Polish Dairy Research Articles

The Impact of Subsidies on Persistent and Transient Technical Inefficiency: Evidence from Polish Dairy Farms – ERRATUM

The Impact of Subsidies on Persistent and Transient Technical Inefficiency: Evidence from Polish Dairy Farms – ERRATUM

The Polish milky ways A socio-historical case of the human-nonhuman relationship

This article discusses the socio-historical case of the human – non-human networks of Polish farmers engaged in milk production and cow herding. “Milky ways” is a term referring to var­ious ways, networks and social constellations which determine the socio-political landscape of Polish milk and dairy production and cow herding. The analysis includes ways in which, in various timeframes (before the Second World War, during Socialism, in the present time), milk is remembered to have linked a farming community and served as ways of sustenance for various types of farmers and local inhabitants (e.g. Jews, townspeople). The article explores what actors (people, products, spaces, and politics) formed the milky-way network, bringing into question the well-being and coping strategies of present-day farmers. Data for this study was collected during ethnographic fieldwork in Eastern Poland in the summer of 2019, as well as between 2010 and 2014 in villages around a small Podlachian town.

Polish Dairy Farm Transformations and Competitiveness 20 Years after Poland's Accession to the European Union.

Poland is one of the leading milk producers in the EU, being the fifth largest after countries such as Germany, France, Italy, and the Netherlands. From Poland's accession to the European Union in 2004 up to 2022, Polish milk production experienced dynamic development. In this, there occurred a strong decline in the number of dairy farms (by -78%) and the number of cows (by -21%), an increase in dairy herd size (3.5 times) and increase in milk production (+60%) and milk yield per cow (by +62%). These were among the highest growth dynamics among the analysed countries. As a result of this significant transformation, Poland maintained an important position in milk exports, with a 31% export share in production in 2022. The scale of milk production was the basic factor determining the efficiency and competitiveness of dairy farms in Poland. Milk yield, farmland productivity, labour productivity, milk price, and the Corrected Competitiveness Index (based on labour and land opportunity costs) all showed a positive relationship with cow herd size on the farm. Milk production is highly uncompetitive for smaller farms (<15 cows). Despite substantial public support, the smaller farms, where subsidies equal up to 47% of total production value, could not earn sufficient income to cover the cost of capital, risk, and management in 2008, and even more so in 2021. This is because the farm income is too small to cover the extremely high opportunity cost of labour. The larger farms (with 30 cows and more) are competitive and responsible for the majority (~60-70%) of milk produced and delivered to the market. The most challenging from the sectoral policy point of view are medium farms (10-29 cows), whose share in production and deliveries is still important. To survive as economically viable units, these farms have to increase in scale and improve productivity. Otherwise, they will be gradually supplanted by larger farms.

Economic Competitiveness of Dairy Farms from the Top Milk-Producing Countries in the EU: Assessment in 2014–2021

This study aims to present changes in the competitive positions of the dairy farms from EU countries with the highest milk production in 2020. The assessment was based on data from the FADN system for the years 2014–2021 and covered average and large dairy farms from five EU countries: Germany, France, The Netherlands, Italy, and Poland. To assess the competitive positions of dairy farms from the selected EU countries, we developed the Synthetic Measure of Competitive Position based on the resource-based theory of enterprises. The conducted research showed that: (1) average dairy farms in Poland had the lowest production potential resulting from their possessed resources. (2) The highest value of the Synthetic Measure of Competitive Position for 2014–2021 was achieved by average dairy farms from Germany and their position in the ranking strengthened throughout the analyzed period. (3) The same analysis conducted on the group of large dairy farms showed that the competitive position, measured with the Synthetic Measure of Competitive Position, was the highest in the case of Polish dairy farms.

