Punishment Policy Research Articles

Impact of government’s support policy on decision-making of platform participants under ESG

Blockchain-based token platform economy is a new branch of digital platform economics. Constructing a continuous time dynamic model of token platform economy, this paper analyzes what kind of ESG policy is appropriate for the government, meanwhile the token platform participants (developers, users and speculators) make optimal investments and decisions under ESG policy. Simulation result shows neutral ESG policy is optimal. Based on the given neutral ESG policy, we have done the research on ESG investment and decision strategies for platform participants. Our research shows that the tokens selling rate and efforts of green platform (ESG score greater than 0) developers are lower than the ones of brown platform (ESG score less than 0). Consequently, when developers’ token retention is about half of the initial amount, users should invest more brown tokens. Speculators should invest brown tokens for developers’ high token retention. Green token investments of speculators and users are needed in other cases. Next, the impact of the government’s three ESG policies on the maturity or termination of the platform also been analyzed. An important conclusion occurred: the government’s aggressive or conservative ESG policy cannot make the development of the green platform better; Therefore, we suggest a neutral ESG policy which means that the government could adopt high tax incentive and high tax burden on the green and brown platform while it is not necessary to implement the extra subsidy and punishment policy on the green and brown platform.

Local Wisdom-based Restorative Justice Approach to Customary Violations Committed by Children

Child protection is an effort to create conditions so that children can carry out their rights and obligations while still prioritizing their best interests. There are three things discussed in this study namely: punishment policy in the use of diversion and restorative justice, values and forms of restorative justice, and the role of custom in cases of children in conflict with the law. This study is an empirical legal study that examines the settlement of criminal cases committed by children with a restorative justice approach. The data used are primary data and secondary data. Analysis of the problems is carried out qualitatively. The policy of handling children's cases with the concept of restorative justice, which promotes peace through deliberations involving various parties, religious and traditional leaders, and the community is very much in line with the concepts of progressive law and substantive justice. To realize the settlement of cases based on restorative justice, relevant stakeholders are expected to be able to apply the values of restorative justice in practice to be able to produce peace agreements that reflect the sense of community justice. Efforts to resolve cases or customary issues carried out by deliberation by traditional elders as village peace judges, are part of the application of local Balinese wisdom and are the best step to restore the situation as before by sticking to the spirit of kinship, mutual care, compassion, and care. Keywords: Children, customary village, diversion, local Balinese wisdom, restorative justice

Research on closed-loop supply chain decision-making of power battery echelon utilization under the scenario of trade-in

PurposeThe management issues of this article, and the author is attempting to address these issues, are as follows: What is the optimal decision of each entity in the closed-loop supply chain for the cascading utilization of power batteries under three government measures: no subsidies, subsidies and rewards and punishments? How do different measures affect the process of cascading the utilization of power batteries? Which measures will help incentivize cascading utilization and battery recycling efforts?Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses game analysis methods to study the optimal decisions of various stakeholders in the supply chain under the conditions of subsidies, non-subsidies and reward and punishment policies. The impact of various parameters on the returns of game entities is tested through Matlab numerical simulation.FindingsThe analysis discovered that each party in the supply chain will see an increase in earnings if the government boosts trade-in subsidies, which means that the degree of recycling efforts of each entity will also increase; under the condition with subsidies, the recycling efforts and echelon utilization rates of each stakeholder are higher than those under the incentive and punishment measure. In terms of the power battery echelon’s closed-loop supply chain incentive, the subsidy policy exceeds the reward and punishment policy.Originality/valueThe article takes the perspective of differential games and considers the dynamic process of exchanging old for new, providing important value for the practice of using old for new behavior in the closed-loop supply chain of power battery cascading utilization.

Corrigendum to Spare the Rod, Spoil the Child? A Critical Discourse Analysis of State Corporal Punishment Policies & Practices

Corrigendum to Spare the Rod, Spoil the Child? A Critical Discourse Analysis of State Corporal Punishment Policies & Practices

The Vital Necessity of Critical Education Policy Research

Critical education policy research has a deep-rooted history, evolving over four decades to challenge traditional positivist approaches. Reimagining epistemology, theory, and methods, scholars pioneered critical policy analysis (CPA), examining power dynamics and contextual influences on educational experiences. In the ensuing paragraphs, we explore how the articles in this volume exemplify critical approaches to policy analysis, examining topics such as racial inequalities in college recruitment, platform technologies’ impact on policy, and racialized discourses in corporal punishment policies. Embracing critical theories and methodologies, scholars reveal how language, hierarchy, and privilege construct realities, perpetuate inequities, and reinforce power structures, and they advocate for equitable policy solutions, challenging the status quo to envision a more just educational future.

The deviation of farmers' willingness and behavior of domestic waste separation: a study on neighborhood effects and policy interventions.

