Polish Sector Research Articles

Is the Knowledge‑intensive Business Services Sector Crisis‑robust or Crisis‑resilient? A Comparative Study of European Union Countries

The paper examines the crisis robustness and resilience of the knowledge‑intensive business services (KIBS) sector. The hypothesis is tested that the KIBS sector is crisis‑robust rather than crisis‑resilient. The study covers 2000–2021, divided into two crisis periods (the global financial crisis and the COVID–19 pandemic) and three non‑crisis periods. The growth rates of value added and employment for the sectors and periods covered by the study are compared. The study is based on data from Eurostat, and it refers to the EU–27, making it possible to carry out comparative research between EU countries, as well as between the EU members before 2004 (i.e., the EU–14 or ‘old’ members) and those who joined in 2004 or later (i.e., the EU–13 or ‘new’ members). The study contributes to the literature by demonstrating that it is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of crisis resilience and crisis robustness in both scientific research and policy strategies, as well as to pay more attention to the issue of crisis robustness. It also makes a contribution by indicating that KIBS have significant potential to contribute to building crisis resilience and crisis robustness in the companies that use them and in the whole economic system. The empirical results demonstrate that the KIBS sub‑sectors, i.e., computer and information services and professional, scientific and technical services, are crisis‑robust, which is not the case for the manufacturing sector. The KIBS sector’s ability to maintain stable growth during crisis periods is more visible than for other service industries. The Polish sector of professional, scientific and technical services showed the most stable upward trend through all analysed periods. Poland also recorded impressive growth in value added in computer and information services during the pandemic period, but when considering the whole period, other countries achieved better results, e.g., Romania.

Determining the strategic position of car-sharing services in Poland based on the stakeholder analysis method

This article presents the use of the stakeholder analysis method to characterize the strategic position of car-sharing services in Poland. The theoretical part presents a detailed theory of stakeholders, as well as detailed methods and the course of the interest group analysis procedure. It covers the fundamentals of stakeholder theory which refers to the concept of strategic planning, system theory, organization theory, social responsibility and strategic management. The characteristics of stakeholder analysis are presented together with mostly used methodology. The focus is put on most common analysis tools including the matrix of M. Johanson and K. Scholes based on the earlier Mendelow matrix and the map of stakeholders. The legitimacy and benefits of using the discussed method to determine the strategic position of modern and developing services have been presented. The research part presents an example of the use of the stakeholder analysis method in the Polish sector of car sharing services. The car-sharing services company stakeholder analysis of 23 entities provided knowledge on building relationships with employees and their involvement in the company's processes. The analysis made it possible to improve the strategic position of the company and determination of its position in negotiations with other organizations.

Digital transformation of the steel distribution sector in the context of Industry 4.0

Purpose: Process digitization and artificial intelligence are the needs of today's industry. The Fourth Industrial Revolution along with the concept of Industry 4.0 provides a huge opportunity for the development of many industries. Industry 4.0 imposes high demands on production and logistics in cyber-physical systems. Therefore, the primary objective of this publication is to present the concept of Industry 4.0, with particular emphasis on the impact of its technological solutions on the process of distribution of industrial goods. The challenges and benefits of the concept of Industry 4.0 are also presented in the article. Design/methodology/approach: The work consists of two parts, the review of literature and the research part. The theoretical part presents the impact of technological solutions on the evolution of the distribution process. The empirical part focuses on the importance of technological solutions in the segment of Polish steel product distributors. In Poland, 9.7 million tons of steel is produced on average annually. In the world, according to the analyzes of the World Steel Association, 1781.5 million tons of steel was produced in 2022. Steel is an important construction and industrial material used in the production of cars, machines, ships, appliances, etc. Research was realized in Polish sector of companies. The questionnaire was build according the structure of Industry 4.0 based on pillars. In the questionnaire was used Likert scale from 1 to 5 with 5 being the highest. Findings: Steel sector companies are aware of the importance of the technology of Industry 4.0 in improving the course of the process and communication with the market. The respondents highly assessed the importance of the pillars of Industry 4.0 in the processes of storage and distribution of steel products, most often choosing 4 in the Likert scale from 1 to 5. Originality/value: Studies presented in this paper are strongly linked to the current concept of industrial development, which is Industry 4.0. Keywords: product distribution, Industry 4.0, steel industry. Category of the paper: research paper.

