Address Language Research Articles

From Pure Tones to Complex Sounds: Expanding Audiology Tools to Better Address Speech and Language Development

From Pure Tones to Complex Sounds: Expanding Audiology Tools to Better Address Speech and Language Development

Women's Language in Bargaining: A Sociolinguistic Study of Seller-Buyer Interactions in Dinoyo Market

This study investigates the characteristics of women’s language in market bargaining, revealing how specific communicative features affect buying and selling interactions. These features include the use of polite and non-confrontational language forms, such as hedges and tag questions, which reflect a desire to maintain harmonious social relations. Drawing on Robin Lakoff’s (1975) theory, the study examines how features like hedges, tag questions, and super polite forms are employed by female sellers and buyers during market interactions. The research methods include direct observation and conversation analysis to identify the frequency and context of these language features. The findings indicate that the use of female language traits not only influences the nature of bargaining but also contributes to establishing and maintaining positive social relationships between sellers and buyers. These insights enhance our understanding of communication strategies in economic contexts and underscore the importance of recognizing gender-specific linguistic features in everyday social interactions. Furthermore, the research suggests that a deeper understanding of women’s language traits can provide practical benefits for market participants, aiding in the improvement of their negotiation and marketing skills

ANALYSING WOMEN'S LANGUAGE FEATURES IN ESHA CHHABRA'S TED TALK ON ENVIRONMENTAL BUSINESS

This research, titled "Women's Language Features of Environmental Business Journalist Esha Chhabra Video on TED YouTube Channel," aims to identify the characteristics of women's language used by Esha Chhabra. The data was collected from her spoken words in the video. The study identified 41 instances of women's language features, including lexical hedges, tag questions, rising intonation, empty adjectives, intensifiers, hypercorrect grammar, super polite forms, and emphatic stress. The most frequently used feature was the intensifier, which the speaker employed to reinforce her statements and persuade the audience. While the least encountered features are tag question, hypercorrect grammar, and emphatic stress. Notably, two features—precise color terms and strong swears words—was absent. This absence is attributed to the video's business context, where strong swear words are inappropriate, and precise color terms are unnecessary. This research contributes to understanding how women's language features are utilized in professional and public speaking contexts.

Kesantunan Berbahasa Prabowo Subianto pada Closing Statement Debat Capres 2024

Language politeness is one of the crucial issues, especially by public figures in public spaces. This is because he is a role model for the general public. Moreover, a public figure who wants to become the number one person in Indonesia. This research examines language politeness from the perspective of Leech's politeness maxims. The purpose of this study is to describe the language politeness practiced by Prabowo Subianto in the closing statement of the 2024 presidential candidate debate. The type of this research is qualitative descriptive method. The data collection method uses tapping, listening, and recording techniques. Based on the data, out of 25 sentences in the closing statement, 20 or 80% of the identified data fulfill the principles of politeness. While 20% are neutral. Based on the main ideas, out of 10 main ideas, there are 8 or 80% of them are identified as polite speech, while 2 or 20% of the main ideas are neutral. Based on Leech's maxims of politeness, there are six forms of politeness shown in the speech, namely tact maxim, generosity maxim, approbation maxim, modesty maxim, agreement maxim, sympath maxim.

MOCK IMPOLITENESS AND SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM IN KI SENO NUGROHO’S JAVANESE SHADOW PUPPET SHOW

This research aims to investigate the use of mock impoliteness in Ki Seno Nugroho’s shadow puppet performances and the formation of symbolic interactionism between the puppeteer and the audience. This is due to the evolving forms of politeness within Javanese society, particularly in the realm of shadow puppet performances in the modern era. Additionally, there is a public perception of Ki Seno Nugroho as a humorous puppeteer using Bagong as a means of communication during his performances. The analysis of conversations between Bagong and other characters is used to explore the context of mock impoliteness and symbolic interactionism in Ki Seno Nugroho’s shadow puppet shows titled “Bagong Duta,” “Bagong Maneges,” and “Semar Mbangun Kayangan.” The results of this study indicate that the use of mock impoliteness serves to create a humorous atmosphere, thus enhancing the entertainment aspect of Ki Seno Nugroho’s shadow puppet performances. Moreover, it seems that Ki Seno Nugroho successfully portrays Bagong in three forms of symbolic interactionism: as a physical entity (the youngest son of Semar, the father of all panakawan characters in the Javanese puppet shadow story), a social entity (a representation of resistance by the common people towards authority), and an abstract entity (an entertainment element in shadow puppet performances).

