Policy Research Working Paper Research Articles

Editorial Introduction

References Beegle, K. and L. Christiaensen. 2019. Accelerating Poverty Reduction in Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/32354 (accessed 29 November 2021). https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1232-3_intro Bongaarts, J. and B. O’Neill. 2018. ‘Global warming policy: is population left out in the cold?’ Science 361 (6403): 650–52. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat8680 Bradshaw, C. and B. Brook. 2014. ‘Human population reduction is not a quick fix for environmental problems’. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (46): 16610–16615. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1410465111 Cattaneo, C., M. Beine, C. J. Frölich … B. Schraven. 2019. ‘Human migration in the era of climate change’. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 13 (2): 189–206. https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rez008 Coole, D. 2021. ‘The toxification of population discourse. A genealogical study’. The Journal of Development Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2021.1915479 Climate Action Tracker (CAT). 2021. Temperatures https://climateactiontracker.org/global/temperatures/ (accessed 29 November 2021). Das Gupta, M., J. Bongaarts and J. Cleland. 2011. Population, Poverty, and Sustainable Development: A Review of the Evidence. Policy Research Working Paper 5719. Washington D.C.: The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-5719 Gore, T. 2020. Confronting Carbon Inequality. Nairobi: Oxfam https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/621052/mb-confronting-carbon-inequality-210920-en.pdf (accessed 12 February 2021). FAO. 2021. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020: Food Security and Nutrition Around the World in 2020. Part 1. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://www.fao.org/3/ca9692en/online/ca9692en.html#chapter-1_1 (accessed 29 November 2021). IPCC. 2014. ‘Summary for policymakers’. In Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–32. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/ar5_wgII_spm_en-1.pdf (accessed 29 November 2021). Kelley, C. 2016. ‘On sustainability, vulnerability, climate and conflict’. The Journal of Population and Sustainability 1 (1): 35–44. https://doi.org/10.3197/jps.2016.1.1.35 Klein, Naomi. 2014. This Changes Everything. London: Penguin Kwauk, C. and A. Braga. 2017. Three Platforms for Girls’ Education in Climate Strategies. Brooke Shearer Series Number 6. Washington DC: Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/wp- content/uploads/2017/09/platforms-for-girls-education-in-climate-strategies.pdf (accessed 25 November 2021). Lopez-Carr, D. and D. Ervin. 2017. ‘Population-health-environment (PHE) synergies? evidence from USAID-sponsored programs in African and Asian core conservation areas’. European Journal of Geography 8 (3): 92–108. Mcleod, E., S. Arora-Jonssonb, Y.J. Masudac … L. Whitford 2018. ‘Raising the voices of Pacific Island women to inform climate adaptation policies’. Marine Policy 93: 178–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.03.011 Monbiot, G. 2020. ‘Population panic lets rich people off the hook for the climate crisis they are fuelling’. The Guardian 26 August https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/aug/26/panic-overpopulation-climate-crisis-consumption-environment (accessed 19 January 2021). Patel, N. 2018. Figure of the Week: Climate Change Vulnerability and Urban Population Growth. Washington DC: Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2018/12/14/figure-of-the-week-climate-change-vulnerability-and-urban-population-growth/ (accessed 24 November 2021). Price, R.A. 2020. The Linkages between Population Change and Climate Change in Africa. K4D Helpdesk Report 900. Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies. Steffen, W., W. Broadgate, L. Deutsch, O. Gaffney and C. Ludwig. 2015. ‘The trajectory of the Anthropocene: The Great Acceleration’. The Anthropocene Review 2 (1): 81–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053019614564785

The effect of Entrepreneurial Orientation Market Orientation, Marketing Capabilities on Firm Performance of entrepreneurs in the Northeastern region of Thailand

The effect of Entrepreneurial Orientation Market Orientation, Marketing Capabilities on Firm Performance of entrepreneurs in the Northeastern region of Thailand

Urban residential energy switching in China between 1980 and 2014 prevents 2.2 million premature deaths