The Role of Clean Generation Technologies in the Energy Transformation in Poland

The ongoing transformation of the Polish power sector have been shaped by a number of factors. In this article, both external conditions for the Polish energy market—such as the country’s membership in the European Union—and internal ones—including domestic energy resources and demand for electricity, or the structure of the Polish economy—have been analysed. This study focuses specifically on the issue of development of clean generation technologies as these are fundamental to the energy-transition process. Its determinants have been examined empirically. To this end, econometric models have been developed using sectoral data from the Polish electric power industry. Improvements in technology have been measured as innovation inputs, that is, RD&D investments in environmental technologies. Explanatory variables encompass economic as well as institutional measures: energy price, environmental policy stringency, long-term interest rate, market concentration and protection of intellectual property rights. The findings obtained point to a positive impact of the variables named on the innovative activity in Poland, with the exception of market concentration, which was proven to be statistically insignificant.

Geotouristic bicycle path around Nowy Targ (Carpathians, Poland)

The area in the vicinity of Nowy Targ is located within the northern part of the Orawa-Nowy Targ Basin and the southern slopes of the Gorce Mountains in the Polish sector of the Outer Carpathians. Geologically, the region is built of the Upper Cretaceous–Palaeogene turbiditic deposits representing sedimentary successions of the Krynica Subunit of the Magura Nappe and the Neogene–Quaternary fresh-water deposits filling the Orawa-Nowy Targ Basin. The Magura Nappe in the described area is represented by the thick-bedded sandstones of the Magura Formation and thin-and medium-bedded sandstone-shale deposits of the Malcov Formation, which are well-exposed in numerous outcrops, especially in the Łopuszna stream valley. The Magura Nappe deposits were folded and cut by a fault system in the Miocene. The presented area displays varied geomorphological relief and picturesque landscapes. Moreover, rare species of fauna and flora occurring here, as well as the still-alive culture of the Podhale Highlanders and continuously improving tourist infrastructure additionally contribute to the development of geotourism in this area. In addition, this area is an increasingly popular place among cyclists, thanks to the development of a network of bicycle paths, therefore the proposed geotourist bicycle path will extend the offer for this group of tourists.

Redox conditions in Late Permian seawater based on trace metal ratios in fluid inclusions in halite from the Polish Zechstein Basin

Previous studies have confirmed that primary fluid inclusions in halite record and preserve information concerning the major ion chemistry of seawater. Here, we determine ratios of redox sensitive trace metals (Fe, Mn, V, Mo, U) in paleo-seawater trapped as primary fluid inclusions in halite from two boreholes (Przyborów IG3, Gorzów Wielkopolski IG1) from the Polish sector of the European Southern Permian Basin and estimate the original seawater concentrations of the redox sensitive trace metals.Our results show generally higher ratios of Fe/U, Fe/Mo, and Fe/V in fluid inclusions in halites associated with sulfate-depleted (calcium-rich) brines, compared to inclusions in halites formed in association with sulfate-rich brines in the Przyborów IG3 borehole. This behavior is consistent with the interpretation of García-Veigas et al. (2011) to reflect changes in redox conditions from oxidizing (represented by sulfate-rich brines) to reducing (represented by sulfate-depleted and calcium-rich brines) in the Zechstein epicontinental sea during the Late Permian. The correlation is more complex in halites from the Gorzów Wielkopolski IG1 borehole, likely reflecting local controls on redox state.Results suggest that ratios of Mn/U, Mn/V, and Mn/Mo in fluid inclusions may be used to refine redox conditions in the water column when these data are evaluated in combination with Fe/U, Fe/Mo, Fe/V, and Mn/Fe ratios because reduction of Mn(III, IV) to Mn(II) occurs at a higher redox potential compared to that required to reduce Fe(III) to Fe(II).The estimated original Mn and Mo concentrations in the seawater in the Late Permian Zechstein Basin are generally within the concentration range observed in modern anoxic basins while concentrations of V and Fe are generally higher and U is generally lower. Our results suggest that trace metal abundances in fluid inclusions in halite vary in response to redox changes in seawater and provide a potential redox proxy. To better understand and apply results obtained from fluid inclusions in halite as a paleoredox proxy, however, further work is required. These include the study of fluid inclusions in halite from more locations worldwide and the more detailed characterization of redox sensitive trace metal behavior during seawater evaporation.

