Polish Officials Research Articles

A support system for the detection of abusive clauses in B2C contracts

AbstractMany countries employ systemic methods of protecting consumers from unfair business practices. One such practice is the use of abusive clauses in business-to-consumer (B2C) contracts, which unfairly impose additional obligations on the consumer or deprive them of their due rights. This article presents an information system that utilizes artificial intelligence methods to automate contract analysis and to detect abusive clauses. The goal of the system is to support the entire administrative process, from contract acquisition, through text extraction and the recommendation of potentially abusive clauses, to the generation of official administrative documents that can be sent to court or to the owners of firms. This article focuses on on the components that use machine learning methods. The first is an intelligent crawler that is responsible for automatically detecting contract templates on websites and retrieving them into the system. The second is a document analysis module that implements a clause recommendation algorithm. The algorithm employs transformer-based language models and information retrieval methods to identify abusive passages in text. Our solution achieved first place in a competition on the automatic analysis of B2C contracts organized by the Polish Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (UOKiK), and has since been implemented as an official tool to support the contract analysis process in Poland.

Życia codzienne w okupowanej Polsce, czyli o czym (nieraz) zapominają historycy

The article presents several possibilities for a slightly different perspective on everyday life (or rather everyday lives) under occupation, one rarely used if at all by researchers. Within the area of German occupation, which from the summer of 1941 covered almost the entire pre-war territory of Poland, the range of differences — both between administrative units (e.g. the General Government, the Reichsgau Wartheland, and the Eastern Borderlands) as well as within them, between city and countryside, between individual social, professional, ethnic and age groups — was vast. The occupation was not static and homogeneous, but diverse and dynamic, full of complex interactions. Based on subject literature, published materials and archives, and the press — both clandestine and official — the article focuses on the following: the situation of Polish officials working for the occupation administration, mobility (both spatial and social — horizontal and vertical), relations between the city and the countryside, the breakdown of social norms, the wartime economy (in which Polish actors had a stronger voice than tends to be believed), and the process of “taming” the occupation, both materially and psychologically. The paper may be treated as an encouragement and invitation to get involved in interdisciplinary, methodologically innovative, and cross-sectional research on Polish society during the Second World War.

Responding to Omicron: Speaker Commitment and Legitimisation in COVID-related Press Conferences

This paper examines the ways in which New Zealand and Polish government officials communicated the easing of COVID restrictions to the general public. The study aimed to identify legitimising strategies used to justify the lifting of restrictions and related measures, and to establish how agency and responsibility were discursively constructed in the subgenre of political press conference in two different socio-political settings. Informed by the notions of legitimisation (Chilton 2004), speaker commitment and stance (Marín Arrese 2011, 2015, 2021), the research looked into the linguistic marking of effective stance (deonticity, assessments, attitudinals and directives) and epistemic stance (epistemic modality, truth-factual validity as well as experiential, cognitive and communicative stance), considering both the subjectivity/intersubjectivity dimension and the explicitness/implicitness of the speaker’s role. In addition, the study considered the key discursive strategies used to (de)construct agency in the discourses of NZ and Polish policymakers seen as proponents of divergent public health policies. As the findings indicate, the Polish officials conveyed chiefly experiential stance and projected less involvement, whereas the NZ Prime Minister favoured cognitive stance and deonticity as well as direct appeals to the audience. The analysis shows that the speaker’s (dis)identification with the respective policy finds reflection in the varying degrees of speaker commitment and the (de)construction of agency.

ON THE HISTORY OF THE EXPLORATION OF THE INCORPORATION OF THE LOCAL POPULATION INTO THE SERVICE IN THE GOVERNANCE SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE AT THE PRESENT STAGE

The article is devoted to the analysis of modern historiography on the problem of the process of co-optation of the local population into the system of administrative governance in the national regions of the Russian Empire (Kazakhstan, Siberia, Poland and Ukraine) through the study of monographic studies and research papers by scholars from various regions. The article uses a comparative method that allowed us to show the tools and mechanisms used by the imperial authorities in the process of integrating the local population into the empire and how Russian officials implemented new governance models in the national regions. In modern Kazakhstan historiography attention is focused on the formation of a corps of officials, methods of attracting local nobility to the service to the empire. In modern Russian historiography on the problem of governance in Siberia, works on the history of governance, the formation of officialdom and the incorporation of local nobility into the imperial system of governance are highlighted. Modern Polish researchers in their works explore the service, activities of Polish officials and their political career in the system of imperial power structures. In the modern historiography of Ukraine, issues on the negative consequences of imperial administrative reforms, the specifics of an implementation of the imperial governance model and the loyalty of the local nobility to these innovations are highlighted. In addition, the article reflects the main problems that require further study and application of new scientific methods, including interdisciplinary approaches. Keywords: historiography, incorporation, officials, bureaucracy, empire, regions, local government, imperial governance model.