Urban residential energy switching in China between 1980 and 2014 prevents 2.2 million premature deaths

Icio: Economic analysis with intercountry input–output tables

Several new statistical tools and analytical frameworks have been recently developed to measure countries’ and sectors’ involvement in global value chains. Such a wealth of methodologies reflects the fact that different empirical questions call for distinct accounting methods and different levels of aggregation of trade flows. In this article, we describe icio, a new command for the computation of the most appropriate measures of trade in value added as well as participation in global value chains. icio follows the conceptual framework proposed by Borin and Mancini (2019, Policy Research Working Paper WPS 8804; WDR 2020 Background Paper, World Bank Group), which in turn extends, refines, and reconciles the other main contributions in this strand of the literature. icio is flexible enough to work with any intercountry input–output table and with any level of aggregation of trade flows.

Models of Public Debt Management in the World and Lessons for Vietnam

Vietnam embarked on fundamentally building a public debt management system since 2009 as the Law of Public Debt Management was designed and promulgated. From then Vietnam has been following the typical model of public debt management used by developing countries, the market – based model which encompasses gradual building and completion of domestic market for government bond. However, because of several limitations in the national system of public debt management, the current model needs to be improved in alignment with the development level of Vietnam’s economy. Especially, economic shocks such as the 2009 financial crisis or Covid 19 which has increased dramatically the scope of public debt also urge a more technical and effective model. The paper focuses on analyzing the practical models of public debt management in the world and subsequently the current situation of Vietnam’s model. On that basis, the author figures out the limitations of the model and proposes a number of solutions to upgrade the model in accordance with the international practice regarding model of public debt management suitable with development level of economy. 
 Keywords
 Public debt, sustainable public debt, public debt management, risk management, model of public debt management.
 References
 [1] D.Q. Bao, The science of Management and Organization Statistical Publishing House, Hanoi, 1999 (in Vietnamese),[2] IMF, Defining the Government’s debt and deficit, Working paper, WP/15/238, 2015.[3] IMF, Revised guidelines for public debt management, IMF Policy paper, 2014.[4] WB, Government debt management: Designing debt management strategies, Debt management learning & training note, 2017. [5] E. Currie, J. Dethier and E. Togo, Institutional arrangements for Public Debt Management, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3021, 2003.[6] E.C. Pascal, The debt office and the effective debt management functions: an institutional and operational framework, Public debt and Public Finance Working Paper, 2006.[7] H. Bohn, Tax Smoothing with Financial Instruments, American Economic Review, 80/5 (1990) pp 1217–1230.[8] J. Tobin, An Essay on the Principles of Debt Management, Fiscal and Debt Management Policies, 2 (1963), Reprinted in J. Tobin Essays in Economics, vol.1, Amsterdam: North Holland, 1971.[9] E. Togo, Coordinating Public Debt Management with Fiscal and Monetary Policies: An Analytical Framework, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No. 4369, 2007.[10] L. Hoogduin, B. Ozturk & P.Wierts, Public debt managers’ behavior: interactions with macro policies, DNB Working paper No.273, 2010.[11] WB, Debt management performance assessment (DeMPA) methodology, 2015.[12] R. Cabral, How strategically is public debt being managed around the globe? A survey on public debt management strategies, WB Financial advisory and Banking department report, 2015.[13] C. Aslan, A. Ajazaj & S.A. Wahidh, Study on Public debt management system and results of a survey on solutions used by debt management office, WB Financial advisory and Banking department report, 2018.[14] IMF, G-20 note: Improving public debt recording, monitoring, and reporting capacity in low and lower middle-income countries: proposed reforms, 2018.[15] A.A. Badurina, S. Svaljek, Public debt management before, during and after the crisis, Finance theory and practice, 36(1) (2012) 73 – 100.[16] I. Storkey, Sound practice, in: M. Williams and P. Brione (Eds.), Government Debt Management: New Trends and Challenge, Central Banking Publications Ltd, London, 2006, pp 300 – 325.[17] G. Wheeler, Sound Practice in Government Debt Management, The World Bank Publication, Washington D.C, 2004. doi. 10.1596/0-8213-5073-0.[18] National Treasury Management Agency, Ireland Information Memorandum 2010, National Treasury Management Agency, Dublin, 2010.[19] M. Williams, The growing responsibilities of debt management offices, in: M. Williams, P. Brione (Eds.), Government Debt Management: New Trends and Challenge, Central Banking Publications Ltd, London, 2006, pp 258 – 273.[20] H.N. Au, Public debt management in Vietnam in the international integration period (in Vietnamese), https://hcma.vn/Uploads/2018/8/8/Hoang%20Ngoc%20Au%20-%20Luan%20an%20-%20CN%20Quan%20ly%20kinh%20te.pdf, 2018 (accessed 20 August 2020).[21] T. Phung, Firmly maintaining the country’s credit rate (in Vietnamese), http://tapchitaichinh.vn/su-kien-noi-bat/tiep-tuc-giu-vung-muc-xep-hang-tin-nhiem-quoc-gia-325601.html, 2020 (accessed 21 August 2020).[22] N.T. Binh, The factors affecting the efficiency of public debt management in Vietnam (in Vietnamese), http://www.tapchicongthuong.vn/bai-viet/cac-yeu-to-anh-huong-toi-hieu-qua-quan-ly-no-cong-o-viet-nam-73005.htm, 2020 (accessed 22 August 2020).[23] T. Anh, Six solutions for public management in the new context (in Vietnamese), http://tapchitaichinh.vn/su-kien-noi-bat/6-giai-phap-quan-ly-no-cong-trong-boi-canh-moi-308263.html, 2019 (accessed 23 August 2020).

