Peace Policy Research Articles

A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF SULTAN MURAD IIS POLITICAL STRATEGIES IN CONSOLIDATING THE OTTOMAN SULTANATE

This study examines the political strategies implemented by Sultan Murad II in consolidating the Ottoman Sultanate during his reign. Sultan Murad IIs rule marked a pivotal phase in Ottoman history, during which he successfully unified the empire and restored its political stability after facing threats of power struggles, civil wars, internal rebellions, and external interventions. This study employs a qualitative approach through historical research design and content analysis. The data for the study were collected through document analysis and subsequently analyzed using thematic methods. The analysis reveals that, in the process of consolidating power, territory, and political stability within the Ottoman Sultanate, Sultan Murad II adopted a strategy that went beyond simply relying on the peaceful policies upheld by his father, Sultan Mehmed I. He also employed a measured military strategy, practicing a limited offensive approach. Additionally, the centralization policy of his grandfather was reinstated, albeit in a more effective and tolerant manner.

THE ROLE OF MONGOLIA IN REGIONAL SECURITY

The situation in Northeast Asia is an important topic of international security arena. Political and economic relations between Russia and China, as well as the Korean Peninsula issue, which can have a major impact in Northeast Asia as such powerful actors that can change the world order and security environment. Past decades, the peace policy of mutual trust between the countries of the Northeast Asian region has become the most important issue not only in the regional but also in the international security environment. Therefore, it is important to analyze and assess a strategic interests and international geopolitical ambition of major powers that could directly or indirectly affect Mongolia's national security to develop national strategic solutions to enhance Mongolia’s national security and its security environment. Mongolia has no territorial, economic, military or political conflicts of interest with any of the countries in the region. Such reasons can give Mongolia an opportunity to be a key player in confidence-building measures to prevent hostilities, to avert escalation, to reduce military tension in Northeast Asia. There are many ways and fields to operate as peace player in this region. For instance, Mongolia can be an initiator or a main actor of a regional peacekeeping cooperation organization in Northeast Asia.

Economic Globalization Under a New Cold War: Taiwan's Ambiguous and Critical Role

Abstract Producing 92 percent of the world's high-end chips, a critical component for the United States and a strategic asset China aims to control, Taiwan plays an important role in the New Cold War amid escalating tensions in the Taiwan Strait. Several conclusions emerge from the analysis of this role. First, improved communication among the United States, China, and Taiwan is essential. Second, a peaceful Taiwan Strait benefits all parties, as a Chinese invasion of Taiwan would have catastrophic global repercussions. Third, the future of Taiwan's status and the world economy heavily depends on the evolution of U.S.–China relations and whether China opts for aggressive or peaceful policies.

Merchandising doubt in the periphery: some lessons from the glyphosate debate in Colombia

ABSTRACT This paper relies on the center–periphery division in the production of science and technology to discuss the glyphosate debate in Colombia as an instance of Oreskes and Conway’s tobacco strategy. The paper highlights some particularities in the implementation of the strategy in a peripheral context. Specifically, it shows that the debate here does not revolve around a product’s science and risks, but mainly around the results, consequences, and legal status of a government peace policy. To achieve this, the paper appeals to a mixed methodological approach integrating intensive methods to analyze traditional mass media and extensive methods to analyze social media.

A monetary model of global peace and health

BackgroundThis study aims to expand on the concept of peace and health by drawing from Keynes' theory of the economic consequences of peace, in light of the global pandemic experienced in 2020 due to COVID_19.MethodsIn this paper, I will elaborate on the concept of ‘security’, as an indicator of peace in the time of biological shocks, in order to expand the definition of Keynesian precautionary motivation. This puts forth a new monetary policy model developed to make contributions to achieving global peace. In so doing, I will calculate the optimal growth rate of discount rate through utilizing the Global Peace Index (GPI), adjusted by the Case Fatality Risk (CFR) of COVID-19 in a dynamic shopping time monetary model. This analysis is comprised of the top 15 GDP countries as well as the 10 most and least peaceful countries in 2020.ResultsThe results indicate that households in more peaceful and healthy countries tend to hold less money compared to those in less peaceful and healthy countries. Besides, the discount rate needs to be reduced due to the outbreak of COVID-19 and the decrease in the level of peace in the economy.ConclusionInsofar as the imposition of fines through international legal circles on countries with an insignificant health and peace policy will increase the cost of liquidity, other alternative methods of financing will be affor dable for the countries.

