Polish Naval Academy Research Articles

The Mentoring Role for Maritime Cadets' Guidance in Seafaring Carrier

This article is a result of a joint research conducted by the international team of SEAMENTORS project ”SEAfarers Experiential Knowledge Based MENTORS”, project no. 2021-1-RO01-KA220-VET-000029622, (www.seamentors.eu), implemented under Erasmus+ KA220 Vocational Education and Training, by Romanian Naval Academy (coordinator), Lithuanian Maritime Academy, Bulgarian Naval Academy, Polish Naval Academy, Spinaker Co and Maritime Innovators. According to the project objectives, the research team has concluded a survey study, applied on the cadets’ and professionals’ perception, aiming to disclose the importance of the mentorship programs during the cadetship training stages at sea. For this purpose, the authors have developed a KAP Survey Model (Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices questionnaire), seeking to collect the opinions and to analyse the impact of mentorship practices onboard the commercial and military ships. In compliance with the STCW standards, STW 44/3/2 Leadership and Teamwork, HTW 5/3/2 Leadership and Managerial Skills, correlated with HTW 5.3.5 Crisis management and human behaviour training, as developed under the supervision of the Sub-Committee on Human Element, Training and Watchkeeping, the study is revealing in its concluding remarks, the role of mentoring for assuring an effective and smooth insertion of seafaring professionals onboard the ships, in balance with educational, training and coaching operational dimensions.

Sylwetka i dorobek piśmienniczy dra hab. Piotra Gawliczka, prof. UWM.

Assoc. Prof. Piotr Gawliczek, Ph.D. has been a faculty member at the UWM Branch Campusin Ełk since the 2018/2019 academic year. He graduated the Polish Naval Academy in Gdynia, theBundeswehr Command Academy in Hamburg, the European Security and Defense College in Brussels,the NATO Defense Academy in Rome and the National Defense University of the People’s Republicof China in Beijing. His research interests focus on: broadly understood asymmetry with regardto the military environment, the use of innovative solutions and information and communicationtechnologies in the security environment (e.g. xAPI standard, Artificial Intelligence, VirtualReality, Augmented Reality, Mixed Reality), strategic communication, the use of social media aswell as culture awareness). He is a member of international entities: organizations and groupsdealing with the theory and practice of e-learning in the security environment. He is a memberof the scientific and publishing councils/boards of seven foreign, peer-reviewed scientific magazines.Initiator and director of the e-learning portal (since 2019) www.natodeep.hq.nato.int, as a toolfor the implementation of comprehensive solutions within the field of distance learning of fifteenPartner countries of the North Atlantic Alliance (as part of the NATO DEEP ADL – DefenseEducation Enhancement Program Advanced Distributed Learning). From 2020, Director of NATODEEP eAcademy. He chaired numerous expert teams of the Alliance related to the promotion andimplementation of system e-learning solutions. Initiator and coordinator of the ADL platform inUWM Branch Campus in Ełk, LMS ILIAS: www.uwmelk.edu.pl. Author of about 400 scientificpublications, including 18 books and prints, 6 edited books, 70 chapters in monographs and thesame number of scientific articles.

Prototype of the Unmanned Marine System “Neogobius-1”

Abstract The paper presents the design of the unmanned marine system Neogobius-1 developed and built at the Polish Naval Academy. It is a surface remotely operated boat designed to carry out operational and reconnaissance tasks. The material also presents the results of preliminary functional tests of the system indicating that it has reached Level VII of technological preparedness. In 2021, the Neogobius-1 system won first place in the competition of the Ministry of Defence for the development and construction of an unmanned aerial/maritime system in the operational and reconnaissance category. Currently, the system is being used by students of the Naval Academy's Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Department to develop practical skills and solidify theoretical knowledge.