Efficiency of the Education System (Primary, Secondary and Tertiary) in Particular Voivodeships of Poland

The reform of the Polish education system (both lower and higher education) that was carried out in recent years has shown the need to improve the efficiency of schools. Therefore, it is reasonable to analyse and evaluate the efficiency of educational centres before implementing reforms. Educational units influence the development of human capital, which should translate into an increase in the wealth of a given region. To our knowledge, there is a lack of research on the technical efficiency of the primary, secondary and tertiary education systems in particular Polish voivodeships. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to present the results of studies on the efficiency of the three levels of the Polish education sector in 2016. The non-radial Slack-Based Directional Distance Function (SBDDF) model, which belongs to the nonparametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method, was used to test the efficiency. The number of teachers employed in particular voivodeships, as well as the number of schools and universities were assumed as inputs. The number of pupils and students was assumed as outputs. We hypothesise that there is a positive correlation between the efficiency of the education system and the labour market economic indicators in the province. The hypothesis was verified positively as the findings showed that the higher the education system efficiency indicator in a given voivodeship, the greater the number of the SME sector companies per 10,000 inhabitants, the higher the gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and the lower the percentage of the unemployed in the region. The study results may be of use to various groups of stakeholders, in particular, employees of ministries responsible for the functioning of primary, secondary and tertiary education. The limitations of the study concern the selection of variables adopted on the input and output side. Moreover, the conducted analysis is static (in one year). Therefore, there is a need to continue research using a dynamic approach.

«FROM THE NEED OF THE HEART»: WORKS OF POLISH ARTISTS IN SUPPORT OF UKRAINE

The article collects the systematizes and analyzes of the works of Polish artists in support of Ukraine, and also an artistic interpretation of their works in the context of modern art of resistance. Methodology of research is based on visual analysis of works, analytical and art history methods of research, as well as a systematic approach. The scientific novelty is that, the research is the first attempt of analytical generalization of creative achievements in domestic art history, representatives of the Polish sector of creative industries in support of Ukraine. Since the beginning of the full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war, the activity of Polish artists turned into an effective cultural and artistic front in support of Ukraine. In particular, their numerous “combat squad” became the representatives of graphic design - poster artists, illustrators, designers. Their compositions are characterized by the psychological depth of the disclosure the leading thought – the support of Ukraine, the unbreakable unity with it in the fight against rashism. It found out, that the innovative idea of the Polish artist Hubert Kampa with regard to the using of wooden boards from ammunition boxes as material basis for works of sacred art, full of deep symbolism, at the same time, it actualizes in a rather creative way in European society the problem of the war in Ukraine. It is determined that powerful Polish artists’ support of Ukraine in its struggle against the Russian aggressor represents their musical creativity. Vocal and instrumental compositions are the clear cultural signals of unity with the Ukrainian people, in their difficult time of trial. It is concluded, that in general their works, that created “from the need of the heart” are a manifestation of solidarity with Ukraine, are characterized by a high degree of empathy and cordocentrism. Simultaneously, they are cultural and artistic manifestations of international opposition to Russian aggression, visual and soun d narratives of modern art of resistance.