Regensburg Convention of Electors 1636/1637
 and Brandenburg's Struggle for Imperial Peace

The subject of this article is the policy of the Electorate of Brandenburg, aimed at concluding peace with the warring powers of the anti-Habsburg coalition during the Regensburg Convention. According to the ruling emperor, the purpose of the convention
 was to elect a Roman king – the future Emperor Ferdinand III. However, the Brandenburg Elector Georg Wilhelm set as his task the conclusion of peace, which should be preceded by an amnesty for the classes that did not sign the Prague Peace. During the
 preparation for the convention and the convention itself, it became clear that the Saxon Elector Johann Georg was pursuing an anti-Brandenburg policy. On his initiative, Brandenburg found itself drawn into a war with Sweden, then Johann Georg invited his colleague Georg Wilhelm to make concessions: to transfer Pomerania to Sweden in the name of peace in the Empire. During the convention, Brandenburg proposed to begin negotiations using the mediation of the Polish king. This was rejected by the majority of the Electors. Then a proposal was made to begin negotiations together with the emperor on concluding peace with Sweden and France. As a result, negotiations with Sweden
 failed. On the issue of amnesty for the Duchy of Württemberg, the Brandenburg delegation failed. As a result, under the influence of the leader of the delegation and a supporter of the Emperor Schwarzenberg, Brandenburg agreed to the election of the Roman king. As a result, Brandenburg's peace policy failed.

콜롬비아의 지속가능한 평화구축 여정

In 2022, Gustavo Petro, the first leftist president in Colombian history, took office. President Petro criticized the previous government's delay in implementing the Peace Accords and advocated a “total peace policy” that emphasized the immediate implementation of the Accords, the promotion of peace negotiations with the ENL and FARC-EP factions, and substantive changes in the local community and social integration. Accordingly, in addition to the faithful implementation of the agreement, there is a growing demand for social integration and peace education that will allow for long-term and sustainable peace. This demand can be partially explained by evaluating the extent of the implementation of the agreement to date, carefully examining its limitations, and considering effective ways to build sustainable peace through the integration of Colombian society. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to review the content, implementation, and limitations of the 2016 Peace Agreement, and to propose the need for active peace education as one of the effective measures for social integration. For this purpose, the process of concluding the 2016 Peace Accords, the content of the Peace Accords, the degree of implementation, and the limits of implementation are reviewed, as well as the role of peace education in building sustainable peace.

Navigating the imperial legacy: exploring the discourse of sport for development and peace in Flanders for communities with a migration background

ABSTRACT Sport is often harnessed to serve broader societal objectives. In Flanders (Belgium) – the region of interest in this research – sport is instrumentalised to promote social integration and inclusion, particularly among communities with a migration background. However, this Sport for Development and Peace (SDP) policy and programming is not straightforward. Scholars have pointed to the lingering imperial residue within SDP, prompting a need for critical examination. Therefore, this research aims to gain an understanding of how contemporary SDP discourse in Flanders is socially and culturally constructed and what its performative implications are for communities with a migration background. To this end, online documents from the sport administration and organisations involved in SDP were subjected to critical discourse analysis informed by the theoretical and cultural understanding of post-colonial theory and decoloniality. The findings indicate that SDP discourse reflects a complex interplay of imperial legacies and neoliberal influences, simultaneously projecting an image of inclusivity and perpetuating inequalities. Consequently, decolonising the SDP discourse in Flanders is an imperative transformative process and requires a comprehensive approach rooted in historical awareness, contextual sensitivity, and challenging existing power structures. This decolonisation may pave the way for a more equitable and inclusive SDP framework, genuinely reflecting the diverse realities of communities with a migration background while acknowledging and rectifying its colonial legacy.

Vectors and Mechanisms of Japan’s Influence for the Development of the Countries of East Asia

The article analyzes the role of Japan in East Asia, as well as defines the vectors and mechanisms of its influence on the countries of the region. The country of the Rising Sun takes an active part in international development, cooperates with international organizations, acts as an active initiator of various international development programs and is one of the largest donors in the world. It was established that Japan constantly provides economic support to ASEAN countries, in particular in the form of official development assistance, builds infrastructure, contributes to the formation of the economic environment, provides technical assistance, promotes the development of human resources, education and health care. The study clarifies the main principles of Japan’s foreign policy regarding international cooperation in their historical development. The author presented the essence of the main doctrines of the Japanese government on supporting the development of SA countries. A comparative analysis of the global initiatives of Tokyo and Beijing and directions of interaction between China and Japan was conducted. The attitude of the ASEAN countries regarding the role of Japan in East Asia is clarified. According to the results of the conducted research, certain conclusions were made regarding the influence of Japan on EA. First, Japan remains a supporter of EA’s policy of peace and prosperity, therefore it takes an active position in ensuring peace and stable development of the region. Secondly, the country’s leadership considers the region in a broader format, more open to the outside world, therefore supports the idea of Indo-Pacific regionalization. Thirdly, Tokyo gives preference to the economic development of EA and implements various regional development mechanisms, in particular: official aid, direct investment and other forms of support. Fourth, the Japanese leadership is aware of China’s power and role in the EA, but adheres to the position of constructive cooperation and avoidance of confrontation. Fifth, Japanese political circles believe that the role of the region in the global processes of globalization will grow, so it is important to take a constructive position regarding interaction with the EA and form a new vision of regional integration.