Эвакуированное чиновничество Царства Польского в политике Временного правительства и большевистского Совнаркома в 1917 г.

The article investigates the efforts made by Russian ministries to assist civil servants who were evacuated during the liquidation of Russian state institutions in the Kingdom of Poland, which began in 1917. The position of the evacuated Polish bureaucracy regarding their entitlements is examined, along with the arguments presented by Polish officials who demanded additional payments, while portraying themselves as victims of tsarism. The article notes that the national identity of Polish civil servants became more pronounced following the February Revolution of 1917, and the bureaucratic corporation became fragmented due to political processes. The Soviet authorities no longer considered them as victims of tsarism. In January-February 1918, local councils began to terminate payments of wages and benefits to the employees of evacuated institutions based on a decree issued by the SNK. The article concludes that the collapse of the Russian Empire had a significant impact on the situation of specific nationalities and professional groups, and the evacuated Polish bureaucracy attempted to utilize political slogans of the revolution to serve their own material interests.

The Jewish Question in Polish-Soviet Relations in the First Half of the 20th Century (Based on the Materials of the Plenipotentiary Mission of the USSR in Warsaw)

A high level of anti-semitism in the newly revived Polish state had to be taken into account by the Soviet diplomacy in the first half of the 1920s. The disclosed documents from the correspondence between the Plenipotentiary representative of the USSR in Warsaw with the central office of the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs introduced into the scholarship for the first time testify to the existence of a Jewish problem in Polish-Soviet relations. Moscow had to keep track of the number of Jews in the diplomatic mission in Warsaw as well as to consider the request of Polish officials, including the Polish leader Jozef Pilsudski, about the desirability of appointing a person of Russian origin the head of the mission in Warsaw given the level of anti-semitism in the Polish society. The deputies of the Polish Sejm at a meeting of the Foreign Affairs Committee attributed the shortcomings in the Polish-Soviet negotiations to the Jewish nationality of the representative of the USSR. Another problem in Polish-Soviet relations in 1923 was represented by the destiny of Jews who escaped through Poland from Soviet Russia and Soviet Ukraine to the United States. After the introduction of immigration quotas in the USA in 1921 about 6 to 8 thousand Jews were not able to receive entry visas in the United States in 1923. The Polish government required their urgent deportation. Other countries did not want to see them on their territory either. The Jewish organization “Joint” was forced to ask Moscow to approve of their repatriation to the USSR on condition it took charge of covering all expenses. After some hesitation, the USSR agreed with such repatriation. However, it was not organized in a civilized way. The Polish authorities simply ordered to drive Jews to the borders with the USSR. It meant the spontaneous transfer across the border which caused a new scandal in the already strained Polish-Soviet relations.

Analysis of the activity of the Polish Office for Registration of Medicinal Products, Medical Devices and Biocidal Products in the field of clinical trials, registration of medicinal products and monitoring of adverse drug reactions in 2017-2021

The Office for Registration of Medicinal Products, Medical Devices and Biocidal Products (ORMP) is the state registration authority that grants the marketing authorization for medicinal products on the pharmaceutical market in Poland. ORMP is also involved in approving and controlling clinical trials and in safety of pharmacotherapy (pharmacovigilance) by collecting and analysing reports of adverse drug reactions (ADR). The aim of the study was to review the activity of ORMP in the field of 3 basic competences of this authority: clinical trials, registration of medicinal products and pharmacovigilance in the last 5 years. The evaluation was carried out by the method of document analysis on the basis of data contained in annual bulletins of medicinal products for the years 2017-2021 published by ORMP. In 2017-2021, an increasing trend of clinical trials submitted to ORMP was observed, and they were mainly in phase II and III. Most of the medicinal products introduced to the Polish pharmaceutical market in 2017-2021 were drugs prescribed by a doctor, registered in a decentralized procedure, used in diseases of the nervous and cardiovascular systems and in the treatment of cancer. A relatively low activity of ORMP in monitoring the safety of pharmacotherapy was demonstrated, which was a consequence of low activity of medical staff in the spontaneous ADR reporting. The conducted analysis confirmed the key role of ORMP in surveillance of clinical trials and introducing new medicinal products to the pharmaceutical market in Poland but also indicated the need for increased activity in the area of pharmacovigilance.