Based on the perspective of combining informal and formal systems, this paper empirically explores the impact of neighborhood effects and policy interventions on the deviation of farmers' willingness and behavior of domestic waste separation (DWS) by using data from the China Land Economy Survey (CLES) and constructing a probit model. It should be explained that the neighborhood effect in this paper refers to the fact that the behavior of farmers is highly susceptible to the behavior of their neighbors in the process of production and living. The results of the study show that neighborhood effects and policy interventions have a significant negative impact on the deviation of farmers' willingness and behavior of DWS, respectively. Comparison of marginal effects shows that neighborhood effects > environmental advocacy > reward and punishment policies. From the interaction effects as a whole, neighborhood effects and policy interventions have complementary effects on the deviation of farmers' willingness and behavior of DWS, with the complementary effects of neighborhood effects and environmental advocacy being more significant. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that neighborhood effects completely replace the inhibitory effect of policy interventions on the deviation of high-income farmers' willingness and behavior of DWS, but have no effect on political elite farmers. The interaction between neighborhood effects and policy interventions has complementary effects on low-income farmers and ordinary farmers, with the complementary effects of neighborhood effects and environmental advocacy being more significant.

Military AI, sacred violence, and war in the Middle East

Israel’s commitment to a policy of collective punishment, disproportionate response, outright assassination and ethnic cleansing are the culmination of a long process. It has its origins in the expropriations organized by colonial powers, as does the state of Israel itself, but the proximate causes are the recent turn in politics to Biblical Jewish fundamentalism and an irrational enthusiasm for new military technologies, especially AI. These have led to important changes in official Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) policies, including a fundamental degradation of their ethical code.

Spare the Rod, Spoil the Child? A Critical Discourse Analysis of State Corporal Punishment Policies and Practices

Corporal punishment (CP), or inflicting pain through spanking, hitting, and paddling, is still legally sanctioned and exercised in U.S. schools. We use critical discourse analysis and draw on state policy documents and data from the Office of Civil Rights to investigate which discourses pervade policy texts and how CP is practiced. These sources reveal discourses relating to morality, delinquency, and authority that draw on ideas associated with power, punishment, and control. Across all these discourses, we find color-evasive and deficit language to justify CP practices that are disproportionally applied to minoritized students. We conclude with policy implications for CP and school discipline more broadly.

Green Development of Traditional Villages: Stakeholder Game Perspectives Under Reward and Punishment Policies

Green Development of Traditional Villages: Stakeholder Game Perspectives Under Reward and Punishment Policies

Punishment Policy on Homicide Violence in Indonesia

This paper was follow-up research of the author’s dissertation entitled, "Homicide by Wife in the Context of Domestic Violence: Case Studies of Convicted 4 Female Perpetrators in Women Prisons in Bandung, Indonesia." The findings from the dissertation showed that, in a normative manner, a wife who committed homicide against her husband was guilty and violated the criminal law regardless of the motive behinds it. Using feminist research and qualitative approach, the author argued that women (wives) who killed their partners in response to domestic violence were also victims. Therefore, imprisonment was not appropriate for them. This article discussed the public’s perception on women committing homicide in response to domestic violence by exploring the reasons why women engaged in such acts, rehabilitation measures, lenient treatment, and protection programs for women who committed homicide in reaction to domestic violence. Based on these discussions, the author concluded that a specific policy was necessary in Indonesia to regulate alternative intervention programs for women (wives) who commit homicide to their partners in reaction to domestic violence. The intervention programs shall include social work penalty and rehabilitation measures as well as implementation procedures, success indicator measurement, and evaluation criteria to see the implications of the policy.

The Reality of the Punishment of Collaborators right after the September 28th Seoul Recapture: Strict Punishment Policy and Dysfunction

The Reality of the Punishment of Collaborators right after the September 28th Seoul Recapture: Strict Punishment Policy and Dysfunction

Subsidy policy with punishment mechanism can promote voluntary vaccination behaviors in structured populations

Subsidy policies have been a common way for governments and health organizations to encourage individuals’ voluntary vaccination behaviors. However, subsidy policies are often used in combination with punishment policies in reality. So far, few researchers have studied the combination of vaccination subsidy policies and punishment policies. In this study, a new subsidy policy with the punishment mechanism (P-TAR) is first introduced in the vaccination game to explore its impact on voluntary vaccination behaviors. P-TAR selects to subsidize punishers of the last season based on the degree, which is similar to targeted subsidy policy (S-TAR). We first adjust fines and punishment costs to explore how the punishment mechanism of P-TAR influences vaccination coverage and epidemic dynamics. The results show that vaccination coverage can be significantly improved when the fine is high and the punishment cost is low. By comparing P-TAR with S-TAR, we find that P-TAR can more effectively increase the number of vaccinated individuals to control the epidemic size. However, the P-TAR has a higher social cost than S-TAR. Through micro-analyzing the evolution of vaccination behaviors, the P-TAR effectively improves the voluntary vaccination behaviors of non-hub nodes, which is the main reason for P-TAR has more vaccinated individuals than S-TAR. To analyze the model robustness, experiments are conducted with larger network sizes. In addition, we compare the results of unvaccinated individuals who are sequentially punished by their surrounding punishers, as well as those who are punished only once. Finally, we perform the sensitivity analysis on the effectiveness of imperfect vaccine. Current results conclude that implementing strict policies usually incurs significant social costs, while effectively preventing epidemic spreading. We anticipate that this study can offer policymakers valuable insights into the balance between social costs and benefits when formulating vaccination policies.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISCIPLINE AND PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN EMBU COUNTY, KENYA