The effect of heat stress on performance, fertility, and adipokines involved in regulating systemic immune response during lipolysis of early lactating dairy cows

The aim of this study was to assess the potential effect of heat stress on dairy cow productivity, fertility, and biochemical blood indices during the early lactation stage in a temperate climate. Additionally, the study aimed to determine the role of leptin and adiponectin in regulating the immune response accompanying lipolysis after calving in dairy cows. The study included 100 clinically healthy Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows selected based on parity and 305 d of milk yield from 5 commercial farms with similar herd management and housing systems. Prospective cohort data were recorded from calving day until 150 d in milk, and microclimate loggers installed inside the barns were used to record temperature and relative humidity data to calculate daily temperature-humidity index (THI) on the calving day, through +7, +14, and +21 d during early lactation. Additionally, monthly productive performance parameters such as milk yield, chemical composition, fatty acids composition, and fertility indices were analyzed. Results showed that the THI from calving day through +7, +14, and +21 d during early lactation was negatively associated with fertility parameters such as delayed first estrus postpartum and an elongated calving interval, respectively, by 29, 27, 25, and 16 d. Furthermore, an increase in THI value during early lactation was associated with an elongated artificially inseminated service period, days open, and intercalving period. Increasing THI from calving day (0 d) through +7, +14, and up to +21 d during early lactation was also linked to decreased milk yield by 3.20, 4.10, 5.60, and 5.60 kg, respectively. The study also found that heat stress during early lactation was associated with a lower body condition score in dairy cows and higher concentrations of leptin, nonesterified fatty acids, and β-hydroxybutyrate, accompanied by a drastic reduction in adipose tissue-secreted adiponectin levels after calving. Additionally, heat stress-induced lipolysis in adipose tissue caused an inflammatory response that increased biochemical blood indices associated with immune responses such as cytokines, acute phase proteins, and heat shock protein. These findings suggest that exposing dairy cows to heat stress during early lactation can negatively affect their productive performance, fertility, and biochemical blood indices in subsequent lactations. Thus, farm management changes should be implemented during early lactation to mitigate the negative consequences of heat stress occurrence.

Genetic Evaluation of Bovine Papillomavirus Types Associated with Teat Papillomatosis in Polish Dairy Cattle with the Report of a New Putative Type.

Teat papillomatosis is reported to be one of the factors causing mastitis and milk losses in dairy cattle. Little is known about bovine papillomavirus (BPV) circulation in the European cattle population, and no reports can yet be found about its prevalence in Polish herds. In this study, 177 BPV-like lesions were collected from teats of 109 slaughtered cows. BPV was identified in 39 of the examined animals, using PCR amplification and Sanger dideoxy sequencing. In total, 10 BPV types were isolated, among which the most common were infections caused by types 8 and 7. Macroscopically, "rice-grain" type lesions dominated (76%) and were mainly found on one teat (57.4%). The diversity of BPV types causing teat papillomatosis in Polish cows seems to be large, with nine already known types isolated and a new putative type found. The spread of new types among the worldwide cattle population can be seen for the first time, as type 25 and so called isolates BPV42 and BPV43 were found in the European cattle population.

RETURN ON EQUITY IN POLISH DAIRY FARMS DIFFERENTIATED BY SCALE OF PRODUCTION FROM 2005 TO 2020

The main aim of the article is to present changes in the return on equity as one of the main financial indicators determining the economic rationality of dairy farms. The subject of analysis was Polish farms specialised in milk production, differentiated by economic size, separated within the FADN system in the years 2005-2020. Du Pont analysis was applied to assess changes in the economic efficiency of dairy farms. The research shows that the return on equity in Polish dairy farms was higher in the years 2005-2007 than in the years 2008-2020. There was also a close correlation in the return on equity, irrespective of the economic size of Polish dairy farms, with the situation on the world milk market. The widely accepted fact among agricultural economists that an important determinant of the return on equity on dairy farms is the scale of milk production was confirmed. Farms in the group characterised by the largest economic size (from 100 to 500 thousand euro) in 2009-2020 were characterised by the highest return on equity. In 2020, this indicator in this group was 2.4 times higher than in the group of farms with an economic size of between 8 and 25 thousand euro.

Organic Milk Production Sector in Poland: Driving the Potential to Meet Future Market, Societal and Environmental Challenges