Bibliography

Bibliography

The Optimal Public Expenditure in Developing Countries

The Optimal Public Expenditure in Developing Countries

How Do Cross-Country Regulatory Systems Affect Poverty? Reviewing a World Bank Policy Research Working Paper

The relationship between regulation and economic outcomes is a longstanding question in economic analysis. Considering the underlying foundations of good regulatory systems — such as their effectiveness at enforcing contracts or permitting business creation — is critical for spurring improvements in economic opportunity. A March 2019 Policy Research Working Paper for the World Bank Group examines how “business-friendly” regulations and their enforcement affect poverty at the country level. This review analyzes the paper’s main claims, examines its methodology, and recommends ways to make improvements. While the paper contributes to the literature on how country-level regulatory characteristics affect poverty, it makes strong claims that are not fully supported by the results or methodology. Modifying the analysis could enhance the findings and expand the paper’s contribution to the literature on country-level determinants of poverty. Rather than offering a clear path forward to addressing poverty, the World Bank working paper is better seen as a starting point for further research.

How valid are synthetic panel estimates of poverty dynamics?

A growing literature uses repeated cross-section surveys to derive ‘synthetic panel’ data estimates of poverty dynamics statistics. It builds on the pioneering study by Dang et al. (‘DLLM’, Journal of Development Economics, 2014) providing bounds estimates and the innovative refinement proposed by Dang and Lanjouw (‘DL’, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 6504, 2013) providing point estimates of the statistics of interest. We provide new evidence about the accuracy of synthetic panel estimates relative to benchmarks based on estimates derived from genuine household panel data, employing high quality data from Australia and Britain, while also examining the sensitivity of results to a number of analytical choices. For these two high-income countries we show that DL-method point estimates are distinctly less accurate than estimates derived in earlier validity studies, all of which focus on low- and middle-income countries. We also demonstrate that estimate validity depends on choices such as the age of the household head (defining the sample), the poverty line level, and the years analyzed. DLLM parametric bounds estimates virtually always include the true panel estimates, though the bounds can be wide.

How Valid are Synthetic Panel Estimates of Poverty Dynamics?

