Polish Texts Research Articles

‘Art as Vehicle’: Grotowski in Pontedera

In this testimony, Carla Pollastrelli charts the main stages leading to Grotowski's settlement in Pontedera in Italy and to the creation of the Workcenter of Jerzy Grotowski. As the Year of Grotowski, supported by UNESCO, draws to a close, her words provide a fitting tribute to a man whose influence has surpassed all geographical boundaries, whether those of his native Poland, adoptive Italy, or place of temporary refuge, the United States. Carla Pollastrelli is the co-director of the Fondazione Pontedera Teatro. Pontedera Teatro. From 1986 to 2000 she was an executive of the Workcenter of Jerzy Grotowski, which in 1996 was renamed the Workcenter of Jerzy Grotowski and Thomas Richards. She has edited translations of Grotowski's texts in Polish into Italian since 1978, and is the co-editor with Ludwig Flaszen of Il Teatr Laboratorium di Jerzy Grotowski, 1959–1969: testi e materiali di Jerzy Grotowski e Ludwik Flaszen con uno scritto di Eugenio Barba (Jerzy Grotowski's Laboratory Theatre, 1959–1969: Jerzy Grotowski and Ludwig Flaszen's Texts and Materials and a Text by Eugenio Barba (Fondazione Pontedera Teatro, 2001; second edition, La Casa Usher, 2007) and the collection of Grotowski's texts, Holiday e teatro delle fonti (Holiday and the Theatre of Sources, La Casa Usher, 2006).

Read My Voice: Expressing Silence and Sound in Text-messages

Texting as a modality of computer-mediated communication (CMC) has attracted the attention of researchers as a sociological and linguistic phenomenon. They have focused on usage patterns and peculiarities of SMS-language, while other, more complex forms of CMC have been discussed as a field for creating virtual communities and co-constructing social realities. In this paper, I establish that texters co-opt technology to record audible features in writing, and propose that ‘text tools’ employed to replace voice features can be divided into three categories: silences, fillers, and phoneticons. Based on samples of English and Polish texts, I establish that silence and voice features are present in texting and play an important role in increasing the perception of physical proximity of the participants. This paper advances current knowledge about text-messages and contributes to questions about the ways non-verbal features are marked and the illusion of conversational reality created in this important, but often overlooked, medium.

Jako Jan jechał samotrzeć przez las półczwarta dnia - czyli o dawnych sposobach wyrażania relacji ilościowych

A comparison of old and present indexes for quantitative assessment shows very significant lexical and formal differences. A quantification manner, inherited from the Proto-Slavic language, was unstable and multidimensional, which was apparent in Old Polish texts, whose old complex structures already had a synthesized form, but nevertheless, their inflections still revealed a primary structure. Lack of formal stabilization, which was still noticeable in the Middle Polish period, made numerals and numerical structures directly reflect mathematical operations they had been founded upon. Complex numerical structures often expressed arithmetical operations explicite: 1) addition, e.g. thirty and five, two and twenty, 2) subtraction, e.g. a hundred without one, 3) multiplication, e.g. three-fold one hundred thousand. An essential feature of such structures was stimulation of utterance recipient’s mental activity. One-word numerals in a form of composites, which were constructed on a basis of a mechanism of subtraction, i.e. collective numerals like samotrzeć ‘one in a group of three’, and partitive like półczwarta ‘four minus half, enforced similar behavior. Disappearance of the above mentioned structures and lexemes occurred in New Polish period in result of numerous linguistic tendencies, among which the most vital trend in the history of a language was communication improvement and reduction of mental activity to a necessary minimum, as well as in effect of a tendency to simplify a system. Only the items that directly determine a sequence of numbers in an arithmetic system have remained in the Polish language from a formally and formatively varied class of lexemes naming numbers, i.e. cardinal numbers have specialized as numerical quantifiers supported only residually by collective numbers with greatly restricted context.

O pająku, duszy i łacińskiej konstrukcji accusativus cum infinitivo, czyli jak zrozumieć jeden z wersetów Psałterza floriańskiego

The author of the article, through the analysis of one of the verses from Psałterz floriański (“Florian Psalter”), is trying to understand where the difficulties in understanding this old Polish text arise. Is it exclusively the fault of a medieval translator and the Polish written language that had not been completely formed by then or rather is it a contemporary reader that is to blame? Taking into account at least a number of aspects connected with the work of a medieval translator and copyist , such as: the lack of a consistent Latin base text—the canonical version, widely known, that is to appear no sooner than in the print era; insufficient knowledge of Psałterz floriański by heart; different structures of the Latin language which the translator tried to express by choosing Polish words that would not violate the structure of the translation base—all these factors make the author of the article defend the medieval writer whose work requires in-depth and repetitive reading before it starts revealing its secrets to the modern reader.