Twilight of Democracy: The Seductive Lure of Authoritarianism

Twilight of Democracy: The Seductive Lure of Authoritarianism

Longing for Balance

Abstract The article presents a biography of Andrzej Bobkowski (1913–1961), a Polish émigré writer associated with the Paris-based Instytut Literacki [Literary institute] and the monthly Kultura. Bobkowski belonged to the “1910 generation,” along with Czesław Miłosz, Zygmunt Haupt, and Witold Gombrowicz. He grew up in a family environment that was Protestant and Catholic, bourgeois and aristocratic, military and civilian, with high regard for intellect and physical strength. In 1936, he graduated from the Warsaw School of Economics and began working as a clerk in an office of an iron mill. In March 1939, he and his wife moved to Paris where they witnessed the outbreak of World War II. In Paris, Bobkowski started writing a diary that, redacted, would be published in 1957 in Paris under the title Szkice piórkiem. Francja 1940–1944 [Wartime notebooks: France 1940–1944]. During the war, Bobkowski was active in the Polish Office at the Atelier de Construction de Chatillon near Paris. After the war, he joined cultural initiatives of the Polish anti-communist emigration. Discouraged by the political situation in Europe, he left for Guatemala in 1948, but continued to publish in émigré journals.

O wykazach urzędników sieradzkich, łęczyckich, kujawskich i dobrzyńskich w Metryce Koronnej, ks. 14 i ich datacji raz jeszcze

The article examines attempts to date the list of Central Polish officials (the Sieradz, Łęczyca, Dobrzyń, and Kujawy areas), given on fol. 211v–212 of the Crown Register (Metryka Koronna – MK) 14 kept in the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw. Sobiesław Szybkowski dated the Kuyawa lists roughly to the years 1480–1484, and the Dobrzyń lists to 1485, with corrections made in them in the years 1491–1494. Janusz Bieniak, on the other hand, dated the original level of the Sieradz, Łęczyca, Dobrzyń and Kujawy lists to the spring or early summer of 1484, earlier additions to the Dobrzyń lists to the years 1485–1489, and later amendments to all lists to the period after 1491. A closer analysis of the external features of the original lists of officials from the areas of Sieradz, Łęczyca, Dobrzyńska, and Kujawy from fol. 2011v–212 MK 14, suggests somewhat different possibilities than before regarding the approximate dating of this important source. It seems that seven hands contributed to its final shape. The first level of the text came from hand no. 1, who planned the list concerning the areas of Sieradz, Łęczyca, Brzeg voivodship (fol. 211v MK 14), and Inowrocław voivodship (beginning of fol. 212 MK 14). It was probably written at the end of 1482 or at the beginning of 1483 (by late spring). The first additions to this list were made by hand no. 2, who also started the Dobrzyń list in free space at the bottom of the first column at fol. 211v. This probably happened in 1485. The next hands, nos 3–7, supplemented and modified the Central Poland lists up to the last years of the reign of Kazimierz Jagiellończyk. Interventions (in the form of deletions) took place during the reign of Jan Olbracht. The annex to the article is a full critical edition of the list of officials of Central Poland from Crown Register (Metryka Koronna) 14.

Everyday Lives in Occupied Poland. Some Ideas for a (Slightly) Different View

This article (or rather this essay) demonstrates several possibilities for a slightly different perspective on not so much everyday life during the occupation but on everyday lives. Only within the framework of the German occupation, which from the summer of 1941 covered almost the entire pre-war territory of Poland, the range of differences, both between administrative units (e.g., the General Government, the Wartheland or the Eastern Borderlands) as well as within them, between city and countryside, between individual social, professional, ethnic and age groups, was vast. The occupation was not a static and homogeneous phenomenon but a diverse and dynamic one, full of complex interactions. This text, based variously on the subject literature, published and archival sources (Polish and German), clandestine and official press, focuses on the following phenomena: the situation of Polish officials working for the occupation administration, mobility (both spatial and social – horizontal and vertical), relations between the city and the countryside, the breakdown of social norms, the wartime economy (with a greater than usually considered subjectivity of Polish actors) or the process of ‘taming’ the occupation (including terror), both materially and psychologically. The text may be treated as encouragement and invitation to interdisciplinary, methodologically innovative, cross-sectional research on Polish society during the Second World War.