Dynamics of the last Scandinavian Ice Sheet’s southernmost sector revealed by the pattern of ice streams

The Polish sector of the last Scandinavian Ice Sheet is a key area for studying ice‐sheet drainage and decay from its local Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) extent, as it is located at the terrestrial terminus of the large and dynamic Baltic Ice Stream Complex. Geomorphological mapping, based on a 0.4‐m LiDAR digital elevation model, revealed about 940 streamlined bedforms, many of which are shown for the first time and consisting of mega‐scale glacial lineations and drumlins. The lineation flowsets together with associated landforms were used to identify 17 ice streams, occupying 80% of the study area. We demonstrated that subtle topographic variations played an important role in influencing the ice‐sheet dynamics. Variations in ice dynamics were a response to external climatic forcing that controlled deglaciation at the ice‐sheet scale as well as to internal reorganization due to the influence of topography, subglacial hydrology and glacier thermal regime. During the local LGM, the southern sector of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet in Poland was dominated by four simultaneously operating ice streams, likely active for several millennia, followed by fast active recession interrupted by three main periods of ice stream stagnation. Increased ice‐flow dynamics during the period of the Young Baltic advances are suggested to be caused by variations in subglacial hydrology and the polythermal structure of the ice sheet.

Predatory trade finance: the impact of bargaining power and financing constraints on the demand and supply of trade credit

ABSTRACT We demonstrate that the “predator-prey” metaphor may be well-suited to describe trade finance mechanisms in emerging economies. Having analyzed the dynamics of trade credit in the Polish corporate sector over the period between 1997 and 2014, we found that suppliers of trade credit were smaller, younger, less liquid, less indebted, and more financially constrained than the beneficiaries thereof. The firms, which increased trade receivables during the analyzed period, improved their asset turnover ratio at the expense of operating profitability. In a quest for growth and cash flows, these firms appear to be forced to supply trade credit to their counterparties with a stronger bargaining position. Companies, which reported higher trade payables, enjoy higher cash flows and a better access to external financing, yet with no improvements to the operating KPIs. In contrast to the conventional wisdom, we hypothesize that trade credit bargaining may be a negative-sum game.

Entrepreneurial activities of public benefit organizations

The paper assesses how revenue diversification of the public benefit organizations (which are important part of the polish third sector) is associated with the organizations size (measured by the total year reveneus). The study covered all public benefit organizations (it was almost 8,000 organizations - their number varied depending on the year), which operated in 2015-2017. The results obtained indicate that there is a statistically significant relationship between the diversification of revenues and the size of the organization. The analysis included, in particular, commercial sources of reveneus, which prove the pro-entrepreneurial attitude of the surveyed organizations and the ability to operate on a competitive market. Results also indicate that revenue diversification through the use of commercial earning sources has a positive effect on the overall volume of annual revenue generated. It can therefore be concluded that the diversification of revenue sources is better for Polish public benefit organizations (PBOs) than concentration on one source. Univariate descriptive statistics associated with frequency distributions, including percentages and means, and statistical tests (including the chi-square independence tests and Kruskal – Wallis tests) were used to verify the hypotheses.

Origin of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon (H2S, CO2 and N2) components of natural gas accumulated in the Zechstein Main Dolomite carbonate reservoir of the western part of the Polish sector of the Southern Permian Basin