The Shift in the Use of Keigo by Migrant Care workers on TikTok Social Media

Honorifics are one of the causes of stress for migrant care workers in Japan. To alleviate stress, they play TikTok, a social media platform widely used to upload videos of conversations between care workers and the elderly. From the videos, this study scrutinized how language was used between care workers and the elderly in communicating. This research explored video displays on TikTok based on the use of language in conversation services between care workers and elders based on culturally based concepts around the usage of Japanese honorifics in constructing social identities. The data were obtained from 35 TikTok accounts used through an online survey. The data, in the form of videos on TikTok social media, showed language use between care workers and the elderly, and were then analyzed using a sociolinguistic framework. Findings have shown that in the communication, the care workers manipulated honorifics (keigo). The results of data analysis show that in the TikTok videos, there is a language shift from keigo form (sonkeigo 'respect form', kenjōgo 'humble form') to teineigo 'polite form' and even shifted to futsuutai 'plain form'. This shift in honorifics is influenced by changes in (1) social position, regard (2) power, and intertwined, but the major (3) age, and (4) formality. The results of this research can educate migrant care workers in selecting a language appropriate to social factors to create a good relationship between care workers and the elderly in delivering services to the elderly in-home care.

Speech act of claiming among Cameroonian and Chadian French speakers

This article examines the ways in which Cameroonian and Chadian speakers are producing the speech act of claiming. The study focuses on situations in which the speaker occupies the position of claimant. The aim of the study is to describe the main pragmatic variations between the two groups of speakers. The methodological approach is based on variational pragmatics. The results show that the strategies are similar, but there are strong differences in the types of formulations and mitigation strategies. The results indicate that the Cameroonian data presented more indirect realisations of acts than the Chadian data. Participants from both language communities used a variety of markers to modify their claims. External modifications typically included politeness forms, forms of address, apologies, justifications, greetings and thanks. Internal modifications also included modalisers and minimisers.

British small talk as an ecolinguistic phenomenon

The article analyzes modern small talk as a way of establishing contacts, which is typical for British linguistic culture, as it manifests the speaker’s wish to achieve emotional and intellectual understanding and create a friendly atmosphere at the initial phase of the conversation, especially when it is necessary to avoid long and inconvenient silence. Speech clichés, etiquette formulas for establishing and maintaining communicative contact, as well as specific topics for discussions are determined by the socio-ethical norms of the British cultural community. Interlocutors are guided by the goals of regulating social contacts, serving the purpose of strengthening contacts. The limits of phaticity in the contact-establishing phase of social conversation and the transition to informativeness in the process of conversation depend on a type of discourse, a type of situation, and communicative goals of the speakers. Under the conditions of the situation threatening the speakers’ lives, or a change from an ecological unison model of communication to a non-ecological dissonant one, the speakers’ rejection from phaticism in the phase of establishing contact in favor of informativeness has been observed. British communicative culture ensures the balance of the ecosystem due to the use of a significant number of linguistic elements ensuring the implementation of harmonious communication: polite forms of encouragement instead of the use of the Imperative Mood which sounds too categorical for British culture, disjunctive questions that combine both the features of interrogative and affirmative statements, superlative forms of adjectives. Small talk components, such as the ability to listen, minimal transmission of negative emotions, limited or zero use of negatively colored vocabulary, the creation of a safe and convenient atmosphere of communication, observance of the personal boundaries of the interlocutor, the interest in what the interlocutors say, as well as sincerity correspond to the main principles of ecological communication.

Linguistic Representation of Gender Stereotypes in Spanish

The purpose of this study was to analyse gendered speech standards and patterns in Spanish, considering lexical and grammatical features. The following methods were used in the study: deductive, content analysis, and structural. Furthermore, the lexical materials of researchers who have addressed the issue of gender stereotypes in speech were considered. The results of the study showed that in Spanish, gender stereotypes can transmit and reinforce inequalities between men and women through the use of certain words, phrases, word combinations, and constructions. This is due to the way language is used and understood in society. Linguistic gender stereotypes in Spanish develop in the grammatical, lexical, and semantic fields, considering speech customs that can both strengthen and weaken the role of the individual. The content analysis revealed that gender-neutral templates are beginning to be actively used in the modern Spanish environment, leading to the inclusiveness of the language. With the global development of attitudes towards gender roles, speech stereotypes are changing, most notably in statements, addresses and forms of politeness. However, to effectively overcome linguistic inequality in speech, it is necessary to comprehensively implement the ideology of inclusiveness and gender culture in the fields of education, society, and government, using practical mechanisms that consider race, class, culture, and the role of each person in society.