Enhancing regular expressions for Polish text processing

The paper presents proposition of regular expressions engine based on the modified Thompson’salgorithm dedicated to the Polish language processing. The Polish inflectional dictionaryhas been used for enhancing regular expressions engine and syntax. Instead of usingcharacters as a basic element of regular expressions patterns (as it takes place in BRE orERE standards) presented tool gives possibility of using words from a natural language orlabels describing words grammar properties in regex syntax.

The Play within the Play: The Performance of Meta-Theatre and Self-Reflection. (Internationale Forschungen zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Literaturwissenschaft, 112) by Gerhard Fischer, Bernhard Greiner

MLR, 104.2, 2009 54i a defence of ethics and morality against barbarity and falsification, a defence of freedom against repressivemeasures' (p. 171). There is something doubtful about the triumphalist tone, and the uncritical refuge taken in a concept such as sovereignty, which shakes one's faith slightly in the good work thatunderpins this study. Finally, Olszewska asserts, contemporary Irish writers are engaged in a 'trans lation' of Ireland, a manoeuvre that involves projection', a manoeuvre that is, furthermore, not quite so appropriate in a Polish context. Throughout this study Communism is invoked as the quintessence of the alien and the inhospitable. Given this, the 'imagined homeland' of post-war Poland is awarded greater coherence than the imagined Ireland of contemporary writing as itattempts to critique both 'traditional definitions of Irishness' and 'thenationalism of the sovereign republic' (defined by the?restrictive?values ofChurch and State) (pp. 169-70). This book isperhaps most interesting in the account given of key Polish journals such as Kultura, and the contexts inwhich specific debates took place; and in the translations of Polish texts thatunderpin the argument. It ismuch more obviously a book about Polish struggle than it is a genuinely comparative study. If the debates within the book could be revisited, it is arguable that they should become more nuanced, less dogmatically asserted. University of Leeds Fiona Becket The Play within thePlay: The Performance of Meta-Theatre and Self-Reflection. Ed. by Gerhard Fischer and Bernhard Greiner. (Internationale Forschungen zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Literaturwissenschaft, 112) Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi. 2007. xvi+460 pp. 96; $134. ISBN 978-90-420-2257-7. There are precious few texts devoted to the question ofmetatheatricality, despite its centrality to the history and practice of theatre as an art form. The Play within thePlay thus piqued my interest,not least because its title, as a term, seems both curiously dated and suggestive of potential contemporary relevance. A generation of playwrights emerging in the last twentyyears,writers as diverse as Tony Kushner, Martin Crimp, and Suzan-Lori Parks, have made the playwithin theplay a key com ponent of theirdramaturgy. Unfortunately, thebook's real subject turnsout tobe less 'theplay within the play than the conference proceedings within the book'?and it provides an object lesson inwhy publishers now generally frown on the lattergenre. 'The essays in the present collection', its editors explain, constitute a selection of papers delivered at the 2004 Sydney German Studies Symposium', which they convened. With thirtyessays spread over 460 pages, there does not appear to have been a particularly rigorous 'selection' process, and thisproblem is compounded by the fact that the eclectic contents have not been arranged in any very coherent man ner. There are five subsections, but their titles are bewilderingly imprecise. Part 1, for example, 'The Play within the Play and the Performance of Self-Reflection', is followed by Part 11,'The Play within the Play andMeta-Theatre', with its subsection titles 'Self-Reflection and Self-Reference' (so, the same as Part 1 then?) and