The origin and migration of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon (hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide and molecular nitrogen) components of natural gas accumulated within the Zechstein PZ2 (Stassfurt) Main Dolomite (Ca2) carbonate reservoir in the western part of the Polish sector of the Southern Permian Basin (SPB) were established based on molecular and isotopic compositions (δ13C[CH4, C2H6, C3H8, n-C4H10, i-C4H10, n-C5H12, i-C5H12 and CO2], δ2H[CH4], δ15N[N2] and δ34S[H2S]) related to geological settings and 1-D modelling of generation processes. Hydrocarbon gases were generated during both microbial and thermogenic processes. Primary microbial processes ended at the turn of the Late Permian and Early Triassic, when oil and thermogenic gas generation processes began. The reconstruction of the thermal evolution and transformation of organic matter in this part of the SPB shows that thermogenic processes ended in the Late Jurassic in the Grotów Peninsula (Zone C), and in the Late Cretaceous in the western part of the Wielkopolska Platform and Gorzów Platform (zones A and B). The presence of the microbial component in analysed accumulations indicates that traps within the Ca2 carbonate strata were formed and sealed by the overlying impermeable anhydrites and salts of PZ2 (Stassfurt), PZ3 (Leine) and PZ4 (Aller) cycles preventing its escape. Accumulation of natural gas in Ca2 traps took place in at least two stages and had a cumulative character. First, microbial gases accumulated, then thermogenic gases associated with oil were generated from type II kerogen in the “oil window”. An insignificant methane component was generated from type III kerogen and migrated to Ca2 reservoir from Carboniferous strata. H2S was most probably generated during both microbial (MSR) and thermochemical sulphate reduction (TSR) of anhydrites in the PZ1 (Werra) cycle, and additionally from thermal decomposition of organic sulphur components of oil and kerogen in the Ca2 carbonate rocks. MSR ended during the Late Permian. TSR was temporarily halted as a result of Early Cretaceous uplift and probably resumed on a minor scale after the Late Cretaceous. CO2 was predominantly generated during thermogenic processes of kerogen decarboxylation, carbonate dissolution processes, and TSR and MSR together with H2S. A lesser contribution of CO2 from microbial fermentation was also observed. To a large extent N2 was mainly generated during thermal transformation of type II kerogen dispersed in the Ca2 carbonate strata and probably partly migrated from Carboniferous high-maturity type III kerogen to Ca2 reservoirs through fault systems.

ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY OF MIDDLE MIOCENE (BADENIAN – SARMATIAN) SOURCE ROCKS AND MATURATION MODELLING IN THE POLISH AND UKRAINIAN SECTORS OF THE EXTERNAL CARPATHIAN FOREDEEP

The Carpathian Foredeep to the north and NE of the Carpathian orogenic belt in SE Poland and NW Ukraine is divided into internal and external sectors. In the narrow internal foredeep, Lower and Middle Miocene shales, sandstones and interbedded evaporites are tightly folded. By contrast the external foredeep is characterized by the presence of a thick, unfolded Middle Miocene molasse succession. This ranges in thickness from a few hundred metres in the north of the external foredeep to >5000 m in the south, near the Carpathian thrust front. Middle Miocene sandstones in the external foredeep form a major reservoir for biogenic gas at fields in Poland and Ukraine.The Middle Miocene molasse succession in the external Carpathian Foredeep also contains organic‐rich intervals which have source rock potential. For this paper, core samples (n = 670) of Badenian and Sarmatian mudstones from 43 boreholes in the Polish sector of the external foredeep were analysed to investigate their organic geochemistry and hydrocarbon potential. Results show that the samples analysed in general have low to fair (but locally high) total organic carbon (TOC) contents which range up 4.6 wt.% although the average is only 0.7 wt.%. Rock‐Eval (S1+S2) values are poor to fair and the hydrogen index is also low with a mean value of less than 100 mg/g TOC. The samples analysed are dominated by gas‐prone Type III kerogen and this is consistent with previous studies of time‐equivalent samples from the Ukrainian part of the external foredeep. The organic matter is in general thermally immature and is interpreted to have been deposited in anoxic and/or sub‐oxic conditions. However in the Polish part of the external foredeep, thermal maturities may locally reach the initial phase of the oil window where the Middle Miocene source rocks have been buried deeply beneath the Carpathian thrust front.The burial history and thermal evolution of the Middle Miocene succession were reconstructed by means of 1‐D modelling at nine boreholes located in both the Polish and Ukrainian parts of the external Carpathian foredeep. The modelling indicated that Middle Miocene source rocks have only entered the initial phase of the oil window locally where they are buried beneath the flysch nappes of the Carpathian foldbelt. At these locations the generation of thermogenic gas may have begun at depths of more than 3 km. However, Middle Miocene source rocks are still immature at depths of >4000 m in some boreholes in the Ukrainian part of the study area. The absence of accumulations of thermogenic natural gas is consistent with the observed low levels of source rock maturity.