A Contrastive Analysis of Diglossia in Japanese and Javanese

This study aims to describe the linguistic situation of the use of Japanese and Javanese varieties in a diglossic situation. This research uses descriptive qualitative method by using data analysis method of pairing method. The method used in data collection is the listening method embodied in the tapping technique and when necessary the researcher uses the listening technique with the recording technique. The results showed that the findings in Japanese in jougei kankei (seniority relationship) determine the type of language used in communication. Language levels include the variety of ordinary forms (Futsu) in informal conversations and polite forms (Teinei) respectful forms (Keigo) in formal conversations. The finding of Javanese language that the situation of diglossia between speakers of Javanese speech community in Asahan dominantly occurs in familiar symmetrical and familiar asymmetrical situations. In the familiar symmetrical situation, all language varieties used are ngoko lugu variant forms. The relationship of social factors that are parallel and the relationship of familiar closeness between speakers causes the use of ngoko varieties with the variant form of ngoko lugu between speakers, while in familiar asymmetrical situations it is dominated by using the form of ngoko lugu, the rest are variant forms of ngoko alus and ngoko alus-ngoko lugu and lugu krama varieties.

Women’s Language Features In The Lady Bird Movie

This research analyzed women’s language used in Lady Bird movie, focusing on Christine’s utterances as the main character of the movie. The data was collected using documentation method and note-taking technique. The descriptive qualitative method was used to analyze the data based on Lakoff’s theory on women’s language features and Pearson’s theory on language functions. The results were presented in sentences. The result showed that Christine uses lexical hedges or fillers, tag questions, rising intonation on declaratives, empty adjectives, intensifiers, hypercorrect grammar, super polite forms, avoidance of strong swear words, and emphatic stress. Precise color term is found in Marion’s utterance. These features are used for expressing uncertainty, seeking responses, softening utterances, initiating discussion, and conveying emotion, according to Pearson’s five language functions.

Грамматикализация местоимений “you” и “Sie” в английском и немецком языках

The research aims to prove the similarity of the processes of grammaticalization of personal pronouns, used as a polite form of address to one person, in two Germanic languages of different structure, English and German. Scientific originality of this research lies in the fact that the grammaticalization paths of the English and German pronouns ‘you’ and ‘Sie’ have been studied for the first time, with their etymology being analyzed and grammaticalization mechanisms being compared. The research findings have shown that the processes of grammaticalization of the pronouns under study are similar and caused by the same mechanisms: the desemanticization of original lexical items and the context extension. In both languages, as a result of grammaticalization, no changes have been identified on the morphological and phonetic levels. Grammaticalization caused the pronouns ‘you’ and ‘Sie’ to be used as a polite form of address to one person, spelt and pronounced as second- and third-person singular and plural pronouns ‘you’ and ‘sie’ ‘she, they’. The research proves the similarity of the processes of grammaticalization of the personal pronouns under study in two languages of different structure belonging to the same language group. This similarity is due to their common meaning.

FEATURES OF WOMEN’S LANGUAGE IN “ENOLA HOLMES 2” FILM: A SOCIOLINGUISTICS STUDY

This research aims to identify the features of women's language used in Enola Holmes 2 Film based on Robin Lakoff’s theory (1973) and to analyse the functions of women's language that appears in Enola Holmes 2 Film based on Judy C. Pearson (1985). The method used in this research is the descriptive qualitative research method, which discusses and observes the data source. The data analysed were collected by transcribing the film Enola Holmes 2. In total, there are 70 data collected from the data source. The collected data were then classified based on 10 features of women's language proposed by Lakoff in 1973. The results of this study show that 8 (eight) features of women’s language appear in Enola Holmes 2. The dominant feature that appears in the data source is lexical hedges or filler with 30 data in total (43%). Others are classified as rising intonation on declaratives for 13 data (19%), 7 data of tag questions (10%), 7 data of emphatic stress (10%), 6 data of intensifiers (9%), 3 data of avoidance to strong swear words (4%), 2 data of super polite form (3%), and 2 data of empty adjectives (3%). Then, the functions of women’s language found in the data source are to express feeling as much as 34 data (49%), 12 data to start discussion (17%), 10 data to express uncertainty (14%), and 8 data to get respond (11%). The function of women’s language that is less used in the data source is to soften utterance, 6 data or 9%.