Staropolskie struktury i satyry menippejskie. Próba typologii gatunku

In the article Old Polish satires and menippean structures. An attempt at a typology of the genre the author took up the subject of the possibility of existence of this kind of satire derived from the antique tradition. Thus, what needed to be more precisely explained was the incoherent theoretical classification of ancient menippean satires and their influence on the later texts. An attempt at ordering the hitherto statements on the subject by scholars (among other M. Bakhtin, N. Frye, D. Shanzer, H. Rikonnen, K. Korus, R. Piętka and J. Styka) was enriched with a not well known German studies, especially Stefan Trappen's important book. The outline of the background of antique tradition of the genre allowed a wider view at the 17th and 18th century texts (old Polish texts) amongst which menippean satires can be found. On the grounds of native history of literature a division appeared to be indispensable into texts which either formally or actually belong to this genre, thus to the menippean structures and satires. The form of prosimetrum which characterises, among other things, Cadka Hrycia z Fortuną [Hryd's chat with Fortune] by J.S. Herburt or Something New... by Ł. Opaliński does not necessarily become the only constitutive genological feature of mennipea. Tracking the presence of the menippean satire in old literature ended with the observation of 4 important works: Żona wyćwiczona [A Well-trained Wife], Złote jarzmo małżeńskie [The Golden Yoke of Marriage], Corzka wolność młodzieńska [The Bitter Freedom of Youth] and Małpa-człowiek w cnotach, obyczajach i kroju [The Monkey in virtues, customs and clothes]. The suggested inter-genre division into satires and structures allows to see the ties which join Polish literature with European traditions, and at the same time takes into account their distinctness. The standard example of this is a form of a manippean letter (among others, often found in I. Krasicki's works), noted as an aftermath of menippea. The article fits within the current of philological studies on the menippean satire, which has been undertaken only recently.

Nieprzystawalność, uniwersalizm kulturowy i lokalizacja w tłumaczeniu tekstów prawnych

The article deals with the problem of strategies within the translation of legal texts, which are among the most difficult specialised texts to translate. That is because they comprise different translation problems and require different methods to make a translated text understandable for the target language reader, simultaneously keeping the original character of the legal system of the source language country, with its unique features. This forces the translator to care about the constant connection of the translated text with the source language culture by using such strategies as borrowing original terms, naturalisation of some specific terms into the target language, using language calques, or introducing descriptive translation, in which some explanations are obligatorily included (the same as in other cases just mentioned). Sometimes it is enough to give equivalent terms used comparatively in the target language and the source language, or the translator must localise certain elements to make them understandable. To solve the problem which strategies are dominant, comparable analyses of some legal texts in Polish and English were carried out and this led to a conclusion that the most useful strategy is the ability to keep the source culture features, not to deprive the texts of their specific character, but it is also necessary to localise. Certain terms also need simple equivalent translation, as they function simultaneously in both language cultures. The article presents conclusions drawn from the analyses performed.

Pogranicze normy skodyfikowanej. Cz. II

The paper is a continuation of the analysis by the same author, publisher in the previous issue of this review and concerning some linguistic fenomena, largely accepted by educated language users but not at all - or not uninanimously regarded as correct by language codifiers. In this part, the usage in Polish texts of the syntactic structures similar to the latin nominativus cum infinitivo is looked into. Their presence, in the texts in Old Polish due to the imitation of Latin, was later (at the end of the XVIIlth and during the XIXth century) very probably maintained by the influence of the French language on the literary Polish of the time. Nowadays, it is English that seems to help nom.c.inf. to survive in Polish. Yet, the structures with the conjugated forms of the verbs okazywać się / wydawać się / zdawać się 'to prove / to appear / to seem' and the infinitive być 'to be', frequently used in written and spoken official varieties of Polish, are qualified as incorrect in normative dictionaries, especially the most recent ones. To admit that, for exemple, both To wydaje się słuszne and To wydaje się być słuszne are correct Polish sentences would probably be better description of the real standard.

Kategoria aspektu w języku polskim i niemieckim. Analiza translatywna

The category of aspect is usually viewed as an obligatory grammatical (morphological) verbal category existing in the Slavic, but not in the Germanic languages. This article considers possibilities of expressing aspectual meanings in German as one of the so-called aspectless languages. It presents a translative comparative analysis of the Polish novel ?Wysoki Zamek? by Stanisław Lem and it?s translation into German. It studies language means used for expressing aspect in the Polish text and their potential equivalents in the German translation. As shown in the analysis, Polish verbs are not the only carriers of aspectual meanings. As a result of complex bilateral relationships between aspect and Aktionsart (kind of action) some non-verbal means, e.g. adverbials, conjunctions and nouns being objects, also may be considered as indicators of aspectual meanings in Polish. This study argues for equivalent non-verbal means, semantics of verbs and verbal phrases as well as fixed syntagms being potential carriers of aspectual meanings in German as in a language with no morphological category of aspect.

