Polish Scientist Research Articles

The Figure of Jan Czochralski as an Example of a Scientist, Teacher and Patriot for the Youth of Today to Imitate (1885 – 1953)

The article analyses the life path and activities of the world-recognized Polish scientist, inventor, metallurgist, patron and philanthropist, writer, professor of the Warsaw Polytechnic Jan Czochralski (1885 - 1953). He is considered one of the four most famous and most cited Polish scientists who influenced the development of civilization. In terms of the greatness and significance of his scientific achievements, he is placed in the same row as the world-famous Poles M. Copernicus, M. Skłodowska-Curie, I. Łukasiewicz, who not only glorified Poland, but also changed the world. The purpose of the article is to study and analyze the main milestones of J. Czochralski's creative activity and the role of his scientific achievements. Research methods. Theoretical methods were used as synthesis analysis, systematization, comparison, classification, generalization. The results. The life path, the main stages of Jan Czochralski's activity against the background of historical events of the end of the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries are revealed. The trials that the scientist underwent, unjust accusations of helping the Third Reich, and the reasons for his persecution are shown (he was fully rehabilitated only in 2011). Patriotism, hard work, perseverance, humanism, which contributed to successful teaching activities are emphasized as the personal qualities of Jan Czochralski. The most important achievements of the outstanding Polish scientist are analysed: the method of growing silicon single crystals, which are used in modern electronic and digital technology, in solar energy, and in jewellery; the discovery of alloys for railway bearings (known as B-metal); the invention of the radio microscope as the predecessor of the modern atomic force microscope, the enrichment of research tools. Jan Czochralski is a scientist, inventor, metallurgist, and philanthropist. He started processes that we now interpret as technology transfer. He is an author of poetry collections and manuals, a university professor who created a new image of a teacher, an entrepreneur and a person who believed in family values. He was a comprehensively developed personality who combined intellectual achievements and aesthetics, spiritual and moral qualities and hard work. Conclusions. The expediency of wider popularization of the figure of J. Czochralski in modern educational institutions as a comprehensively developed personality, as a model for younger generations to follow is shown.

Leśna arkadia w poezji Franciszka Kobryńczuka

The following work discusses the issues of poetry for children by Franciszek Kobryńczuk (1929–2016), a Polish scientist, a professor of veterinary medicine and the author of many works for children. The author points out that the Białowieża Forest is an essential element in Kobryńczuk’s rich and varied work. The forest described by him has been ennobled and glorified, pictured as an arcadia, a fabulous, caring place impersonating the topos of Mother Nature in its positive dimension. It enables the reader to consider the Franciszek Kobryńczuk’s poetic views of the forest in the context of the whole series of Polish forest arcadias reconstructed and described by Joanna Papuzińska.

Stefania Jabłońska (1920-2017): A giant in 20th century dermatology

Stefania Jabłońska (1920-2017) is remembered as a physician extraordinaire, outstanding medical scientist, and superb professor of dermatology. She served as Professor and Chairman of Dermatology at the Warsaw Medical School. Not only is she one of the most cited of Polish physicians, she also was world renowned, being elected to honorary membership in innumerable dermatology societies. Jabłońska in 1972 was the first to describe the relationship between the human papillomavirus and skin cancer in epidermodysplasia verruciformis. She collaborated with Professor Gérard Charles Jacques Orth (1936-), with whom she characterized the molecular structure of the oncogenic virus to be the first to be discovered in dermatologic diseases. They also showed that a viral infection could not spread to people with different genetic patterns. For this discovery, Jabłońska and Orth in 1985 were awarded the Robert Koch Medal, which was presented to them by the President of the Federal Republic of Germany, Richard Karl Freiherr von Weizsäcker (1920-2015). Jabłońska is the only Polish scientist to be so honored.

Professor Stanisław Berger - the jubilee of 100th birthday.

Professor Stanisław Berger - Polish scientist, creator of human nutrition science, international authority, excellent lecturer, and consistent organizer of the nutritional scientific community - celebrates his 100th birthday. He was born on September 13, 1923. The history of Professor Stanisław Berger's long life is presented in this jubilee article.