Polish road freight transport and process of internationalisation – selected effects for quality and competitiveness

This article analyses conditions of functioning of Polish road transport carriers according to the internationalisation process and its potential effect on the quality of services and competitiveness. Conditions underlying the Polish road transport sector and its position in the EU transport market are discussed along with the factors that determine the quality of services and competitiveness of the carriers. The relationships between quality and competitiveness are also identified to establish the strength and direction of their impact. Considering the specificity of the Polish market of road freight transport (vast supply fragmentation) and growing competitiveness in international markets the objective of this paper is to answer the questions: whether internationalisation processes influence the quality of transport services, and to what extent; if internationalisation processes play a role in the improvement of transport services (competitiveness), and if there is a dependence between the quality of services and competitiveness of road carriers, including the aspect of internationalisation? The data was interpreted using descriptive statistics, an analysis of variance (ANOVA), as well as the determined correlation and determination coefficients. This study identified the significant role of internationalisation on the service quality and competitiveness of carriers. It also confirmed a positive correlation between them. Equally important was the fact that qualified and well-educated staff was the most important factor in improving quality and competitiveness.

The concept of P2P insurance: A Review of Literature and EIOPA Report

Peer-to-peer insurance platforms (P2P insurance), in Poland often called “social platform insurance”, are entering the European insurance market. Although this is not the case for the Polish insurance sector yet, the concept keeps evolving rapidly. P2P insurance is often considered an alternative to the traditional form of insurance. As yet, no legally relevant definition of P2P insurance has been created, and no insurance regulation refers to such platforms. This paper seeks to provide an overview of the existing research both in Polish and foreign literature, to analyze various contributions, highlight current research deficits and future research directions. Finally, the paper attempts to address key research questions which have been already raised in respect of P2P insurance, particularly in the context of the Polish insurance regulations.

Sedimentary and diapiric mélanges in the Skrzydlna area (Outer Carpathians of Poland) as indicators of basinal and structural evolution

The Dukla Nappe in the Skrzydlna area exposes two types of mélange reflecting two different phases of basinal and tectonic evolution of the Outer West Carpathian orogen in its Polish sector. The Oligocene-age sedimentary mélange (olistostrome) is related to growth of the accretionary wedge, whereas the Miocene-age diapiric mélange postdates the orogenic thrusting. Textural and structural features of the very coarse-grained sedimentary mélange suggest non-cohesive debris flows and high-density turbidity currents as predominant emplacement mechanisms. Growth strata, associated with progressive unconformities, and facies contrast between the underlying fine-grained unit and the overlying olistostrome reflect a considerable uplift of the source area and rotation of the adjacent part of the basin floor. The olistostrome and the overlying turbidite succession form a retrogressive sequence interpreted as a submarine canyon infill grading to a small submarine fan. The diapiric mélange, injected into the Oligocene-age succession of the Dukla Nappe, contains the Early and Late Cretaceous-age blocks and matrix derived from the underlying Silesian Nappe. The features reflecting diapiric emplacement include matrix proportion increase and block content decrease towards the mélange margins, scaly fabric and shear zones. Both mélanges, interpreted in the past as chaotic bodies, upon detailed examination reveal genesis-related subtle internal organization.

Organisational culture as a stress determinant in SME sector organisations.

