political alliances. The study also addresses current challenges such as corruption, governance inefficiencies, and the impact of globalization on domestic politics. Findings indicate that while India's democratic institutions are resilient, significant disparities in political representation and governance persist, highlighting the need for reforms to enhance transparency and address socioeconomic divides. This examination provides valuable insights into the complexities of democratic governance in a diverse and rapidly evolving society. Additionally, the study underscores the role of regional politics and local governance structures in shaping national policies. It highlights how regional parties and state-level leaders influence broader political trends and contribute to the complexity of India's federal system. By incorporating these perspectives, the analysis offers a comprehensive understanding of how local and national forces interact, shaping the overall political landscape of India

Economic and political freedoms as indicators for determining the political regimes of today

Economic and political freedoms are often used as key indicators to classify types of political regimes. These freedoms, which include freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and economic freedoms such as freedom of business and freedom of trade, significantly affect how a country is perceived as a democracy or an autocracy. Democracies are typically characterized by high levels of these freedoms, allowing open expression and market regulation that encourages competition and fair trade. In contrast, autocratic regimes often impose restrictions on both speech and economic activity, limiting the scope of political discourse and centralizing economic control. These freedoms not only reflect, but also shape the political landscapes of modern states. The synthesis of freedoms with political governance not only determines the internal dynamics of nations, but also affects their relationships on the global stage. Ensuring the development and protection of these freedoms is of paramount importance to the development of stable, prosperous and just societies around the world. Economic and political freedoms are the foundation of democratic government and are essential to the personal and economic well-being of citizens.The purpose of the work is to conduct a study of the influence of the scope of economic and political rights and freedoms on the formation of the political regime in the country. The object of the research iseconomic and political freedoms as key criteria for the classification of types of political regimes. The subject of the research is social relations that arise, change and cease in the process of consolidation and implementation of economic and political rights and freedoms and their influence on the formation and functioning of democratic and autocratic political regimes. Research methodology includes methodological approaches (active, systemic, comparative, axiological), general scientific methods of thinking (analysis, synthesis, abstraction, generalization), philosophical (dialectical, metaphysical, hermeneutic, epistemological), general scientific (historical, synergistic, functional, structural) and specifically scientific (formal-legal, comparative-legal) methods. As a result of the study, problematic issues related to the problem were analyzedwith the realization of economic and political freedoms as key indicators of the country's political regime, which significantly affect the trajectory of its development and international position.

An analysis of the Impact of Political Regimes on the Economy: Understanding the Corruption-Growth Relationship

Corruption and economic growth are co- related. No theoretical evidence in the literature provides clear evidence of their relationship. Some researchers believe corruption increases economic growth while others say it negatively affects the economy. This paper aims to analyse the joint effect of corruption and the type of political government (i.e., democratic or autocratic) on economic growth to provide some clarity. Panel data (2000-2020) analysis of Pakistan and Saudi Arabia is used in this research paper to examine the relationship between corruption and the type of political government. GDP per capita is used as a dependent variable and economic factors are used as independent variables. A standard regression estimation approach is used. The relationship is estimated using econometric and statistical panel estimation techniques: FE, Two-stage least square and Dynamic-Panel-System GMM method. The data collected is from ICRG and WDI. The results show that corruption has a positive effect in autocratic systems than in democratic. Thus, it proves that the type of political government, corruption and economic growth are related.

Policy and politics: How specialist farming media frame climate action

The agriculture sector in Ireland is a leading contributor of greenhouse gas emissions, and faces challenges in meeting reduction targets. The communication of climate-related information to farmers will be important in encouraging the farming community to adopt more sustainable farming practices. This study examines how a key information source - the specialist farming media in Ireland - frames the issue of climate change. It does so by analysing coverage of the release of the Irish government's 2021 Climate Action Plan, across a six-week period in three publications: the Irish Farmers Journal, the Farming Independent, and Agriland. It investigates media framings, the use of sources, and the influence of a powerful lobbying organisation, the Irish Farmers' Association (IFA). We find that, when it comes to climate action measures targeted at agriculture, the Irish farming media favour policy and political frames, and largely focus on narrow policy impacts, often omitting the context and rationale for policy interventions. Broader issues concerning climate justice and political economy are also neglected. Farming coverage by the country's most popular print title adopted a more combative approach, and deployed a conflict frame with greater frequency than the other publications. Government politicians and farming organisations are the most frequently quoted sources, giving these groups the most opportunity to shape the debate. This study adds to the limited research focused on climate change coverage in specialist farming publications.