Vaktsyna Rudolfa Vaiglia u borotbi z vysypnym epidemichnym tyfom

Introduction. Vaccination has made a breakthrough in history by overcoming the infectious diseases that have plagued humanity for millennia. The twentieth century was marked by the invention of vaccines against epidemics typhus, which have become the only salvation in overcoming this disease. The history of the vaccine was developed on the example of the first effective vaccine against epidemic typhus, developed by a prominent Polish scientist, professor at the University of Lviv Rudolf Weigl, the history of vaccine development and the method of culturing R. Prowazekii in the intestine of Pediculus humanus corporis was studied. From Rickettsia Рrowazekii – the causative agent of epidemic typhus transmitted by aphids (Pediculus humanus corporis) in the history of mankind killed more people than in all known wars. Brazilian researcher Enrique da Rocha Lima differentiated described in detail and gave a specific name to the causative agent of typhus in 1916. In 1920, GW Epstein, as well as S. Burt Weilbach, John L. Todd and FW Palfrey in 1922 confirmed the etiological significance of R. Prowazekii in the presence of typhus. Biological and morphological characteristics, the life cycle of the pathogen and the impossibility of reproduction on artificial nutrient media were established. The aim of the study. According to the study of scientific sources to investigate the history of the technology of R. Weigl vaccine against epidemic typhus from its first series obtained in the laboratory and from 1930, when its production began, the period covering the 20-30s of the twentieth century. To establish that the scientific achievements of the scientists are not only the history of microbiology and virology, it is relevant today. Materials and methods. Content analysis, a method of systematic analysis of research on the typhus vaccine, was used. The implementation of scientific research began with a retrospective analysis of the scientific works of R. Weigl and his students. Selection of sources was carried out in the archives and scientific libraries of Lviv and the Research Institute of Epidemiology and Hygiene of Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, in scientometric databases PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar by keywords: lice, typhus, rubella, R. Prowazekii. 174 scientific works in English, Ukrainian, Polish, French and Russian were analyzed and sources were selected in which the issue of creating a vaccine against typhus, technology of its production, efficiency of application was covered. Results. The vaccine, developed by Professor Rudolf Weigl, author of the method of cultivating and accumulating the causative agent of this disease – R. Prowazekii in the intestine of the laboratory population of lice, despite the complexity of its preparation, for over 20 years was the only immunobiological drug to control typhus. Conclusions. We should be grateful to Rudolf Weigl and his students, who have often studied R. Рrowazekii at the cost of their lives and developed a vaccine against typhus, which has killed millions of people on our planet. Vaccination with a full dose of R. Weigl’s vaccine does not guarantee protection against infection, but reduces morbidity, completely eliminates mortality and facilitates the course of epidemic typhus.

Specifičnost vođenja glasova u operi Madam Kiri Elžbjete Sikore iz perspektive izvođenja uloge Misi Meloni

This article contains scientific reflections on the ways of performing vocal parts in a contemporary opera on the example of the opera by a living Polish composer Elżbieta Sikora entitled Madame Curie, telling the story of life and work of an outstanding Polish scientist and Nobel Prize winner, Maria Curie-Skłodowska. Based on her own experiences in performing one of the roles in the opera - an American journalist, Missy Meloney - the author analyses the vocal part in terms of melodic, intonation, rhythmic, articulation and acting difficulties and forms conclusions about the specifics of voice leading.

Polish army soldier and scientist – Stanisław Ossowski

The article reminds Stanisław Ossowski, an outstanding sociologist and political scientist, a representative of the Lviv-Warsaw school, and a brave soldier. The author focuses her attention on two problems selected from his work: on man as an ethical subject and on opportunities and threats in shaping individual and collective social personalities. Stanisław Ossowski regarded disobedience in thinking, faithfulness to the truth, and intellectual honesty as the professional duty of a scientist, especially a humanist, who studies ideas and value systems. He justified the theory of mutual conditioning of the social structure-personality. He studied the impact of decisions of senior government officials on the dynamics of human behaviour and the development of human polymorphism.