Influence of surface object movement parameters on the hydroacoustic RGB classification method

This article presents the influence of floating objects motion parameters on the hydroacoustic RGB classification method. The data analysis was obtained through in-situ measurements by the IGLOO sensor nodes. This hardware was engineered in the Polish Naval Academy as part of the European Defense Agency’s (EDA) project ‘SIRAMIS’, realized between 2012 and 2015. The purpose of the analysis of the data obtained is the classification of identified underwater or surface objects in order that several extracted RGB parameters could be calculated and sent in real time using a low-rate information underwater communication modem.The analysis used the RGB method which is based on a one-third-octave spectrum, and raw and normalized data of one object. Moreover, the distinctive feature was selected based on the results of the calculations, and discussed depending on the position (distance) of the detected object relative to the detector.The important question of the data analysis is whether the distance of the examined object from the measurement sensor has an impact on the resolution in the RGB method, known as “acoustical colours“.

The Effect on Constant Heel on Circulation of a Vessel Calculated on the Basis of Investigations of M/S “Ziemia Zamojska” Model

Abstract The article presents modeling research on the M/S “Ziemia Zamojska” reduced model, carried out in an open fresh water area by a team of employees of the Department of Operating of Floating Vessels, Polish Naval Academy, Gdynia. The research involved circulating the model with constant angle of heel on the selected side, and the main engine set to full speed ahead. Using a real ship to carry this type of investigations is risky. It may lead to some failures like e.g. rudder failure, steering gear malfunction, overload and in some circumstances even main engine seizure. For this reason, ships are not tested with the rudder put to starboard or to port at the full speed ahead setting, even during a “Crash Stop” maneuver. However, based on the analysis of accidents at sea, and practical experience, it appears that during real operating conditions of vessels, there may occur situations when, for the sake of safety, the maneuver mentioned above must be carried out. Therefore, the authors had to conduct model tests of a floating vessel for the described case of ship operation

Survival Training Effects on Oxidative Stress and Muscle Damage Biomarkers of Naval Cadets.

INTRODUCTION: It is important for military commanders to know the extent of fatigue experienced by soldiers undergoing a long-term military training. This knowledge can enable them to determine the level of physical capabilities of soldiers. The present study aimed to evaluate changes in the level of chosen biochemical parameters in blood during the survival training of Polish Naval Academy cadets.METHODS: Participating voluntarily in the research study were 14 cadets. All subjects were men, ages 23.1 2.0 yr. During the 36-h survival training, the subjects were deprived of sleep. The following biochemical parameters were assessed in venous blood collected from the cadets: creatine kinase (CK) activity, concentration of lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx).RESULTS: After 36 h of training a significant increase was observed in CK (from 183.1 up to 530.2 U L1), LOOHs (from 1.72 up to 3.74 mol L1), and GPx (from 27.4 up to 36.4 U gHb1). After 12 h of rest, the level of LOOHs returned to the initial level, GPx activity did not change significantly, and CK activity was significantly higher than those at baseline (422.3 U L1).DISCUSSION: The 36-h survival training increased oxidative stress, which contributed to the damage to muscle cells in the group of cadets of the Polish Naval Academy. The intensity of postexercise changes in the level of oxidative damage indicators is dependent on the initial level of enzymatic antioxidant defense. The 12-h recovery proved to be too short to regenerate the damaged muscle tissue.Tomczak A, Jwko E, Raski P. Survival training effects on oxidative stress and muscle damage biomarkers of naval cadets. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(9):720724.