Consensus-Seeking and Reversed Representation among Polish Officials in the Council of the European Union

Most issues that come before the Council of the European Union are decided without any recorded opposition. Constructivist literature explains that informal norms encourage state officials to conduct negotiations according to the standards of compromise and restraint. I argue that another mechanism may help explain consensus: state representatives must convince their ministerial superiors to support the agreements they reach. Effectively, rather than just representing their capitals in one of the Council’s bodies, they speak to their political principals on behalf of their colleagues. This article presents the results of theory-oriented process-tracing research. It describes how the causal mechanisms leading to consensus can be conceptualized and operationalized. It shows the results of testing the existence of their observable implications in a material gathered through in-depth interviews with Council officials from Poland, who can be seen as a “least likely” case of informal norms socialization but who, at the same time, are rarely the focus of analysis in the existing literature.

„Wsłuchać się w nieskończoną opowieść o Polsce”. Dyskurs smoleński „Gazety Polskiej”

“The never-ending Polish story”: The Smolensk Discourse of Gazeta PolskaThe author analyzes articles published in Gazeta Polska after the plane crash that caused death of President Lech Kaczynski and other senior Polish officials in Smolensk in 2010. The Smolensk discourse in Gazeta Polska is structured with specific rhetoric strategies and anthropological categories. It is based on an antinomy of “everyman” versus “elites”. Furthermore, it brings some light to the importance and meaning of the rituals and symbolic sphere in public life. In reference to the traditions of the Polish nineteenth-century approaches, it affects a reader with consistent interpretations and worldviews. The Smolensk discourse is so persuasive also due to certain literary techniques as well as creating a sense of continuity that replaces the cultural rupture. Cultural rupture, however, is a fundamental category that organizes the Smolensk narration in Gazeta Polska and, to some extent, a Polish conservative discourse in general.

МЕЖДУ УКРАИНСКИМ И ПОЛЬСКИМ НАЦИОНАЛИЗМОМ: ПРАВОСЛАВНАЯ ЦЕРКОВЬ НА ВОЛЫНИ В МЕЖВОЕННЫЙ ПЕРИОД

The article reveals the evolution of Poland’s policy towards the Orthodox Church in the 1920s and 1930s on the example of Orthodoxy in Volynia. This region of Poland had the largest number of Orthodox Christians, and Ukrainians prevailed among them. The Ukrainian national movement that was growing during those years stood for Ukrainization of the Orthodox Church in Volynia. The advocates of Ukrainization put pressure on the religion leadership and declared the need for “derussification” of the church life. They also proclaimed Russian priests as a threat not only to Ukrainians, but also to the Polish state, and called them supporters of the restoration of “one and undivided Russia”. In the early 1920s, the Polish authorities were afraid of the Ukrainian national movement and put up with the continuing influence of the ethnic Russian priests in the Orthodox Church. Polish officials did not want to allow the church to become an additional resource for the political influence of Ukrainian nationalists. After the coup of May 1926, when the supporters of Marshal J. Pilsudski came to power in Poland, state policy began to change in favor of the Ukrainization of the Orthodox Church in Volynia. The Volyn governor Henryk Józewski made an important contribution to the approval of this policy. However, later, under the influence of the international political situation in Europe during the 1930s, the approach of the Polish authorities towards the Orthodox Church in Volynia changed again. The authorities set a course towards the Polonization of the Ukrainians in Volynia together with the strengthening of the position of the Roman Catholic Church in the region. All this led to an increase of inter-ethnic tensions and anti-Polish sentiments there.

LEGAL STATUS OF THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE IN THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT BODIES OF INTERWAR HALYCHYNA

The study investigates interwar Poland language legislation, which regulated the legal status of the Ukrainian language in local government bodies of Halychyna. The legal status of the Ukrainian language in the region was determined by the Constitutions of 1921 and 1935, laws, normative acts, and orders of ministries to name a few. An impact of the law «On the state language and the language of governance of the state and administrative authorities» of the Polish Diet from July 31, 1924, on the legal status of the Ukrainian language in self-governing bodies, is analyzed. According to the law, the Polish language was recognized as the state and official language in the administrative institutions of Halychyna, while using Ukrainian was permitted only in the administration of local authorities and local government bodies. As investigated, Ukrainian residents were eligible to apply in their native language and receive a response in the same language from local governing bodies only in Lviv, Stanislaviv, and Ternopil voivodships. In contrast, in the territory of Volyn and Polissia, while being allowed to submit statements or oral appeals in their native language to self-governing bodies, they additionally had to express a request to receive an answer in Ukrainian. Most of the provisions of the Constitutions of 1921 and 1935, laws, and orders that regulated the use of the Ukrainian language in local government bodies, were not completely implemented, which was primarily because it was Polish officials who headed the local government bodies in Halychyna, and choosing to provide answers in the state or Ukrainian language, was usually decided in favor of the state one. Keywords Halychyna, Poland, language legislation, legal status, Ukrainian language, local government bodies.