«ЛИХВАРСЬКИЙ СПРИТ І ШАХРАЙСЬКА ХИТРІСТЬ»: СТАНІСЛАВ ТАРНОВСЬКИЙ ПРО ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЮ ЗАМОЖНОЇ ШЛЯХТИ ГАЛИЧИНИ В УМОВАХ СТАНОВЛЕННЯ ВІЛЬНОРИНКОВОГО СУСПІЛЬСТВА

The article is devoted to the analysis of the essay “Portions” (“Porcyi”) authored by the famous Polish scientist, politician and publicist S. Tarnowski (1837-1917), which was published in November 1874 and revealed changes in social position, economic activity and behavior of wealthy Galician nobles, who, taking advantage of the plight of the peasantry, were actively engaged in usury, earning a solid income. The author states that remaining outside the “noble origin of the owners of estates”, these nobles actually turned into rural extortionists, who are essentially no different from the representatives of the “merchant’s craft” (commissioners, brokers, moneylenders, etc.), genus classes which did not provide for honor and conscience. This, according to S. Tarnowsky, caused enormous damage to the “Polish cause”, as it destroyed the barely planned agreement between the nobility and the peasantry.

Theology and Science in Copernicus’ Universe

The publication of Copernicus’ On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (since now on referred to as Revolutions) marked the beginning of the Scientific Revolution. Christian doctrine played a key role for the emergence of the scientific turning point, that brought about the transition from a qualitative to a quantitative approach to natural phenomena. Although the Polish scientist was not a philosopher in the ordinary sense of the term, he shared with many other protagonists of modern science the idea of the universe as mathematical harmony created by God. In this sense, modern scientific thought completed the development that took place since the Scholastic Age. In the historical period between the XII and the XVII century, indeed, Christianity proved a fundamental factor for a considerable growth in natural knowledge.

Rossijsko-ukrainskie otnosheniya: etapy regressa

The subject of the article is Russian-Ukrainian relations, taken in the range from the recent past to the foreseeable future through political analysis. It is emphasized that in the considered short historical period of time there have been substantial and qualitative changes in these relations. The latter are arranged in a phased series: fraternal, good-neighbourhood, forced-neighbourhood and hostile. There are given descriptions of relations between states, elites and nations of Russia and Ukraine. The article reveals causes of political phenomena and processes that caused the negative dynamics of these relations. The research is based on the methodology of the Polish political scientist Jerzy Wiatra.

Иной взгляд на Россию. Письма из «русского архи­ва»

The article presents previously unpublished letters written by Andrzej Walicki (15.05.1930–21.08.2020), a worldly renowned Polish historian of Russian thought, to Professor Michael Maslin, the head of the Department of the History of Russian Philoso­phy at Lomonosov Moscow State University. Walicki’s letters (1997–2019) together with books, articles and other materials formed his gift to the abovementioned Department. Walicki himself referred to these materials as “my small Russian archive”. The letters are written in excellent Russian and require no additional revision or stylistic improvement. This publication retains the letters in their full originality including some phrases of Pol­ish origin. These unique epistles reveal Walicki’s individual creative worldview. The let­ters contain new information about the details of Walicki’s biography and his work in Poland, Russia, USA, Great Britain, Japan, Australia. The letters provide a unique per­spective on the “flow of ideas”, which was Walicki’s personal conception of understand­ing and interpretation of the Russian intellectual history from the Enligh­tenment through the Russian religious and philosophical Renaissance of the twentieth century. The letters discuss his interactions with Sergei Gessen, Isaiah Berlin, Leszhek Kolakowski, Czeslaw Milosz, George Kline, James Scanlan, Leonard Shapiro, Martin Malia, Richard Pipes, Nicholas Riasanovsky, James Billington etc. A special attention is paid to the critique of the Western and especially Polish Russophobia based on various superstitions and stereo­types about Russia as well on a lack of knowledge, various kinds of bias and blunders. Of considerable interest are Walitsky’s expert assessments of the ge­neral state of the scien­tific historiography of Russian philosophy, its fundamental diffe­rences from Soviet dog­matic Marxism, of which the Polish scientist was a consistent critic.