Ultrasonic Detection of the Intravascular Free Gas Phase in Research on Diving

Abstract The article presents a unique atypical application of the sonography technique and a methodological description of the introduction of this technique to research. The Bayesian approach applied to validation of the Doppler method for intravascular detection of the free gas phase instead of typical statistical inference has been demonstrated in the article. It describes the place of this method in the diving research work conducted in the Polish Naval Academy without any detailed analysis of the results achieved in the studies on decompression supported by ultrasonic detection of the free gas phase in venous vessels. It is a commonly held opinion that Doppler ultrasonic detection of the intravascular free gas phase is not a procedure that can be particularly useful in decompression research. The main objection is that detection of the free gas phase in venous vessels is a weak function to predict the presence of the free gas phase in tissues and arterial blood, so this method is not suitable for assessing the risk of decompression. Only a few countries disagree with this commonly held view and use this method to assess the risk of decompression in decompression studies. France has introduced detection of the free gas phase in venous vessels for diving research and then, together with Canada, improved this method, and developed it to a standard form. Based on the published results of the Canadian research, the technique was evaluated at the Naval Academy using statistical methods. The Academy accepted and adopted the results of this research and started to use this method in its own research on decompression over 25 years ago and continues to use it to great effect.

Modern Integrated Platform Management System Laboratory for Polish Naval Academy: Design and Implementation

Abstract This article contains a description of the implemented STANTOS™ Integrated Platform Management System (IPMS) laboratory created by Research and Development Center Maritime Technology Center for the Polish Naval Academy in Gdynia. The author briefly described the topology of the solution, justifies the choice of hardware and software solutions. Concept of use was written, where the usefulness of the implemented laboratory was motivated, with a focus on cases where safety plays a key role.

The Influence of the Flushing Method on the Stable Oxygen Content in the Scr1 Crabe Breathing Loop in the Decompression Phase

Abstract Maintaining a stable oxygen content in the breathing loop of the diving apparatus with a semi-closed respiratory circuit is essential for the safety of underwater mine clearance operations. This article discusses the influence of modified methods of flushing the breathing apparatus on the quality of the breathing loop ventilation process. The problem of flushing an apparatus is presented in light of the Polish Naval Academy’s change from statistical to deterministic decompression schedules, based on the model of apparatus ventilation, oxygen toxicity hazard and decompression. The examination and determination utilising the required accuracy of the method used for flushing the breathing loop of the device allowed to assess the stable oxygen content during the decompression phase. The assumptions were verified based on a system for measuring oxygen content in the breathing loop.

Study case on navy cadets’ crew profile in regard of diversity management onboard training ships

The diversity management and the gender issue specifically, have become important variables of the crew management performance onboard the ship, including in Navy structures. The present study is focused on determining the influence of gender issue against the crew climate and performance onboard Navy ship, applied on cadetship programmes. The authors have developed a specific questionnaire within MENTORESS program (financed by Erasmus+, KA2 action), in joint with the project partners from Piri Reis University, Polish Naval Academy and Bulgarian Naval Academy. Consequently, the questionnaire has been applied on Mircea cel Batran Naval Academy’s cadets (3rd and 4th year of study), alongside the training voyages onboard Navy ships. The results were collected and processed accordingly, several conclusions being drawn in regard of cadets’ perceptions related to gender issue. The major scope was to seek particular reflections on gender issue, in order to determine curriculum gaps and further improvement in education programs for military students in regard of diversity management and leadership adjustment.

Changes in Coordination Motor Abilities of Naval Academy Cadets During Military Survival Training.

INTRODUCTION: Armed conflicts tend to be unpredictable to such an extent that the fact that seamen also have to fight for their survival on land cannot be excluded. The aim of the study was to determine the degree of changes in selected coordination motor abilities in the course of a 36-h military survival training of Naval Academy cadets.METHODS: There were 14 Polish Naval Academy cadets, ages 20-27 yr, who were examined 4 times: pretraining, after 24 h, posttraining, and after a 12-h rest. Tests related to the following issues were carried out: divided attention, shooting performance, strength of forearm muscles and ability of its differentiations, body balance, and running motor adjustment. During the training soldiers had to perform the following tasks: first aid in the battlefield, building, water crossing to the enemy base, marching to the azimuth, operations in the recon team, and conducting observations.RESULTS: The maximum strength of forearm muscles during the training decreased from 7-10% during each and every measurement. The ability to differentiate the strength of the forearm muscles after the night part of the training deteriorated (about 9%). There was a systematic deterioration of the ability to maintain balance (between P1 and P4 by 24%).CONCLUSION: A 36-h training at a survival school varied the selected coordination motor abilities. Training should include exercises that develop an ability to differentiate muscle strength, motor adjustment, and balance. These exercises fall within the scope of coordination exercises that can be performed during obligatory physical education classes.Tomczak A, Różański P, Jówko E. Changes in coordination motor abilities of naval academy cadets during military survival training. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2019; 90(7):632-636.