A growing literature uses repeated cross-section surveys to derive ‘synthetic panel’ data estimates of poverty dynamics statistics. It builds on the pioneering study by Dang, Lanjouw, Luoto, and McKenzie (Journal of Development Economics, 2014) providing bounds estimates and the innovative refinement proposed by Dang and Lanjouw (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 6504, 2013) providing point estimates of the statistics of interest. We provide new evidence about the accuracy of synthetic panel estimates relative to benchmarks based on estimates derived from genuine household panel data, employing high quality data from Australia and Britain, while also examining the sensitivity of results to a number of analytical choices. Overall, we are more agnostic about the validity of the synthetic panel approach applied to these two rich countries than are earlier validity studies in their applications focusing on middle- and low-income countries.

How Valid are Synthetic Panel Estimates of Poverty Dynamics?

A growing literature uses repeated cross-section surveys to derive ‘synthetic panel’ data estimates of poverty dynamics statistics. It builds on the pioneering study by Dang, Lanjouw, Luoto, and McKenzie (Journal of Development Economics, 2014) providing bounds estimates and the innovative refinement proposed by Dang and Lanjouw (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 6504, 2013) providing point estimates of the statistics of interest. We provide new evidence about the accuracy of synthetic panel estimates relative to benchmarks based on estimates derived from genuine household panel data, employing high quality data from Australia and Britain, while also examining the sensitivity of results to a number of analytical choices. Overall, we are more agnostic about the validity of the synthetic panel approach applied to these two rich countries than are earlier validity studies in their applications focusing on middle- and low- income countries.

Bibliography

Bibliography

Traffic fatality trends in four continents based micro level data for three decades

Traffic fatality data for four continents, namely Asia, Africa, Europe and North America, are analysed and modelled here. The analysis is based on gathered traffic death frequencies and rates for over three decades considering 176 countries within the four continents. The predicted values for the coming decade, based on best regression fits, are also analysed. The data sums to over 28,000 records. Official publications, well-known databases, journal papers, official web-sites and personal correspondance were manily employed in collecting the necessary data. While fatlity and vehicular data for the developed countries and few other less developed countries take no time to compile; those for most of the other countries are highly time consuming and distracting, due to the presence of conflicting data, to be processed. It took over three years to gather such data. Such large gathered data for such long period of time are yet not observed in the literature using the common means. Moreover, while future trends of traffic fatalities in Europe and North America are very common and widely presented; that in Asia and Africa are very scarce and lack accuracy due to lack of long-term data. The results indicate that traffic fatalities in Asia and Africa raised from 153 thousands and 46 thousands during 1980 to 384 thousands and 90 thousands deaths during 2011, in respective order; that in Europe and North America dropped from 97 thousands and 57 thousands deaths to 39 thousands and 33 thousands, respectively. It is also intresting to mention that the traffic fatalities in the Arab world sharply increased from 22,145 during 1980 to 37,736 during 2011. It is expected to pass 45 thousands deaths during 2021. The traffic fatalities in the four continents will add up to just 790 thousands considering a flat rate of adjustment factor for underreporting. This however raises serious question regarding underreporting of the official records. Nevertheless, while the roadway deaths in Europe and North America is expected to drop by around 40 and 20%, respectively by the year 2025, according to the models developed here, that in Asia and Africa is expected to increase by around 15 and 70%, respectively. The fatality rates per population followed a very similar pattern, but steeper, of the fatality frequency. There are many contributory factors leading to such high traffic deaths in Asia and Africa. These include, among many other factors, lack of measurable long term safety plans on real ground, inconsistent handling of traffic safety strategies, poor involvement of NGO’s, poor coordination between various stake holders, poor research involvement in the traffic safety crises and limited post-accident rehabilitation centres. Selected

Authors' Response to: Deworming externalities and school impacts in Kenya.