Several academics have suggested that there’s an affirmative association between discipline and performance, while others contend that the relationship is inconsistent and hence remains controversial. Practices of strategic implementation in Kenya, began gradually and progressively in the 1960s, but are now gaining popularity. As important as the theories of Strategy implementation in commercial firms, it is a requirement for public secondary schools to implement strategies as per the guidelines provided by the Ministry of Educations strategic plan that supports the governments goal of ensuring that every Kenyan kid has access to high quality education and training. Aside from the governments embrace of Strategy implementation as a policy, limited resources, stiff competition have made strategy implementation a necessity. The specific objectives of the study were discipline and performance of public secondary schools in Embu County. The theory underpinning the study was agency theory. The study adopted descriptive research design. Multistage cluster and random sampling technique were employed to select a sample size of 100 that represents 200 respondents of the total population. Semi structured questionnaires were employed to collect data. Multiple linear regression model was employed to analyze the collected data. The findings showed that discipline had a great influence on performance. The findings revealed that discipline (P < 0.000) significantly influences performance of public secondary schools in Embu County. The studys conclusion was that all the variables influence performance of public secondary schools in Embu County. The study recommends that schools should look for others ways of funding and update their punishment policy to factor other factors such as detention.

How Does the Government Policy Combination Prevents Greenwashing in Green Building Projects? An Evolutionary Game Perspective

Green buildings (GBs) can effectively reduce building energy consumption and alleviate energy problems. However, as green building projects swell, the development process of GBs in China has gradually exposed many problems, among which the greenwashing behavior of construction enterprises is the more serious. The government needs to adopt some appropriate policies to prevent problems in GBs. This paper uses the evolutionary game theory to construct models and proposes four policy combinations: static reward and static punishment, static reward and dynamic punishment, dynamic reward and static punishment, dynamic reward and dynamic punishment. We compare the impact of four combinations on construction strategy and analyze the inner mechanisms of the behavior evolution of government departments and construction enterprises. Our results revealed no evolutionary stabilization strategy in the game system under the static reward and punishment policy. Under the combination of dynamic subsidies and static penalty policy, the green construction effect of construction enterprises is the best. Furthermore, dynamic reward policy has a more obvious restraining effect on construction enterprises. The government should dynamically adjust rewards and punishments according to the construction quality and determine the appropriate upper limit of rewards and punishments to improve the policies’ applicability and effectiveness. This study provides theoretical support for the healthy development of green buildings.

ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ОСНОВНЫХ НАПРАВЛЕНИЙ СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ В ОБЛАСТИ НАЗНАЧЕНИЯ И ИСПОЛНЕНИЯ АДМИНИСТРАТИВНЫХ НАКАЗАНИЙ

The article actualizes the need to study the problems of the implementation of the state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of the appointment and execution of administrative punishments.
 The analysis of certain aspects of the execution of administrative punishments, primarily administrative fines in modern conditions, is carried out.
 Based on the study of the provisions of the Concept of the new Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, as well as the provisions of the draft Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses (as of 05/29/2020), the Procedural Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses (as of 06/16/2020), as well as the results of their scientific and public discussion, scientific publications, we have identified and characterized the following areas of administrative punishment policies concerning: general conditions for the appointment of administrative punishments; the appointment of administrative penalties in relation to individual subjects; appointment of certain types of administrative punishments; execution of administrative penalties.
 Proposals were made on the introduction of modern technologies in production for the appointment and execution of administrative punishments, overcoming the «commercialization» of the penal policy, introducing a point-based system for assigning administrative fines for certain types of administrative punishments, the need to complete the reform of the administrative-tort legislation of the Russian Federation.