The presented volume of Acta Biochimica Polonica is dedicated to the outstanding Polish scientist Professor Waclaw Tadeusz Szybalski on the 100th anniversary of his birth

The presented volume of Acta Biochimica Polonica is dedicated to the outstanding Polish scientist Professor Waclaw Tadeusz Szybalski on the 100th anniversary of his birth

КНИГА «Z POLSKIEJ KARTY LWA TOŁSTOJA» ПРОФЕСОРА Б. БЯЛОКОЗОВИЧА: МЕТОДОЛОГІЯ ТА ЇЇ КОНСТРУКТИВНІСТЬ

Ways of organizing the narrative system in his book “From the Polish Card of Leo Tolstoy”, which was published in Olshtyn in 2003, and its constructiveness are characterized in this article, which is based on analytical and hermeneutic and receptive methodology, taking into account the assessments of an outstanding Polish scientist, Tolstoy expert, one of the organizers of Tolstoy science in Poland – Basil Byalokozovich by polonists O. Tsybenko, V. Khorev, O. Rozynska, I. Rudziewicz and others. The expediency of raising the problem – the specifics of Polish scientist`s methodology, is substantiated. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to describe the techniques and methods of organizing Byalokozovich`s narrative system aimed at achieving the greatest effectiveness of textual discourse. The topicality of the problem is confirmed by the position of B. Yegorov: “Literary work is unthinkable without the form analysis”. It is proved that B. Byalokozovich`s approaches to the disclosure of the problems raised by him, the persuasiveness of his arguments, the skill of organizing the narrative system and the creation of a large dialogic field covering space-time from 1898 to the middle of the twentieth century are of great interest. It is emphasized that the text is built on the classical principle – from the general picture to a detailed analysis of assessments of Tolstoy`s works by Polish writers and scholars. B. Byalokozovich's emphasis on the fact that the novel “War and Peace” came to Poland only in Western European languages, and the publication of small works by Leo Tolstoy in “Warsaw Diary” was considered insignificant. The titles of all chapters-medallions are characterized as concentrated text. The methodological perspective of the content of the monograph title “From the Polish Card of Leo Tolstoy” is considered, where the key role is played by the word map, thanks to which all authors with their own conceptual vision of Leo Tolstoy appear visually and in dialogue on the space-time modus. Difficult relations between E. Ozheshko and L. Tolstoy are shown on the basis of human documents: Polish writer throughout her life sought to talk to him, but L. Tolstoy, giving way to her story “Jedna setna” (“One Hundredth”), spoke sharply about E. Ozheshko`s sentimentalism. But the writer also subjected the composition of his novels to merciless criticism. Attention is drawn to the following methodological feature of B. Byalokozovich, manifested in the fact that he gives large fragments of evidence in the original language. This is fundamental because the scientist thus supports the position of O. Potebnia that the opinion expressed in another language is different. It is noted that in B. Byalokozovich each section is a concentrated monograph. B. Byalokozovich presented a complete picture of intellectual life of the whole era in Russia, which is intense and full of contradictions.

MIECZYSŁAW ŁOBOCKI – TWÓRCA WSPÓŁCZESNEJ TEORII WYCHOWANIA

From the standpoint of concrete-historical analysis, the views of the prominent scientist Mechyslav Lobotsky on the problems and ways of reforming education are generalized. The main focus is on those issues that are largely in line with today's challenges in the field of educational reforms. The results of the study show that the scientist implemented innovative ideas for the organization of school education, which met the needs of the time, conceptually remaining relevant today. In scientific terms, the exceptional value is developed by M. Lobotsky branch of pedagogical science – the theory of education, which reveals the main aspects of the process of education, the influence of adults on the education of the child's personality, the requirements that the teacher made to the educator. One of the conditions for the effectiveness of the educational process, according to the scientist, is the interaction of teachers and parents. The article highlights the main ideas of moral education in the context of the creative work of M. Lobotsky, who was a supporter of humanistic ideas of universal education. Its pedagogical concept and basic approaches to moral education of the young generation are analyzed. The importance of the pedagogical experience of the Polish scientist on moral education of children for the theory and practice of education in Poland is emphasized.