This paper is theoretical and empirical in nature. Its first purpose is to present the results of authors' own empirical research devoted to assessing the present and expected organisational culture model in Polish SME sector employees' opinion. Another key research objective was to assess occurrence of some statistically significant dependencies between the declared model of the organisational culture and the perception of the present level of respondents' stress. Two research tools were used in the research process: the Organisational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI) by Cameron and Quinn and the authors' own questionnaire to assess the occurrence and intensity of any dysfunctional phenomena at the workplace, including the level of employees' stress. Statistical analysis of significant differences between variables was conducted with Pearson's chi-square test of independence. Anonymous empirical research, on a randomly selected sample (N = 700) of respondents from the Silesian Region in Poland was run in 2017, with the paper (hard) copy of both research instruments. The research results show that the current model of the organisational culture is a statistically significant determinant of employees' level of negative stress in all kinds of analysed organisations.

The Role of the Polish Private Equity Sector in the CEE Region

The aim of the article is to analyse the position of the Polish private equity sector as a leading player in the CEE region and to assess the impact of these funds on economic development. It has been pointed out that the fund sector is operating in an increasingly unpredictable environment (which could be seen during the financial crisis) and operates based on demanding regulations and growing risk. The paper presents the role of private equity funds in the CEE region, which by 2004 had seen a noticeably faster growth than in Western Europe, due to the transition to a market economy. The Polish private equity market in the CEE region was further analysed, which as the largest economy in the CEE region is a very attractive place for investors. The conclusions and directions of the role of private equity funds were presented, and it was emphasised that Poland and the whole CEE region are at an early stage of their market development, but their distance to Western Europe decreases from year to year. Currently, the CEE private equity market in the most developed countries offers great opportunities to its investors thanks to high competition, high growth potential and comprehensive solutions.

Wahania cykliczne na światowym rynku cukru

W historii gospodarczej świata cukier jest uznawany za jeden z pierwszych produktów globalnych, a sytuacja podażowo-popytowa na światowym rynku miała duży wpływ na rozwój rynków lokalnych. Polski sektor cukrowniczy od wielu lat pozostaje pod wpływem rynku światowego. Reforma systemu regulacji rynku cukru w UE spowodowała, że rynek unijny i krajowy w coraz większym stopniu są uzależnione od sytuacji na rynku światowym. Potencjał produkcyjny krajowego przemysłu cukrowniczego jest większy od zapotrzebowania na rynku wewnętrznym i nadwyżki podaży są kierowane na eksport. Światowy rynek charakteryzuje się wahaniami koniunkturalnymi, które są determinowane cyklicznością uprawy trzciny cukrowej. Długość cyklu koniunkturalnego skróciła się do 2-3 lat. Ceny rynku światowego wpływają na ceny zbytu i eksportowe w kraju i wyniki finansowe branży cukrowniczej.

Analysis of active enterprises established in Poland in the years 2012-2016

In 2013, the Polish enterprise sector generated 73,5% of GDP, of which small and medium-sized enterprises generated 50,1% of GDP – i.e. every second zloty of this value. Among all groups of enterprises according to their sizes, the largest share in generating GDP had microenterprises – approx. 30,8%. The aim of the study was to analyze the degree of changes and tendencies in the development of newly created enterprises – according to the length of years of operation and size classes – micro, small, medium-sized and large enterprises in Poland. The analysis of enterprises was based on CSO data included in the study entitled “Non-financial enterprises established in the years 2012-2016”. The analysis covered enterprises that were established in the years 2012-2016 and actively performed their business activity until the last examined year. The following conclusions were drawn: In the structure of enterprises in the years 2012-2016, microenterprises were dominant. Together with the increase in the number of years of running business, the number and share of small, medium and large enterprises increased at the expense of microenterprises. The survival rate of enterprises established in the years 2012-2016 is the highest for large, medium-sized and small enterprises. In the analyzed period, the highest number of employees was in microenterprises, but the number of employees was constantly fluctuating over the years. The number of people working in small and medium-sized enterprises has constantly increased along with the length of business activity. The highest remunerations were observed in enterprises (successively) – large, medium-sized, small and micro- enterprises. In microenterprises, there is the largest disparity in the amount of salaries.