1. Aiken A, Davey C, Hargreaves J, Hayes R. Re-analysis of health and educational impacts of a school-based deworming program in western Kenya: a pure replication. Int J Epidemiol 2015; 44:1572–80. 2. Davey C, Aiken A, Hayes R, Hargreaves J. Re-analysis of health and educational impacts of a school-based deworming programme in western Kenya: a statistical replication of a cluster quasi-randomized stepped-wedge trial., Int J Epidemiol 2015; 44:1581–92. 3. Miguel E, Kremer M. Worms: identifying impacts on education and health in the presence of treatment externalities. Econometrica 2004;72:159–217. 4. Aiken A, Davey C, Hargreaves J, Hayes R. Re-Analysis of Health and Educational Impacts of a School-Based Deworming Program in Western Kenya: Part 1: Pure Replication. 3ie Replication Paper 3, part 1. Washington, DC: International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), 2014. 5. Hicks JH, Kremer M, Miguel E. (a) Estimating Deworming School Participation Impacts and Externalities in Kenya: A Comment on Aiken et al. Original author response to 3ie Replication Paper 3, Part 1. Washington, DC: International Initiative For Impact Evaluation (3ie), 2014. 6. Davey C, Aiken A, Hayes R, Hargreaves,J. Re-Analysis of Health and Educational Impacts of a School-Based Deworming Program in Western Kenya: Part 2: Alternative Analyses. 3ie Replication Paper 3, Part 2. Washington, DC: International Initiative For Impact Evaluation (3ie), 2014. 7. Hicks JH, Kremer M, Edward M. (b). Estimating Deworming School Participation Impacts in Kenya: A Comment on Aiken et al. Original author response to 3ie Replication Paper 3, part 2. Washington, DC: International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), 2014. 8. Aiken A, Davey C, Hayes R, Hargreaves J. Deworming Schoolchildren in Kenya – Replication Plan. Washington, DC: International Institute Impact Evaluation (3ie), 2013. 9. Am Ahuja, Baird S, Hamory Hicks J, Kremer M, Miguel E, Powers S. When Should Governments Subsidize Health? The Case of Mass Deworming. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper #21148. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2015. 10. Bleakley H. Disease and development: evidence from hookworm eradication in the American South. Q J Econ 2007;122:73–117. 11. Ozier O. Exploiting Externalities to Estimate the Long-Term Effects of Early Childhood Deworming. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper #7052, Washington, DC: World Bank, 2014.

PROTOCOL: Access to Electricity for Improving Health, Education and Welfare in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries: A Systematic Review

PROTOCOL: Access to Electricity for Improving Health, Education and Welfare in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries: A Systematic Review

The Recent Fertility Transition in Rwanda

Population and Development ReviewVolume 38, Issue s1 p. 169-178 Free Access The Recent Fertility Transition in Rwanda Charles F. Westoff, Charles F. Westoff Professor of Sociology and Demographic Studies, Emeritus, and Senior Research Demographer, Office of Population Research, Princeton University.Search for more papers by this author Charles F. Westoff, Charles F. Westoff Professor of Sociology and Demographic Studies, Emeritus, and Senior Research Demographer, Office of Population Research, Princeton University.Search for more papers by this author First published: 19 February 2013 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2013.00558.xCitations: 22AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References Basinga, Paulin et al. 2012. “Abortion incidence and postabortion care in Rwanda,” Studies in Family Planning 43(1): 11– 20. BBC News. 2007. “Rwanda moves to limit family size,” 13 February. Cabinet Paper for Revised Vision 2020: Indicators and Targets. Habumuremyi, P.D. and Meles Zenowi. 2012. “Making family planning a national development priority” The Lancet 380. Kinzer, Stephen. 2007. “After so many deaths, too many births,” New York Times, 11 February. Madsen, Elizabeth Leahy. 2011. “Building commitment to family planning: Rwanda,” ECSP, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, November. Ministry of Health. 2006. National Family Planning Policy and Its Five-Year Strategies (2006–2010). National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda. 2010. Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey 2010. Calverton , MD : ICF International. Ndaruhuye, Dieudonne Muhaza, Annelet Broekhuis, and Pieter Hooimeijer. 2009. “Demand and unmet need for means of family limitation in Rwanda,” International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 35(3). National Office of Population (Rwanda). 1994. Rwanda Enquete Demographique et de Sante Rwanda 1992. Kigali , Rwanda and Calverton , MD : Macro International. Rwanda State of Environment and Outlook, Rwanda Economic Management Authority, 2009. Schindler, Kati and Tilman Brück. 2011. “The effects of conflict on fertility in Rwanda,” Policy Research Working Paper 5715. The World Bank, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network. Solo, Julie. 2008. “Family planning in Rwanda: How a taboo topic became priority number one,” IntraHealth International. Thaxton, Melissa. 2009. “Integrating population, health, and environment in Rwanda,” Population Reference Bureau, February. Verwimp, Philip and Jan Van Bavel. 2005. “Child survival and fertility of refugees in Rwanda,” European Journal of Population 21(2/3). Wadhams, Nick. 2010. “Progress in Rwanda's drive to slow population growth,” The Lancet 376: 81– 82. Westoff, Charles F. and Dawn A. Koffman. 2011. “The association of television and radio with reproductive behavior,” Population and Development Review 37(4): 749– 759. Citing Literature Volume38, Issues1February 2013Pages 169-178 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Abstract PL05-01: Cervical cancer as an example of gender-associated health inequality.