O konwencjonalnych znakach pomocniczych w tekście polskim

The aim of this paper is to discuss the usage of four characters that can be met in Polish texts in functions different than letters and punctuation marks: apostrophe, hyphen, slash and dot (the two last characters are also used as punctuation marks ). They occur in words introduced to Grammatical Dictionary of Polish by Zygmunt Saloni, Włodzimierz Gruszczyński, Marcin Woliński, and Robert Wołosz, published in 2007. The conventional auxiliary characters have been neglected in alphabetical order and are not taken into account in searches.

A dynamic context shortening method for a minimum-context grapheme-to-phoneme data-driven transducer generator

We present an efficient way to learn automatically letter-to-phoneme mapping rules for Polish by using the concept of “dynamic context shortening method”.Attempts at reconstruction of transcription rules date back to 1987, when Sejnowski and Rosenberg applied a self-organizing neural network for “grapheme-to-phoneme” mapping. In the latter approaches decision tree based methods were applied. The trees for each letter were built starting from empty contexts. The left and right contexts were then alternately widened until the transcription ambiguity of the training data disappeared. We started in our approach from the symmetrical context wide enough to ensure unambiguous transcription in every context surroundings. Then both contexts, i.e., left and right, were shortened alternately until the ambiguity appeared. In all the cases where ambiguous transcriptions occurred, the previous context forms were restored and were not shortened further. Therefore at every step the cause of ambiguity, namely too short left or right context, was clearly known and removed. On the basis of the results obtained, the transcription tables for each letter were constructed. A 350,000 character corpus of Polish text transcribed into phonemic form was prepared and different-length training samples were taken from it at random and analysed. The remaining parts were used for verification. It turned out that it was enough to prepare a 30,000 character training sample to learn Polish grapheme-to-phoneme minimum-context mapping.We describe also three original generalization methods which we call rules coring, indeterminacies absorption and a guessing method. The last was invented to be applied in case of a limited acceptance of a context. The methods applied together allow the removal of about 70% of errors.

Holocaust Memory between Cosmopolitanism and Nation‐Specificity: Monika Maron's Pawels Briefe and Jaroslaw Rymkiewicz's Umschlagplatz1

Without doubt, some sixty years after the events, the Holocaust is deeply embedded in the minds of those who have no direct knowledge of the actual historical event. Stories like that of Anne Frank and images like the photographs of Hungarian Jews crowded on the Auschwitz ramp have become recognizable icons, especially for the generations who have not witnessed the past first-hand. For these non-witnesses, Marianne Hirsch suggests, the images and stories of the past which they did not experience have such powerful appeal to constitute memories in their own right.2 Postmemory of the Holocaust, as Hirsch terms this phenomenon, does not represent an identity position, but, rather, is a space of remembrance, more broadly available through cultural and public, and not merely individual and personal, acts of remembrance, identification, and projection.3 pronounced reliance on cultural icons in imagining the Holocaust raises several important questions: If memory of this event is more readily available through public rather than individual forms of remembrance, what role do national, religious, and cultural contexts play in post-Holocaust writing? Are stories and images of the genocide, which by now have become icons of cultural memory, read and written the same way in various national contexts? In the age of globalization, Daniel Levy and Natan Sznaider argue, nation-transcending memories which rely on internationally recognized memoryscapes emerge along nation-specific memories. Influenced by the dynamic between the local and the global, Holocaust memory becomes cosmopolitanized - shared across and above national boundaries of remembrance. preponderance of cosmopolitan memory in contemporary iconography of the Holocaust does not mean, however, that there are no distinctions between representations of this event in different countries: The Holocaust does not become one totalizing signifier containing the same meanings for everyone. Rather its meanings evolve from the encounter of global interpretations and local sensibilities.4 In the era of the cosmopolitanization of memory, Levy and Sznaider ascertain, the interaction between nation-specific and nationtranscending representations plays key role in the way in which the Holocaust is imagined, remembered, and commemorated. Two postmemorial texts - Monika Maron's Pavcels Briefe5 and Jaroslaw Rymkiewicz's Umschlagplatz6 - present the kind of writing which is driven by the dynamic between local and cosmopolitan models of representation and memorialization of the Holocaust. Retracing her family history back to 19th century Poland, Monika Maron poses questions about prewar lives and the premature wartime deaths of her grandparents, as well as about the aftereffects of this violent past on the surviving family members, including herself.7 characterization of Pavcels Briefe as eine Familiengeschichte points clearly to the centrality of familial memory and history, but Maron never loses sight of the larger context of German public memory and historical consciousness. writer's search for the traces of her personal past is embedded primarily in the discussion of memory politics in the GDR but Maron tackles also more recent German debates regarding victimhood and perpetratorship in WWII and in its aftermath.8 latter aspect is also intimately connected to the vitriolic debates in -which Maron was involved in the early 1990s. Maron was accused of having been complicit in the GDR regime, when it became public that she served briefly in the 1970s as an informant for the East German Staatssicherheit, an aspect of her biography which she had chosen not to reveal. While Maron struggles to understand better her private history and the reasons for drastic gaps in familial but also national memories, the Polish author, Jaroslaw Rymkiewicz confronts the loss of the entire Jewish community and its memory from Poland's landscape. Rymkiewicz's novel presents one of the earlier examples in the wave of Polish texts from the mid-1980s and 1990s, which deal explicitly with the trials and tribulations of the Polish-Jewish relationship during and after the Holocaust. …