The Impact of Certification Systems for Architectural Solutions in Green Office Buildings in the Perspective of Occupant Well-Being

The green building certification system has long-lasting benefits by improving building efficiency and sustainability. The ultimate goal of such classification is to promote the preservation of the global environment as well as the occupants’ well-being and their health. In this paper, we present examples of buildings that have been designed and built in Poland and have been certified with BREEAM, LEED and WELL. Our study investigates human factors in certification systems and examines the WELL Building Standard as a supplement to other green systems, which will probably be the most popular in the future. The green building movement should prioritize pro-human factors and the associated environmental beliefs to improve indoor environment quality for users’ needs. We present this matter on the example of the Polish office space market, providing statistics and analyzing the architecture of six certified office buildings from Warsaw, Poznań and Wrocław. They are a representative sample of buildings designed following the certification regime. It was demonstrated how this aids in improving work comfort, enhances the program of office spaces and the organization of service spaces within buildings, which increases the rank of this architecture and positively affects the urban environment.

Two Examples of Inefficient Use of Public Finances in Poland

The background of the research is that scientists and practitioners are interested in the efficiency of the use of public finances. There are articles about financial management processes in the form of planning, implementation and reporting as elements of good governance of public finances. The aim of this empirical research was to check: do Polish officials effectively make use of public finances? The author has used justified research methods such as general scientific research methods (methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, etc.); study of scientific sources and official documents; observation with recording the results using photography; statistical methods, including verification of statistical hypotheses. In the first example, the use of public finance in a state-owned enterprise was carefully studied. In the second example, the author described the use of public finance at the local level. The empirical research had only one limitation: the inefficient use of public finances is usually hidden from citizens. The key hypothesis: the Polish officials effectively use of public finances. These examples did not allow us to accept the Key Hypothesis. The principal result of the empirical research is that the facts of inefficiency of the use of public finance in Poland have become a new scientific knowledge. Modern statistics allow us to attribute the results of the sample to the entire population. The major conclusions and its contributions to the field of public finances are in the facts: A) Polish officials use public finance inefficiently both at state-owned enterprises and at the local level. B) The inefficient use of public finance was five years ago and continues now. The result is highly statistically significant (99.0%). The inefficient use of public finances has serious negative social consequences: economic, budgetary, legal and psychological. The most important aspects of the empirical research are in practical and theoretical significance. In the practical significance, it is necessary to create working bodies for checking the efficiency of the use of public finances. In the theoretical significance, it is very important to create financial mechanisms that stimulate the effective use of public finances.

POLAND'S ENERGY SECURITY IN THE CONTEXT OF EU ENVIRONMENTAL INITIATIVES

The current conditions of global development actualize the need for political actors to form a high level of energy security. It expands the state's ability to ensure the sustainability of economic development and the ability to withstand likely threats. The issue of energy security and sovereignty are key on the agenda of the EU, which seeks to implement a strategy of global leadership. The environmental modernization of the EU energy sector and each member state must comply with the main goal of «The European Green Deal», which is to reduce carbon emissions by 55% before 2030. The subject of the study is the substance and peculiarities of the formation of energy security in Poland. The aim of the study is to analyze the mechanisms of energy security of Poland in the context of EU environmental initiatives. Research methodology: systematic approach, method of analysis and comparison. The issue of energy security is recognized as key in achieving sustainable economic development in Poland. The content and basic principles of state energy security are presented in the National Security Strategy and detailed in the Energy Policy. Among the main directions of ecological modernization of the energy sector the following have been identified: efficient consumption of national energy resources; modernization of the energy sector and infrastructure; diversification of natural gas, oil, liquid fuel supplies; optimization of energy market functioning; construction of nuclear power plants; expansion of alternative energy sources; modernization of heating and co-generation energy systems; increasing energy efficiency. Polish officials have emphasized the need for a three-phase energy transition, involving a reduction in the production and use of coal, a gradual increase in the share of natural gas and the expansion of opportunities to use energy from alternative sources. The modernization of Poland's energy sector correlates with the implementation of «The European Green Deal» and other EU environmental initiatives. Energy sovereignty is secured through domestic and foreign financial assistance. The National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management of Poland attracts investments in environmental projects related to the development of geothermal energy and improvement of infrastructure energy efficiency. EU special funds (European Regional Development Fund/European Social Fund, Cohesion Fund, Just Transition Fund and Modernization Fund) provide funding for national or regional projects aimed at the comprehensive modernization of the Polish energy sector and the implementation of commitments to achieve climate neutrality. Poland pursues an active policy of cooperation in the energy sphere with other states – Denmark, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. Projects such as "Baltic Pipe" and "The Baltic Synchronisation Project" are in the active implementation phase. The results of the study: energy security is a key factor in the sustainability of economic development of Poland, the implementation of the modernization of the national energy complex correlates with the EU environmental initiatives, which contributes to the attraction of domestic and foreign investment, as well as the resources of public diplomacy.