Abstract Latin America has experienced important improvements in socio-economic and health indicators in the last few decades. Between 1960 and 2000, per capita income doubled, life expectancy increased from 57 to 70 years and infant mortality decreased from 97 to 27/1000 children born alive (1). However, the region, together with sub Saharan Africa, is the most unequal in the world (2) and the benefits of the improved indicators are only reaching a subset of the population. In this context, it is no surprise that cervical cancer, that characteristically affects poor women without access to medical care, continues to be one of the leading public health problems in the region as it is in most developing areas. Almost 90% of cervical cancer occurs in developing regions, and remarkable geographical differences are present even in low-incidence countries, where the most disadvantaged segments of the population are still at high risk of this disease. Efforts to control cervical cancer have been largely unsuccessful in developing regions, in part because the preventive interventions of the past were very limited and complex. Programs based on cytology screening, despite their success in cervical cancer control in high income countries, have been very difficult to implement, in part because of the limitations of the technique (low sensitivity, need for quality control) and in part because of the multiple visits required when the test is positive (screening, colposcopy, treatment), which involve ample coordination between multiple instances within the health system, with the corresponding high cost. The new options available for primary and secondary prevention offer an excellent opportunity to intervene more effectively. Vaccination of adolescent women promises significant reduction in the burden of disease within several decades, and the new screening methodologies available represent an improvement in multiple aspects of the process, but require active and decisive efforts of scientists, activists and the health system for their implementation in organized national programs. The production of new knowledge about cervical cancer and the development of new preventive methods have had the unprecedented participation of multiple research centers in Latin America, as well as many thousands of study participants from the region who have generously contributed. The more than 25 years collaboration between the US National Cancer Institute and Costa Rican researchers to investigate multiple aspects of the natural history of HPV and associated neoplasia (3-8) including the evaluation of an HPV vaccine in a large randomized clinical trial, is an example of the potential of multinational collaboration. The extensive technology transfer associated with this effort has likely contributed to an important decline in cervical cancer mortality in Costa Rica HPV vaccination of young women is advancing rapidly in the region, and organized screening programs based on HPV testing and incorporating innovative strategies, are starting with the leadership of Mexico, Argentina and Colombia. Many questions remain unanswered, including how to manage HPV positive women and its associated psychosocial issues, but we are at the threshold of a new era where the terrible suffering imposed by cervical cancer on Latin American families will be a thing of the past.

Whose trade statistics are correct? Multiple mirror comparison techniques: a test case of Cambodia

Ideally, statistics on the goods traded between two countries should be captured by each side’s respective customs office. Country A’s recorded exports to Country B should be identical to Country B...

Comment

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Response: AIDS Funds

Response: AIDS Funds