During the pandemic, health and environmental issues were re-evaluated, stimulating interest in organic food. Organic milk is more beneficial than conventional milk in terms of the health-promoting substances (e.g., vitamins, fatty acids), particularly regarding its protein and lipid fractions. Poland is the main producer of cow’s milk in the EU, but only 0.2% of this production is organic. To identify the antecedents and obstacles to increasing organic milk production in Poland, the aim of this study is to explore the low level of organic cow’s milk output in Poland compared with sector leaders in the EU. We analyzed statistics on milk production, including unpublished data collected by the Agricultural and Food Quality Inspection, Poland, with the use of descriptive statistics and frequency distributions. Over the period 2010–2020, the number of farms producing and selling organic milk and the number of farms with organic pastures and meadows decreased significantly in Poland. A limited number of certified farms sell their milk as organic. If all production of organic milk was sold as organic, the supply would have increased by 56% in 2020. Organic milk processing is highly concentrated which is an obstacle to the development of organic milk farming. Due to its high instability and the spatial differences in the locations of sellers (producers) and buyers (processors) and inconsistent production volumes, the supply of organic cow’s raw milk does not meet the demand from Polish dairies. Cooperation between producers and processors is essential. Providing organic dairy farms with production and market advice, as well as technical support, is crucial for the development of farms and the organic milk sector as a whole, as is, to a certain extent, evidenced by Austria. The specific nature of the raw milk market requires the procurement of organic milk on a lasting basis regarding guarantees of purchase and farmgate prices. In this way, the continuity of organic raw milk supply would be secured and the sector of organic dairy products should grow.

Milk Yield and Composition, Technological Properties and Homeostasis Indices at Different Lactation Stages and Parities of Two Polish Dairy Goat Breeds

Abstract The purpose of the research was to determine the effect of breed, lactation number, and lactation stage on milk efficiency and goat milk ingredients, these being indicators of milk technological parameters and homeostasis disturbances. Goat breed and number of lactation affected energy-corrected milk, value-corrected milk yield, fat corrected milk, protein, casein, lactose contents and free fatty acids. Additionally, differences in non-fat solids and urea contents were found between two Polish common dairy breeds White Improved (PWI) and Fawn Improved (PFI) goats. Moreover, parity affected milk yield, its acidity and somatic cell count (SCC). Milk yield and milk components were found to vary according to lactation stage. At the beginning of lactation, milk is richer in ingredients which have effect on cheese and yoghurt production. All the goats undergo similar changes related to the lactation stage that is at the same time and this can affect the yield and quality of the curd. In production focused on liquid milk, the age structure of the herd should be properly managed, as the goats in their third lactation or above have higher milk yields, regardless of breed. For cheese production, the PWI breed would be more suitable than PFI as the PWI goat milk contains less SCC and more components essential for milk processing, including caseins.

Genetic relationships of body condition score and locomotion with production, type and fertility traits in Holstein-Friesian cows

New traits are sought to add in breeding goals to prevent worsening health and fertility of Polish Holstein-Friesian cows. The objectives of this study were to estimate genetic parameters for body condition score (BCS) and locomotion (LOC) and their relationship with other type traits, milk and fertility traits, and to show genetic trends for BCS and LOC in Polish Holstein-Friesian population. Data on 317 028 Holstein-Friesian cows, born from 2010 through 2015 in 11 792 herds, were collected. All cows were scored for BCS and 43% of them for LOC. All records comprised lactational yields of milk, fat and protein, content of fat and protein and somatic cell count from the first three lactations, stature, five composite and 16 linear conformation traits, and four fertility traits. Genetic parameters were estimated using a Bayesian method with Gibbs Sampling, generating 100 000 samples in each of four steps: BCS and LOC with five composite conformation traits, BCS and LOC with 16 linear conformation traits, BCS and LOC with production traits, and BCS and LOC with four fertility traits. The linear model for BCS and LOC contained fixed effects of herd-year-season-classifier and lactation stage, fixed linear and quadratic regressions on age at calving, fixed linear regression on the percentage of Holstein-Friesian genes, and random additive genetic effect. Breeding values for BCS and LOC were calculated using the same model as used for estimation of genetic parameters. Genetic trends for BCS and LOC, defined as regression coefficients of mean breeding value on birth year, were examined. BCS was a moderately heritable trait (0.19) and was genetically correlated with non-return rate until 56 days after first insemination for cows (−0.32) and with days open (−0.22), so selection for BCS might have a favourable correlated effect on fertility. LOC, lowly heritable (0.06), was relatively strongly genetically correlated with feet-and-legs traits (from 0.48 to 0.93, ignoring sign) and could be included in a selection subindex for feet-and-legs. The positive trend for LOC indicated substantial progress towards the highest genetic value (optimum at the end of the scale), while the small trend for BCS showed a tendency to stabilise the average value in the middle of the scale (optimum for BCS). The estimates of the genetic parameters for BCS and LOC indicate that both traits could contribute to more effective selection to improve fertility (BCS) and legs health (LOC) in the Polish dairy cattle population.