The Impact of Phonological Variation on Speech Perception and

Purpose: The general aim of the study was to examine the impact of phonological variation on speech perception and production.
 Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library.
 Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to phonological variation on speech perception and production. Preliminary empirical review revealed that that phonological variation significantly influences both speech perception and production processes. It highlighted the complex interplay between phonological variation, social factors, cultural context, and cognitive mechanisms. Moreover, the study emphasized the importance of addressing phonological variation in language education, clinical practice, and intercultural communication to promote inclusive communication practices in diverse settings. Overall, the findings contribute to a deeper understanding of language diversity and its implications for communication.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Labov's theory of Variationist Sociolinguistics, Optimality theory and Speech Accommodation theory may be used to anchor future studies on phonological variation on speech perception and production. The study provided valuable recommendations that contributed to theoretical understanding, practical communication outcomes, and language policy decisions. It integrated insights from phonological variation research into linguistic theories, recommended the integration of phonological training into language instruction programs, and emphasized the importance of inclusive language policies. Additionally, the study suggested interventions to improve communication effectiveness, bridge communication gaps, address language disorders, and promote linguistic diversity. By incorporating these recommendations, stakeholders worked towards enhancing communication and fostering linguistic inclusivity across diverse linguistic contexts.

Directive Speech Act Politeness in a Pediksaan Ritual: A Sociopragmatic Study

This study focused on the concern about the decrease in the use of language politeness among young people both in everyday communication and sacred Hindu rituals such as in a pediksaan ritual, in which not only the place is made sacred but also things related to the inauguration of a sulinggih (high priest) that is, performed in a Geria, home of a brahmana, who is still holding high the high cultural norms. This study analyzed the type of directive speech act politeness, the forms of language politeness, and the application of directive speech act politeness in the pediksaan ritual. The stages of a descriptive qualitative method were employed to achieve those objectives. The population of the study was the people involved in the activity of a pediksaan ritual. Since this event is rare, the population was directly used as the study's sample. The data were collected by observing the pediksaan ritual using a recording technique. The data collected were analyzed with a qualitative descriptive method. The study shows that the types of directive speech act politeness in this study are differentiated into linguistic politeness and pragmatic politeness; the forms of directive speech act politeness consist of (a) agreement maxim of suggesting; (b) sympathizing maxim of order and the politeness principles that consist of (a) the politeness principle that applies tact maxim; (b) the politeness principle that applies approbation maxim; and (c) the politeness maxim that applies sympathy maxim.

KESANTUNAN BERBAHASA TERHADAP HUBUNGAN KEKERABATAN MASYARAKAT BAROMBONG KOTA MAKASSAR

The aim of this research is to describe forms of politeness and forms of politeness violations in the Makassar language towards kinship relations in the Barombong community of Makassar City. This type of research is qualitative research. Data was collected through the method of listening, being involved, taking notes and recording. This research data is in the form of words, phrases and sentences. The data source for this research is the speech of parents and children. Data analysis was carried out by researching transcription of data recorded during conversations in the field. The next process was data reduction, analyzing data, presenting data and drawing conclusions. The validity of the data is obtained from the triangulation process using the triangulation technique of methods, data sources, observers and theory. The results of the research show that the principles of politeness in language are in the form of (1) maxim of wisdom (2) maxim of acceptance, (3) maxim of praise, (4) maxim of humility, (5) maxim of agreement and (6) maxim of sympathy. The forms of violation of language politeness maxims are (1) wisdom maxim, (2) acceptance maxim, (3) praise maxim, (4) humility maxim, (5) agreement maxim and (6) sympathy maxim