Jak uczyć stosunków międzynarodowych? Praktyka podróży studyjnej w ramach kierunku Stosunki Międzynarodowe na Akademii Marynarki Wojennej w latach 2016−2019

The article concerns study trips organised by the Faculty of International Relations of the Polish Naval Academy (Akademia Marynarki Wojennej – AMW) between 2016 and 2019. The text consists of four parts. The first part outlines the theoretical approach to study trips as a teaching technique particularly useful in the study of international relations. A model of a study trip organised by AMW is presented. In the second part, the case studies of six study trips implemented by AMW are discussed and analysed. In the third part, the authors criticise study trips as a teaching tool used under the conditions of the Polish higher education system. In the final part, the author suggests institutionalising study trips. In the authors’ opinion, they can become a new distinguishing feature of education in the Polish higher education system, responding to the challenges of the globalising world.

Assessment of noise and vibration hazards generated by hybrid PEM-FC personal power supply

The paper presents a part of ongoing research into the use of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEM-FC) to power military installations and personal power supply of soldier or rescuer. Construction of this type device use elements, which generate vibration, noise and heat. Emitting these types of pollution worsens the detection of military installations as well as operator’s safety. The presented research includes the assessment of noise and vibration hazards generated by 20 Watt PEM-FC personal power supply which was created by Polish Naval Academy in consortium with Central Laboratory of Batteries and Cells in Poznan and Impact Clean Power Technology S.A. in Warsaw. Measurements of noise and vibration levels were performed in an anechoic chamber at AGH University of Science and Technology during nominal operation of the device. The vibration parameters transferred to external cover as well sound power level and the insulation effectiveness of device cover were determined.

Changes in Marine Diesel Engines Operating Strategy

Abstract Constant changes in the operating strategy of marine diesel engines are observed. They refer to whole engine and different functional systems of the engine in different range. The paper presents changes in marine diesel engines operating strategy. Gradual transition from simple failure response operating strategy – Corrective Maintenance (CM) to a reliability-oriented strategy – Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) has been described together with some remarks about Planed Maintenance (PM) systems and Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) systems with their latest form called CBM+. Some information about changes in diesel engines operating strategy in the Polish Navy (PN) at the turn of the last 35 years is also presented. An attempt to build engine analyzer for high-speed diesel engines at the Polish Naval Academy (PNA) in order to improve submarine diesel engines operating strategy is also described in the paper.

Operational Tests Results of the Naval Gas Turbines Operated by the Polish Navy

Abstract This article is a continuation to the theme of the article Operational diagnostics synthesis of the naval gas turbines operated by the Polish Navy published in SJ of PNA No. 1/2017. This article presents examples of results of energy research carried out by the Polish Naval Academy in the years 1985–2016, for the purpose of operational diagnostics of this type of engine, operated by the Polish Navy. The research conducted since 1985 covered four types of naval gas turbines (DE 59, DR 76, DR 77 and LM 2500), with a total of 24 engines. Currently in operation there are four LM 2500 type engines. In the near future, another LM 2500 engine will commence operations, along with a project 661M patrol ship. The energy research covers the engine start-up process, their operation in idle mode and within the whole range of load variations, as well as the process of engine stopping. The article presents examples of characteristics specific to the above processes, determined based on the results of studies of individual types of engines. Currently ongoing studies allow for constructing strategies for naval gas turbines, operated in the Polish Navy, according to technical condition.