Eradication of carriers of Complex Vertebral Malformation (CVM) and Brachyspina in Polish Holstein-Friesian bulls.

CVM ( Complex Vertebral Malformations) and Brachyspina (BY) are the most common autosomal recessive genetic defects occurring in the last two decades in Holstein dairy cattle around the world. Beginning from 2004 and 2014, 3035 and 338 Polish Holstein-Friesian bulls were tested to find carriers of CVM and BY, respectively. Among analyzed bulls 191 CVM carriers (6.29%) and 20 BY carriers (5.92%) were identified. No CVM carriers were observed beginning from 2016, whereas only single BY carriers was identified annually for the last 5 years. One bull turned to be double CVM/ BY carrier as a son of also double CVM/BY top Dutch sire (JABOT 90676-4-9). It is shown that CVM and BY defects are practically eradicated from Polish dairy cattle although incidental testing should be continued if new bulls with CVM or BY carriers in sire or dam pedigree will unexpectedly appear.

INTERNATIONALIZATION OF THE DAIRY SECTOR IN POLAND DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The aim of the study has been to evaluate the active internationalization of the dairy sector in Poland during the Covid-19 pandemic. The restrictions that were system-wise imposed globally since early 2020 created new conditions for the functioning of markets, also in the international dimension. As a result, production, logistic and consumption processes were considerably altered. The research subject was the dairy sector, which is an important link in the Polish food economy. The study covered years 2020-2021, showing the changes relative to the previous time periods. The literature perusal and analysis of the statistical data concerning the Polish foreign trade enabled us to confirm the hypothesis that food markets, including the dairy sector, are an important anchor of the Polish economy in times of crisis. The strong position of the Polish dairy products on international markets was maintained and even strengthened at the end of the researched period. A relatively high degree of the geographical diversification of the internationalization of the dairy sector compared to the whole agricultural and food sector was observed. It can be expected that the business solutions developed during the pandemic will additionally reinforce enterprises from the dairy sector in the future.

Comparison of blood gas parameters, ions, and glucose concentration in polish Holstein-Friesian Dairy cows at different milk production levels

Genetic selection for increased milk yield has been a key driver of dairy intensification. The modern dairy cow produces much higher amounts of milk than the cattle of several years ago, and this may have an influence on hematologic values at different stages of lactation and on cows with different levels of milk production. The purpose of the study was to investigate the variations in blood parameters such as Ht, tHb, sO2, FO2Hb, FCOHb, FMetHb, FHHb, pH, pCO2, pO2, standard HCO3−, actual HCO3−, BE, BE ecf, ctCO2, BO2, p50, and ctO2 in cows at different milk production levels. In addition, ions such as Na+, K+ , Ca++, Ca++ (7.4), and Cl−, and AnGap and glucose were examined. Our findings indicated that differences in the examined blood parameters between low and high-production dairy cattle do exist. The most apparent differences were connected with blood pH (p < 0.01), oxygen metabolism (Ht, tHb, sO2, FO2Hb; p < 0.01), and glucose utilization (p < 0.01) The results confirm that the parameters connected with blood oxygen metabolism and glucose metabolism increase significantly in high-production animals. In conclusion, reference values should be considered in light of the lactation stage and level of milk production, because these might influence how changes should be interpreted. The main limitation of the study is the delay to analysis. However, the blood was properly stored (4C), thus changes were delayed. Anyway, it is very hard in the field practice to perform it within 5 min after the blood collection and according to studies it has low impact on clinical outcomes.

Changes in the comparative advantage of Polish dairy products

Competitiveness is one of the key concepts in economic sciences, andit is defined as the ability of businesses to compete in the market. The aim of this study was to assess the competitiveness of dairy products in Poland. The competitiveness was evaluated in a macroeconomic approach by analysing the exports, imports, and the trade balance. The results were processed and presented with the use of tabular, graphic, and descriptive methods. After Poland joined the European Union (EU) in 2004, one of the key goals was to improve the quality, storage, and applicability of dairy products, and to promote trade in milk and dairy products. The Polish dairy industry reported a positive balance in the foreign trade of milk and dairy products, which contributed to positive values in the competitiveness indicators of dairy products. The values of the export specialisation index (SI), export revealed comparative advantage (XRCA), relative import penetration index (MRCA), foreign trade coverage ratio (CRK), and the Grubel-Lloyd intra-industry trade index (IITk) were positive, which attests to the competitiveness of Polish dairy products. We proved that the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on the competitiveness of dairy enterprises in Poland.