On certain particularities of the Serbian comparative against the background of its situation in other Slavonic languages)

The paper deals with a special kind of comparative without an overt secundum comparationis, as exemplified by, say, Pale su jače kiše 'stronger rains have fallen', which is freely used in Serbian; it is called, according to the grammatical tradition, absolute comparative. Attention has been drawn, while attempts were made at revealing the crucial features of the absolute comparative, to the fact that it is marked for its "amplified extension" on the scale of gradation; this shows that the comparative in the kind of use now under consideration has not lost its nature of an instrument of comparison. The grammatical structure in question has also been characterized as displaying sui generis semantic indefiniteness: the point is that the lack of the second object of comparison makes the scope of application of a given feature on the gradation scale rather fuzzy. The first part of the paper presents the distribution of the absolute comparative within the Slavonic linguistic area; the presentation is based on the existing grammars of particular Slavonic languages (however, Bulgarian and Macedonian have not been accounted for; the reason was that these languages have been "balcanized"). The evidence supplied by grammars allows us to distinguish, within the Slavonic area, two zones: the zone of marginal use of the form in question (Russian) or its limited use (Polish), and the zone of its active use, including Slovak, Czech, Sorbian, Slovenian and Serbian. The second part of the work describes the contrast between the situation in Serbian, on the one hand, and the situation in Polish, on the other: the focus is on the distinct divergence of the two languages in terms of textual distribution, frequency of occurrence and stylistic characteristics of the investigated structure. On the basis of the materials of bilateral translations of belletristic works, as well as those of the Serbian journalistic texts (as appearing in Internet), selected types of translational equivalences of the Serbian absolute comparative in Polish texts have been discussed; these are: the basic adjective in the positive, the negated antonym of the source adjective, and the construction "co + adjective in the comparative degree". In the last part of the article some selected differences concerning the use of the absolute comparative in Serbian and Polish journalistic texts have been pointed out. As shown in the course of the analysis, the Polish journalistic style tends to express sharp appraisals and distinct evaluations. This is particularly evident in isolated elements of press, such as titles, notices, advertising slogans. As a result, the absolute comparative, with its considerable degree of indefiniteness, appears to be less appropriate here. In contrary to this, the Serbian linguistic norm admits of a milder form of utterance, it admits of formulating less categorical judgments, even in journalistic style; this enhances the use of the absolute comparative which is well anchored both in the grammatical system and in linguistic awareness of the users of Serbian.

Что такое «прoстая мова»?

The “prostaja mova” is one of the written languages used by both Ukrainians and Belorussians during the 16th and 17th centuries. In this article it is argued that its name is based on a calque of German Gemeinsprache, die gemeine Sprache, a term from the Reformation age. The „prostaja mova” was based on the Ruthenian (Ukrainian and Belorussian) chancery language and developed into a literary language because of its growing polyfunctionality, its increasingly superregional character, and its stylistic variability. The norms of the “prostaja mova” were based on its common usage, not on codification. We discuss the role of Church Slavonic and Polish elements on the different levels of this language and try to show that a “prototypical” text written in the “prostaja mova” was a translation from a real or only virtual Polish text, consisting in the “Ruthenization” of its phonology and morphology and, if it was a written text, in a change of the alphabets - the lexicon and the syntax, instead, remained mainly o...