The “Emigration Commission”: The Chief Representative for the evacuation of the Polish and Jewish population from the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the evacuation apparatus: A description

The changes of political borders between Poland and the Soviet Union in 1944–1945 were accompanied by a relocation campaign lasting until autumn 1946 and affecting the Polish and Jewish populations of Eastern Galicia, Volhynia and Northern Bukovina. An agreement for mutual resettlement of Poles, Jews and Ukrainians, formally referred to as evacuation, was concluded on 9th September 1944 in Lublin between the Polish Committee of National Liberation and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The organisation of the relocation was entrusted to a special apparatus subordinated to evacuation representatives of both sides. The Chief Representative for the evacuation of the Polish and Jewish population from the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was based in Lutsk. Initially, he oversaw seventeen and then eighteen regional representatives in larger cities located in the so-called western oblasts of the Ukrainian SSR. Together with representatives of the Ukrainian side they were to carry out a registration campaign and organise transport for the relocated population and its possessions. The relocation apparatus began to be organised by a group of employees who arrived in Lutsk from Lublin in October 1944 with the first Representative, Stanisław Pizło. The process was viewed with distrust and hostility by the Poles, who were reluctant to leave their homeland. The several hundred staff of the resettlement apparatus struggled, similarly to the local population, with numerous problems relating to provisions and subsistence. The Soviet security services saw many officials working for the Representative as individuals hostile to the Soviet authorities. Consequently, Polish officials were quite often arrested, having been accused of collaborating with the Polish independence underground and of sabotaging the resettlement campaign. A lack of a sense of security led to a considerable staff turnover among the resettlement staff. As most of the people entitled to be evacuated from the various resettlement regions left, from the second half of 1945 the staff working for the evacuation apparatus were gradually dismissed. The transfer of population ended in November 1946 and the final protocol closing the post-war resettlements under the agreement of 9th September 1944 concluded between the Polish Committee of National Liberation and the government of the Ukrainian SSR was signed in May 1947.

КОПІЇ ПАТРІАРШОГО І СИНОДАЛЬНО-КАНОНІЧНОГО ТОМОСУ 1924 РОКУ В ПОЛЬСЬКИХ АРХІВАХ

The article attempts to find out in the Polish archives copies of the Patriarchal and Synodal-Canonical Tomos of the Ecumenical Patriarchate dated November 13, 1924. The peculiarities of the perception of the status of this document by Polish officials (de facto – as an international agreement) are analyzed. It is determined that the term «authentic Tomos» was used both for the official public copy in Greek and for a copy of the French translation certified by the Chancellery of the Holy Synod of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. The dates of receipt of copies of the document in Poland, as well as their transfer to the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Public Education and Warsaw Metropolitan Dionizy (Valedynskiy) of have been set. The information about the place of preservation of the authentic copy in French has been checked and clarified. Evidence is given in favor of the version that the Greek copy of Tomos was kept in the Polish state archives during 1926-1939, and not in the archives of the Warsaw Orthodox Metropolis. The validity of assumptions about the fate of this copy after 1939 was assessed, in particular, the possibility of finding it in archives outside Poland. A verification of the widespread notion that a key copy of the 1924 Tomos was sent to Moscow in 1948 has been verified. The author concluded that the uncertainty as to whether the authentic copy of the Tomos 1924 has been preserved «reflects» both the vicissitudes of the struggle for autocephaly of the Polish Orthodox Church and the specifics of state-church relations in different periods.