COMPETITIVENESS OF POLISH DAIRY PRODUCTS IN THE OPINION OF MANAGERIAL PERSONNEL

In this paper we aim to recognize competitiveness of Polish dairy products by surveying managerial personnel in dairy companies. The opinions of dairy plant managers on dairy product diversification constitutes a valid research problem. The study was conducted in 100 dairy companies in Poland in 2021. An online questionnaire was initially designed for surveying all dairy plants in Poland (163). However, the survey proved to be problematic, and the study was ultimately carried out with the personal involvement of the research team. The results were processed and presented with the use of tabular, graphic, and descriptive methods. To check if COVID-19 pandemic had impact on competitiveness we used the logit model.&#x0D; The respondents evaluated dairy products, variations in product prices, determinants of product success, product-related activities, and other factors. Dairy products received the highest scores for quality, demand, and brand on a scale of 1-5 points. Production, marketing, and reputation were regarded as the key determinants of market success.. We wanted to recognize which factors decrease the negative impact of COVID-19 in Polish dairy enterprises. We found that it was ease of shopping, use of transport companies and competition in the sector.

Microbiological Quality and Safety of Traditional Raw Milk Cheeses Manufactured on a Small Scale by Polish Dairy Farms.

Polish raw milk artisanal cheese may pose a threat to consumer safety due to pathogen presence. The aim of this study was to assess the microbiological safety, quality and physicochemical composition of cow’s and goat’s milk fresh cheeses produced by farmers on a small scale. A total of 62 samples of six cheese types were analyzed for Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., lactic acid bacteria and coliform presence and concentration levels. The physicochemical analysis estimated energy, water, protein, fat, carbohydrate, ash and salt content. The cheeses were also tested for heavy metal contamination. Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. were not detected in any of the samples. Coliforms were present in all the goat’s milk cheeses and only in two of the cow’s milk cheeses. Low levels of cadmium, below 0.008 ppm, were detected in three of the cows’ milk samples. The raw milk cheeses studied were free of the pathogens examined and were of high nutritional value.

The Impact of Subsidies on Persistent and Transient Technical Inefficiency: Evidence from Polish Dairy Farms

AbstractWe investigate the impact of five types of subsidies granted under the European Union Common Agricultural Policy on the persistent and transient inefficiency of Polish dairy farms. Our research shows that coupled and environmental subsidies reduce transient technical inefficiency, while the opposite is true for Less Favoured Areas (LFA) and other rural subsidies. Simultaneously, environmental, LFA, and other rural subsidies increase persistent technical inefficiency. These results imply that the impact of each type of subsidy on technical efficiency can be different and that the effect of the particular type of subsidy can vary between transient and persistent technical inefficiency.

Virulence Factor Genes and Cytotoxicity of Streptococcus agalactiae Isolated from Bovine Mastitis in Poland.

ABSTRACTStreptococcus agalactiae can produce a wide variety of virulence factors, including toxins and proteins which facilitate adhesion to and colonization and invasion of the host cells. There are few reports on the characteristics of field isolates from bovine mastitis in Poland. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of types of hemolysis on blood agar, virulence factor genes, and cytotoxicity of S. agalactiae isolates derived from cows with mastitis across Poland. The study included 68 isolates. Virulence genes were tested using standard PCR, and cytotoxicity was determined using methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) tests. Among the tested isolates, 89.7% were β-hemolytic, 8.8% γ-hemolytic, and 1.5% alpha-hemolytic. The only genes detected in all isolates were the cfb, cspA, hylB, and sip genes. Cytotoxicity assessment based on the LDH test revealed that isolates were cytotoxic only to Vero cells. However, according to the results obtained from the MTT test, more than half of the isolates exhibited low cytotoxicity to both SK and Vero cells, whereas the other isolates showed moderate or no cytotoxicity to both cell lines. Our research confirms the prevalence of various virulence genes in S. agalactiae isolated from Polish dairy herds, which have previously been found in isolates recovered from human and animal infections. For the first time, the presence of bac- and scpB-positive isolates of S. agalactiae was determined in Polish dairy cattle, and the cytotoxicity of bovine isolates was assessed.IMPORTANCE We believe that this manuscript is one of the few reports on the characteristics of field S. agalactiae isolates derived from cases of bovine mastitis in cows in Poland in terms of the occurrence of virulence genes and cytotoxicity. For the first time, the presence of bac- and scpB-positive isolates of S. agalactiae was determined in Polish dairy cattle, and the cytotoxicity of bovine isolates was assessed.