THE LIFE AND THE WORK OF Bogdan Nawroczyński WHO WAS ONE OF THE FOUNDERS OF POLISH PEDAGOGY OF THE CULTURE

The aim of the article is to study the scientific contribution of B.Navroczynski to the formation and development of Polish pedagogy of culture. The versatility of the problem necessitated the use of the following research methods in a complex: general scientific (analysis, synthesis, comparison and generalization, which are necessary for the study and generalization of scientific works of Polish and Ukrainian scientists); search and bibliographic (study of authentic Polish and domestic bibliographic and pedagogical publications); system-functional (generalization and substantiation of regularities of development of Polish pedagogy of culture). We explored the life and creative path of B. Nawroczynski, who was a prominent Polish scientist and a philosopher of education, one of the creators of Polish scientific pedagogy. We determined the key provisions of pedagogy of culture, presented in the works of the scholar. The essence of the culture and its values were described. Particular attention was paid to the expediency of pedagogical activities aimed at the formation of human personality. We determined the processes that form the spiritual life of a person according to B. Nawroczynski. We analyzed the «ideal of education», that integrates the goals of education and training and expresses the deep needs of society. The scholar had considered that the highest and most far-reaching goal of the pedagogical process was forming of a rich and strong personality. According to B. Nawroczynski learning and upbringing can lead to this goal. There is a close connection between them, it’s a common goal, that is the improvement of a man as a whole and, as a consequence, the formation of an independent and creative personality.

The concept of collective hope according to Józef Kozielecki and Chantal Delsol

W niniejszym artykule ukażemy koncepcję nadziei zbiorowej polskiego psychologa Józefa Kozieleckiego. W obszarze psychologii i socjologii daje potwierdzone w tych naukach argumenty wskazujące na potrzebę uzasadnionej nadziei zarówno indywidualnej, jak i zbiorowej. Na tej bazie przekonuje do budowania społeczeństwa nadziei, gdzie góruje ona nad lękiem przed niedookreśloną przyszłością i wszelkimi zmianami. Wyraźnie stwierdza, że trzeba się przeciwstawić ideologizacji życia społecznego w stylu Francisa Fukuyamy, Richarda Rorty’ego czy Jacques’a Derridy. Tworzą oni intelektualne utopie, niemające potwierdzenia w naukowych badaniach psychologicznych i socjologicznych, choć są nośne w wielu kręgach kulturowych późnej nowoczesności. By wzmocnić to przekonanie Józefa Kozieleckiego, odwołamy się do badań Chantal Delsol francuskiej filozof politycznej. Badała ona zmiany kulturowe i polityczne w Europie w XX i XXI wieku. Określiła ten czas jako „późną nowoczesność”. W swoich pracach stawia uzasadnioną diagnozę, że pewne nurty niszczą nadzieję na osiąganie dalekosiężnych celów zarówno indywidualnych, jak i zbiorowych, a tym bardziej nadzieję eschatologiczną w imię tworzenia społecznych utopii. Efektem badawczym będzie zestawienie poglądów polskiego naukowca dotyczących nadziei zbiorowej z przekonaniem Chantal Delsol, że nadzieja, i to ta związana z religią monoteistyczną. jest ludziom potrzebna, by mogli się rozwijać i osiągać zarówno dystalne, jak i eschatologiczne cele. Wnioski zostały wypracowane w obszarze psychologii, socjologii i filozofii i wspierają przekonanie o wartości nadziei eschatologicznej.

From lockdown in the Arctic to home quarantine

Polar scientist Vishnu Nandan has just returned home in Canada from a four-month darkness-engulfed lockdown in the Arctic. In an interview to Nature India, he talks about coming back into a world fighting a pandemic. Polar scientist Vishnu Nandan has just returned home in Canada from a four-month darkness-engulfed lockdown in the Arctic. In an interview to Nature India, he talks about coming back into a world fighting a pandemic.

Литературные аллюзии и языковые параллели у Николоза Бараташвили и Адама Мицкевича (стихотворение Мерани и поэма Фарис)