Data-Efficient Reinforcement Learning with Data Augmented Episodic Memory

Reinforcement learning has been implemented to model a task by doing the task repeatedly to get the maximum results based on the reward and punishment policy. It has been implemented in the game and agent-based modelling. In the game, the game agent or Non-Players character can be modelled using several techniques to achieve the goal (e.g. reinforcement learning, deep neural network and Monte Carlo Tree Search). Deep neural networks and Monte Carlo Tree Search, two more sophisticated techniques in reinforcement learning algorithms, assisted the present reinforcement learning in resolving more challenging issues. However, this area has two challenges: the minimum number of data to model and generalization to different environments. Determining a minimum number of data required by the architecture to train the model is quite a cumbersome task to be applied to real- world jobs and situations since it demands substantial data to be explicitly provided and trial-and-error re-configuration. This work proposes a Data-Efficient Reinforcement Learning model by augmenting the data and implementing episodic memory. To illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed model, this research compares it to several models, such as the Deep Q-Network (DQN) with episodic memory to the same model with data augmentation and episodic memory. The model adds to the observations before being stored in the agent's memory, causing the agent to use the same logic and take the same action in comparable situations. The outcome demonstrates that the augmented model can surpass the fundamental model in speed (with an improvement of 50% quicker).

The value analysis of educational disciplinary policy from the perspective of three dimensions

In recent years, "educational punishment" has gradually become a hot issue of social concern, and the policy of educational punishment is constantly advancing. This paper analyzes the value of educational punishment policy from the three dimensions of phenomenon form, ontology form and policy process, and finds that: it is the value choice to solve the problem of "three neglect" of teachers and promote the all-round development of students; Its legitimacy is embodied in the legal existence of educational punishment power and reasonable educational punishment behavior is conducive to the maintenance of teaching order. The effect and room for improvement of educational punishment policy show its effectiveness.

Training and Transformation: Implication of Teacher Training in Community Schools of Gandaki Province

This paper analyses the implication of Teachers' Professional Development (TPD) training in pedagogical transformation in community schools in Gandaki Province, Nepal. It followed sequential explanatory mixed methods research design. The sample size of this study comprised selected 45 secondary level TPD trained teachers purposively from Kaski, Tanahu, and Syangja Districts of Gandaki Province from five schools from each district. The quantitative data were collected through questionnaire survey with teachers and the qualitative data were collected through Focus Group Discussions with trainers and head teachers separately. The analysis of data reveals that pedagogical transformation through training is not satisfactory. For the effective implementation of training knowledge and skill of training, the coordination among all the stakeholders needs to be harmonious. The training curricula, trainers’ knowledge and skill, and teaching context should be updated and improved as per the current social situation. Besides, the teachers’ motivation and devotion are the key elements for adequate pedagogical transformation. The study concluded that regular monitoring with a reward and punishment policy can implement the training knowledge and skill for pedagogical transformations.

السياسة الجنائية في قانون حماية المعلمين والمدرسين والمشرفين والمرشدين التربويين رقم (8) لسنة 2018

The policy of Criminalization and punishment in the law of protecting teachers, supervisors, and counselors No8 for 2018 has a distinctive character. That because it aims at fighting offence, tribal accountability, and extort that an officer may face during accomplishing his official job. Such an issue has been an Iraqi phenomenon. So the Iraqi legislator has legislated a law to protect education staff. Such a procedure is peculiar to a specific crime and to protect a specific group of people considering criminalization as a legal and reality idea as to achieving the aim. This means that the legislator managed precautionary legislation as a policy of criminalization. The punishment policy combines justice and pragmatism which is imposed by the nature of criminalization. So the legislator has adopted balance between crime and punishment namely; the legislator managed a conciliatory method combining ultimate justice with pragmatism as a punishment policy.

An evolutionary game study of environmental regulation strategies for marine ecological governance in China

The choice of environmental regulation strategies for marine ecological pollution governance is vital for China’s promotion of collaborative marine ecological management. First, based on the assumption of limited rationality, we established a three-party evolutionary game model of China’s central government, local governments, and marine enterprises from the perspective of environmental policy to explore the dynamic evolution process of the game strategies of the three participants and the stability of the system equilibrium point. Second, we used numerical simulations to investigate how the incentive- and penalty-based policies of central and local governments have different effects on local governments and marine enterprises, respectively. Finally, we introduced a reputation loss model of public participation to explore the game strategy choices of the three parties under public participation. The finding reveal that (1) Local governments are more sensitive to the central government’s punishment policies than marine enterprises are. (2) Increasing the punishment of local governments on enterprises can simultaneously enhance the willingness of enterprises to govern and the willingness of local governments to implement. Moreover, the local governments policy of punishing enterprises was more direct and effective than that of the central government. (3) Although local governments subsidies for marine enterprises can increase their probability of governing marine ecology, they can also decrease local governments' willingness to implement. Finally, (4) Public participation can quickly promote the active governance of marine enterprises. Accordingly, the suggestions are proposed to maintain China's marine ecological security, e.g., the central government should focus on urging local governments to strictly implement marine environmental protection policies; local governments should take the lead in supervising and guiding marine enterprises; and all levels of government need to take measures to promote public participation in marine ecological governance.