Physical Model of Energetic Processes in the Marine Diesel Engine

Abstract The paper describes the preliminary physical model of gas-dynamic processes that take place in the cylinder of marine diesel engine. The model is a part of the work undertaken at the Institute for Construction and Exploitation of Ships at the Polish Naval Academy. The physical model is the basis for the development of a mathematical model of marine diesel engine, which will be useful for determining the energy efficiency of Polish ships, as well as for diagnostic purposes.

Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering of Polish Naval Academy — Eighty - Five Years of Training and Scientific Research Work. Part I : 1931–1955

Abstract The Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering is an heir to the Faculty of Technology of the School of Naval Cadets established in Toruń in 1931. This article presents the most important events associated with the development of the faculty in its 85 years of uninterrupted activity, including the WW II period in Great Britain, when the first in the history of Poland maritime school abroad, was established aboard ORP ‘Gdynia’ in the British sea base of Devenport. The first part of the article concludes in 1955, i.e. the moment the Higher Naval School (undergraduate school) was established. The second part will cover the period of 1955-2016, i.e. the Naval High School and the Naval Academy.

Encapsulation of power electronics components for operation in harsh environments

Abstract This paper reports on analyses and testing of sensitive power electronics components encapsulation concept, enabling operation in harsh, especially high pressure environments. The paper describes development of the concept of epoxy modules that can be used for protecting of the power electronics components against harsh environmental conditions. It covers modeling of the protective capsules using a simple analytical approach and Finite Element Method (FEM) models and validation of the developed models with the high pressure tests on samples fabricated. The analyses covered two types of the epoxy modules: of sphere- and elongated- shape, both with electrical penetrators that enable electrical connection of the encapsulated components with external power sources as well as other power modules and components. The tests were conducted in a pressure chamber, with a maximum applied pressure of 310 bars, for which online strain measurements have been conducted. The experimental results were compared with the simulation results obtained with analytical and FEM models, providing validation of the models employed. The experimental part of this work was conducted in collaboration with Polish Naval Academy in Gdynia.

99 lat działalności Ligi Morskiej i Rzecznej na rzecz krzewienia idei „Polski morskiej”

This article presents the history of the Liga Morska i Rzeczna during its 99 years of activties promoting the idea of a marine Poland. The task of this organization is the broadly understood concept of development which is to be achieved by development of the principles of the organization of ports, shipping, universal maritime terminology, the development of shipping, the construction of the waterway system in Poland, the training of personnel and the promotion of shipping and maritime sports in Polish society. In addition, the text describes the various types of activities of Liga Morska i Rzeczna, such as launching publications related to maritime issues, creating plans for the construction of the port of Gdynia, the Naval Yard and the expansion of the city of Gdynia, collecting money for ship construction and promotional activities. The article also includes the relationship between the actions of Liga Morska i Rzeczna and the expansion of the Polish Navy. The conclusion mentions an exhibition organized by the Library of the Polish Naval Academy in Gdynia which will travel throughout Poland over the next two years.

Operational Diagnostics Synthesis of the Naval Gas Turbines Operated by the Polish Navy

Abstract The article presents overall energy research conducted by the Polish Naval Academy for the purpose of operational diagnostics of the naval gas turbines operated by the Polish Navy. In this article are presented the purpose and methodology of research, identification of the object of research and test equipment used for research. The research results will be presented in another article Analysis operational parameters of the naval gas turbines. As far as the Polish Navy vessels are concerned, there were four types of the naval gas turbines operated in the years 1983-2003: DE 59, DR 76, DR 77 and LM 2500. Currently, since 2013, there are four LM 2500 engines in service, which drive ‘Oliver Hazard Perry’ type missile frigates. In the near term, an another LM 2500 engine along with a 661M type patrol boat will become operational. Within the framework of energy research, the engine starting process, running on idle and in the whole range of variation of load as well as the process of stopping the engines will be placed under systematic operational surveillance.