Rekonstrukcja zaginionych fragmentów Bazylikowego przekladuAthiliM. Oláha (1574)

The historical work of Miklos Olah, the Hungarian humanist, was first published in Latin in Basel in 1568. In 1574 it was already translated into Polish by Cyprian Bazylik and published in Cracow. The only existing copy of this edition is a defective one with 4 pages missing at the beginning and 4 at the end of the book. Fortunately, in 1580 an Old-Belorussian manuscript translation was made which closely follows the Polish text. In our study we reconstruct the missing parts of Cyprian Bazylik's Polish translation by using the original Latin and Old-Belorussian texts. The importance of this reconstruction for the reception of the work in Poland is that Cyprian Bazylik translated the ethnonym Hunni (Huns), used in the Latin original, with the Polish word Wegrowie (Hungarians) and in this way in the Polish text “Attila the King of the Huns” is transferred to “the King of the Hungarians”.

Narrating the Holocaust

In this literary study of memoirs describing at first hand the horrors of German concentration camps, the principal question asked is: How did the survivors find the words to talk about experiences hitherto unknown, even unimaginable? Beyond being a mere analysis of discourse, Narrating the Holocaust reflects the situations in camp that triggered these responses, and shows how the professional authors adapted certain literary genres (e.g. the travel story, the Hassidic tale) to serve as models for communication, while the vast majority who were not trained as writers merely used the form of the report. A comparison between these memoirs and the more frequently discussed camp novel identifies the different narrative strategies by which the two are determined. Most of the 130 texts discussed here were published in German between l934 and the present; some famous Italian, French and Polish texts have also been included for comparison

Z dziejów dramatu biblijnego - o ofiarowaniu Izaaka

The story of Abraham and Isaac belongs to the plots frequently recurring in the school drama of sixteenth century Europe. Two related texts are related in the article: Theodore de Bčze’s drama with the title Abraham sacrificanl (staged in Lausanne in 1550) and an anonymous Polish text dating from the end of the sixteenth century Ofiarowanie Izaaka [The Sacrifice of Isaac]. Both the dramas begin with the Prologue, heralding the main events of the story. The works share a three-part, biblical structure (Ofiarowanie Izaaka is composed of three acts), the motif of a father’s love for his son, Abraham’s and Sarah’s care for their son, Abraham’s perplexity and finally the ending, where an angel, a pre-figuration of Christ, appears. The main differences lie in the way in which the protagonists have been grouped - the amusing characters of, among others, Achne, the servant, enrich the play with comical, realistic elements. The similarities between the two texts result not only from their chronology, the common repertoire of school theatres, and the cosmopolitan character of school education. The congruence (despite some apparent differences between the staging possibilities of Lausanne and Cracow) confirms a close relationship between Polish Renaissance drama and the culture of Western Europe and emphasizes its creative character in the presentation of Biblical plots, extending beyond the Bible.

'Auf dab sie entsteigen der Dunkelheit': Die literarische Bewaltigung von KZ-Erfahrung

In this literary study of memoirs describing at first hand the horrors of German concentration camps, the principal question asked is: how did the survivors find the words to talk about experiences hitherto unknown, even unimaginable? Beyond being a mere ananlysis of discourse, this book reflexts the situations in camp that triggered these responses, and shows how the professional authors adapted certain literary genres (e.g. the travel story, the Hassidic tale) to serve as models for communication, while the vast majority who were not trained as writers merely used the form of the report. A comparison between these memoirs and the more frequently discussed camp novel identifies the different narrative strategies by which the two are determined. The concluding chapter deals with the question of meaning. While few survivors attach any meaning to camp life itself, most agree that coping with its misery, and with the memory of that misery, was greatly enhanced if some purpose could be found for their existence, whether in the form of physical or psychological resistance or of hope for a future life, reunited with their loved ones. Writing about their experiences has helped all survivors to come to terms with their ordeal, but the Holocaust has not turned any vicitim into a professional writer who was not destined to become one anyway. Most of the 130 texts discusses here were published in German between 1934 and the present; some famous Italian, French and Polish texts and a small amount of archive material have also been included for comparison.

Lexical Resources and Tools for Tagging Polish Texts Within Gramlex

In this paper we present some of the main results obtained within the European project COPERNICUS 621 "GRAMLEX" aiming at development of basic resources, tools and methods useful in language engineering. Results presented here were obtained by the Polish team of the GRAMLEX project using Polish data but are easily portable to all Indo-European languages. They are of special interest for highly inflectional languages (e.g. for all Slavonic languages). The high portability of results follows from the proposed, very general format of morphological description (GRAMCODE) and from the general character and great simplicity of algorithms referring to this format. In the paper we briefly present the GRAMODE format, as well as the fundamental dictionary based tool for morphological lemmatization and tagging of texts (LEXAN).