The Effect of Rumination Time on Milk Performance and Methane Emission of Dairy Cows Fed Partial Mixed Ration Based on Maize Silage.

Simple SummaryGreenhouse gas emission has attracted considerable public attention in recent years, driving the search for genetic, nutritional, and management strategies to reduce methane emissions and increase the sustainability of milk production. Rumination activity has an important function in feed particle size reduction, condition of feeding behavior, and feed intake as well as in stabilizing rumen fluid pH through saliva production. A total of 365 high-yielding Polish Holstein -Friesian multiparous dairy cows were included in the study covering 24 to 304 days of lactation. Next, the data from the cows were assigned to three groups based on daily rumination time: low rumination up to 412 min/day (up to 25th rumination percentile), medium rumination from 412 to 527 min/day (between the 25th and 75th percentile), and high rumination above 527 min/day (from the 75th percentile). We showed that a longer rumination time leads to a lower methane emission level. Therefore, strategies that increase chewing activity may be used to reduce the environmental impact of dairy cows production.The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the rumination time on milk yield and composition as well as methane emission during lactation in high-yielding dairy cows fed a partial mixed ration based on maize silage without pasture access. A total of 365 high-yielding Polish Holstein-Friesian multiparous dairy cows were included in the study covering 24 to 304 days of lactation. Methane emission, rumination time, and milk production traits were observed for the period of 12 months. Next, the data from the cows were assigned to three groups based on daily rumination time: low rumination up to 412 min/day (up to 25th rumination percentile), medium rumination from 412 to 527 min/day (between the 25th and 75th percentile), and high rumination above 527 min/day (from the 75th percentile). Rumination time had no effect on milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, or fat and protein-corrected milk yield. High rumination time had an effect on lower fat concentration in milk compared with the medium and low rumination groups. The highest daily CH4 production was noted in low rumination cows, which emitted 1.8% more CH4 than medium rumination cows and 4.2% more than high rumination cows. Rumination time affected daily methane production per kg of milk. Cows from the high rumination group produced 2.9% less CH4 per milk unit compared to medium rumination cows and 4.6% in comparison to low rumination cows. Similar observations were noted for daily CH4 production per ECM unit. In conclusion, a longer rumination time is connected with lower methane emission as well as lower methane production per milk unit in high-yielding dairy cows fed a maize silage-based partial mixed ration without pasture access.

Breeding goals for conservation and active Polish dairy cattle breeds derived with a bio-economic model

The aim of the study was to calculate economic values (EV) of breeding traits (production, reproduction, direct health, calving and survival traits) for the Polish dairy cattle breeds Polish Holstein (PH) and Polish Red (PR). EV are key elements in setting up economically based breeding goals for dairy cattle and they are crucial for optimizing breeding schemes. For deriving EV, a stochastic bio-economic model was used, which estimates EVs based on population-specific biological and economic characteristics. Because the bio-economic model considers correlations between different traits, a multiple regression approach was used to correct for any double counting of effects. The results showed that EVs for direct health traits and fertility differed between breeds. The biggest difference was observed for lameness (PH -1.44 €, PR -1.09 € per cow-year), ketosis (PH -0.94 €, PR -0.58 € per cow-year) and for cow conception rate (PH 1.94 €, PR 0.84 € per cow-year). The relative economic weights for production traits were estimated as 37.00 % (PH) and 34.30 % for (PR) and for fertility traits 15.10 % (PH and for 16.10 % (PR). Major economic differences between the relative weights were observed for cow mortality (22.70 % PH, 16.90 % PR). The results of our study showed that breeding the PH brings higher economic profit than breeding the PR. Total income per PR cow was equal to 1,623 € and for PH 2,970 €.