THE PECULIARITIES OF WOMEN’S COLLOQUIAL SPEECH

One of the factors of linguistic variability in spoken language is gender, which is defined as a set of ideas about the job qualities of men and women, a system of cultural patterns that regulate the social behavior of men and women. There are many different theories and assumptions explaining the existence of gender differences in a language. However, modern gender studies in linguistics testify to the ambiguous interpretation of the results obtained by scientists. Some scientists claim that the language characteristics of men and women have no fundamental differences, others believe that the language of women and men has certain specificities. We share the opinion of those scientists who see fundamental differences in the spoken speech of both sexes. Therefore, in this paper we are aimed at researching the peculiarities of women’s colloquial speech, which are manifested in women's use of lexical fillers, tag questions, rising intonation in declaratives, an excessive number of connotative adjectives, various speech intensifiers, impeccably correct grammar, super polite forms, emphatic stress and avoidance of swearing as such. The article also outlines the distinguishing features of female language from directly male language. Women can often discuss the same topic for a long time while men, on the contrary, jump from topic to topic. Women take turns in conversation, apologizing for talking too much, while men interrupt each other in an attempt to dominate. A woman's linguistic abilities are much deeper, more meaningful, because women react faster to what is said, they perceive what is said and respond. Men are more reserved in conversation, react to what is said more slowly, often hesitate and doubt. Women's speech is characterized by greater sophistication, because in conversation a woman tries to avoid harsh expressions, uses softer gentler and more aesthetic verbal forms. If men in dialogues usually strive for more generalizing statements, women prefer first-person forms.

Cultural aspects of the development of international water routes

This article will focus on the forms of politeness in German, Kyrgyz. The forms of politeness expression in this case studied from the point of view of intercultural communication. As you know, politeness is one of the key maxims in relationships, especially in intercultural communication plays an important role. Transport routes, which are the basis for the socio-economic development of populated areas, have a special impact on intercultural communications. The category of politeness is a complex ethnolinguistic category that covers various areas of language, is one of the key aspects of linguoculturology. Forms of politeness are one of the levers of economic development. Since competition leads to the use of polite language in all areas of communication. The level of development of the category of politeness in German, as well as in Kyrgyz culture, is different, although values such as trust, cordiality, closeness, human warmth are of great importance in both languages. The decisive factor here is the specific situation, within the framework of a certain speech act. The concept of politeness is universal for all cultures and peoples, while the forms of its expression are different.

Practical application of good participatory practices for trials of emerging pathogens: Developing materials for use in ACTIV-3, -3b, and ACTIV-associated COVID-19 trials

Abstract The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic required an immediate global clinical research response. The ACTIV (Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines)-3 trials and the ACTIV-associated Outpatient Treatment with Anti-Coronavirus Immunoglobulin trial used Good Participatory Practices (GPP) to develop materials for study implementation from a global network perspective. GPP guidelines offer a framework for engaging stakeholders throughout the research process. This paper provides an overview of the materials developed and their applicability in various settings, reports results from a survey of study site personnel on the materials’ usefulness, summarizes important lessons learned, and serves as a reference for networks eager to apply GPP. Survey results showed that flipbooks and overview videos were highly ranked. Stakeholder input was valuable in developing easily understandable participant-facing materials with culturally appropriate images. Materials should be available to submit with the initial protocol submissions to ethics committees, and in formats that accommodate a wide range of institutional resources, policies, and infection-control practices. This article emphasizes the importance of GPP, including stakeholder consultation, in developing materials that support clinical research and address language, cultural, and sociopolitical barriers during a pandemic. The findings will be used to optimize efforts and resource allocation for new and ongoing studies.

Gender Differences in Language Use in Talks at Google

This study examines the linguistic features utilised by male and female native English speakers during their Talks at Google using Lakoff and Lakoff’s framework of women’s language. The analysis is conducted on a sample of 14 videos, consisting of seven for each gender, using a mixed-method approach. The quantitative analysis presents the frequencies of the utterances used by the speakers, while the qualitative analysis identifies the language forms employed by each gender. The findings reveal that both genders employed the linguistic features suggested by Lakoff in their talks. Contrary to Lakoff and Lakoff’s assumptions, the female speakers utilised fewer linguistic features, accounting for only 47.43% of the features present in the corpus. Specifically, female speakers used intensifiers, tag questions and humour more frequently than male speakers, while male speakers employed empty adjectives, hedges, hypercorrect grammar and super polite forms more often than female speakers. The results provide insights into the language usage patterns of each gender and allude to possible changes in women’s use of linguistic patterns.