“Of the Georgian romantics, the greatest poet and the greatest philosopher is Nikoloz Baratashvili” – these words of Professor Giorgi Dzhibladze best express the genius of Nikoloz Baratashvili, who at the age of 26 ended his turbulent and tragic life, having failed to fulfill his dreams because of the physical trauma, unable to embody her great love in reality, although Ekaterina Chavchavadze-Dadiani (the object of his unrequited love) saved his poetry from oblivion: it was she who gave the great Georgian writer Ilya Chavchavadze Baratashvili’s manuscript, thanks to which she actually returned the great poet’s Georgian literature to this time, unfortunately, is almost forgotten. In our opinion, Nikoloz Baratashvili could get acquainted with Faris by Adam Mitskevich through Russian translation. This circumstance led some scholars (Iona Meunargia, Kit Abashidze) to believe that the Georgian Merani was allegedly created under a certain influence of the poem of the Polish poet. Such a view of this issue, in our opinion, is devoid of a real foundation, primarily due to the fact that these two works in their artistic form show a very distant, almost insignificant similarity, while the ideological relationship is indisputable. The poetic spirit of Mitskevich was undoubtedly close to Nikoloz Baratashvili. A. Mitskevich dedicated his poem to the Polish scientist Vaclav Razhevsky, who suffered the same fate as the hero of the poem. V. Razhevsky conducted scientific research in Arabia, where he died. Mickiewicz paints a heroic image of a rider who is not afraid of anything; Baratashvili, on the other hand, describes the despair of his rider, who is in a state when nothing in the world matters to him and who prefers death to life, but meaningful death, sacrificed to descendants. The genius of the author of Merani is manifested precisely in the fact that in the harsh, gloomy atmosphere of his time, he still managed to discern that a person in the future will still win, that the time will come and justice will triumph: there will be a holiday on his street. N. Baratashvili was able to unite reason and faith, and in their selfless, titanic confrontation with blind fate, he saw the highest meaning and justification of human existence. Merani for all Georgian poetry is the same crown as The Knight in the Panther’s Skin by Shota Rustaveli. If classic epic thinking found its fullest reflection in Rustaveli’s poem, Merani is a brilliant example of lyrical self-expression characteristic of romantic poetry.

Historical Studies by Polish Scientist on Ultrafine-Grained Materials by Severe Plastic Deformation

Historical Studies by Polish Scientist on Ultrafine-Grained Materials by Severe Plastic Deformation

Погляди Анджея Снядецького на розвиток фізичного виховання дітей та молоді в Польщі

Вступ. У статті розкрито просвітницьку діяльність у галузі фізичного виховання видатного польського вченого А. Снядецького. Становлення й розвиток системи фізичного виховання дітей та молоді на польських землях наприкінці ХVIII ст. проходило в дуже складних суспільно-політичних й економічних умовах, що пов’язано, передусім, з утратою національної незалежності. Землі Польщі після завершення наполеонівських війн поділено між трьома державами – Росією, Пруссією та Австро-Угорщиною, – що спричинило значний спад функціонування економіки, національної культури та освіти. Характерним для польської освіти тих часів, зокрема й для фізичного виховання молодого покоління, стала відмінність функціонування організаційно-навчальних форм у різних типах навчальних закладів, які перебували під контролем іноземних адміністрацій. Саме в цей складний час польської історії довелося жити й працювати видатному польському вченому Анджею Снядецькому. Методи дослідження – вивчення літературних джерел, документальних матеріалів, теоретичний аналіз і синтез отриманих даних. Результати дослідження. Анджей Снядецький (1768–1838) польський хімік, біолог, лікар, але також філософ та педагог був яскравим прикладом представника епохи Просвітництва, ученого, якого вважають у Польщі батьком хімічних наук, гігієни, дієтології та фізичного виховання. Одним із найважливіших творів А. Снядецького, у якому він виразив свою громадянську позицію, турботу про майбутнє польського народу, передусім про його біологічний потенціал, є праця «Про фізичне виховання дітей», публікація якої розпочалася в 1805 р. А. Снядецький був критично налаштований до домашньої системи освіти й виховання, як серед шляхти, так і стосовно міщанських сімей. У своїй критиці він особливу увагу звертав на відсутність у домашній освіті та вихованні чітких засад і правних норм, однобокість процесу виховання, спрямованого в основному на розвиток духовної сфери з нехтуванням фізичного розвитку дітей і молоді. У своїй праці А. Снядецький представив власну концепцію й програму виховання. Висновки. Ключову роль, на думку вченого, у всебічному вихованні дітей та молоді повинно відігрівати фізичне виховання, суттєвим елементом якого є рухова активність на свіжому повітрі та гартування й гігієна тіла. Погляди вченого на виховання дітей та молоді ефективно інтегрували природниче, медичне й педагогічне знання. Значну роль у формуванні та розвитку концепції виховання А. Снядецького мали ідеї французьких просвітителів, особливо Ж.-Ж. Руссо.