The Factor of Trade in the Diplomatic Relations Between Nupe People and the Ilorin Emirate

Several scholars who wrote on migration have put forward many reasons why people move from one place to another. These include but not limited to political, social, cultural and religious factors. Scholars of Nupe history have recorded several push and pull factors that were responsible for the Nupe migration into places around the world. However, little or no attention has been placed on the factor of trade in the Nupe migration into Ilorin. This paper therefore, intends to examine the place of trade in the Nupe diplomatic relations with the people and authority of the Ilorin Emirate. These among other things relate to identification and appreciation of values of the relations between Nupe and the Ilorin Emirate. Since this study is on the relations of the two cosmopolitan communities, it will be useful in pointing sources of mechanism valuable to sustain effective policy of peaceful co-existence, crisis management and global peace. This study adopted historical research method, which involved the use of archival materials, oral evidences, and text content analysis. The study concluded that trade (with involvement in activities such as caravan trade, agriculture, currency production etc.) played prominent roles in the Nupe migration, integration and diplomatic relations into Ilorin Emirate.

The Factor of Trade in the Diplomatic Relations Between Nupe People and the Ilorin Emirate

Several scholars who wrote on migration have put forward many reasons why people move from one place to another. These include but not limited to political, social, cultural and religious factors. Scholars of Nupe history have recorded several push and pull factors that were responsible for the Nupe migration into places around the world. However, little or no attention has been placed on the factor of trade in the Nupe migration into Ilorin. This paper therefore, intends to examine the place of trade in the Nupe diplomatic relations with the people and authority of the Ilorin Emirate. These among other things relate to identification and appreciation of values of the relations between Nupe and the Ilorin Emirate. Since this study is on the relations of the two cosmopolitan communities, it will be useful in pointing sources of mechanism valuable to sustain effective policy of peaceful co-existence, crisis management and global peace. This study adopted historical research method, which involved the use of archival materials, oral evidences, and text content analysis. The study concluded that trade (with involvement in activities such as caravan trade, agriculture, currency production etc.) played prominent roles in the Nupe migration, integration and diplomatic relations into Ilorin Emirate.

‘It is more than just education. It’s also a peace policy’: (Re)imagining the mission of the European Higher Education Area in the context of the Russian invasion of Ukraine

Following the launch of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, scholarship has not yet addressed the role of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) in this context. This paper asks: What is the political role of the EHEA as an institution and the instrumentalisation of its higher education (HE) cooperation initiatives in the context of the invasion? To investigate this, the paper thematically analyses interviews with representatives from key HE stakeholders in three EHEA members – Germany, France and Italy, as well as key recent international communications related to the EHEA’s response to the war. The thematic analysis revealed two overarching themes leading us to consider that: (1) the EHEA has been regaining its lost significance through shaping and disseminating its response as an institution to the invasion of Ukraine; and (2) HE cooperation in the EHEA in the context of this war has been acquiring a new meaning. These themes lead us to conclude that the war has prompted the EHEA to re-establish its purpose, following the ebbing interest in standardising HE structures. Most importantly, the EHEA has begun to emerge as a platform for political cooperation beyond HE for the promotion of peace in the European region.

Indonesian Foreign Policy under the Jokowi Administration: Variations on Traditional Ideas

Since independence in 1945, Indonesia has managed to carry out its foreign policy according to a unique doctrine described as “independent and active” (bebas dan aktif). To be independent means that Indonesia does not side with world powers, while being active means vigorously carrying out peaceful policies and actively participating in the peaceful settlement of international issues. The doctrine is not a neutral policy but does not align and bind the country with the superpowers or any military pact. Instead, being independent and active primarily serves the national interest while allowing the Indonesian government to collaborate with other nations. However, the doctrine’s implementation has varied according to the different interpretations of successive presidents. This paper explains Indonesia’s independent and active foreign policy during President Joko Widodo’s presidency. It contends that while the doctrine has continued to underlie Indonesia’s foreign policy, the formulation of President Joko Widodo’s foreign policy is unique in its practical approach, prioritizing the national interest and the domestic advantages of foreign relations. In the president’s worldview, foreign policy has been instrumental in promoting the nation’s development.

FROM ABEYANCE TO A ‘STRONG’ SOFT POWER: THE PROGRESSION OF INDIA’S CULTURAL SUBTLETY

The study of power has been one of the main features of global politics. It is said that sometimes in the current era, states win the wars by telling a better story instead of the state who has power and can prevail in a battleground. Though India has constantly had several soft power tactics, they had limited success as they were not combined with hard power such as a strong army and developed defense skills, particularly nuclear ability. Nevertheless, the previous decade was an important turning point that showed India’s growing hard power, driven by strong economic growth and vigorous maritime policies, which reinforced its soft power projection. Soft power has come to be one of the foundation stones of the current Indian Prime minister Narendra Modi Doctrine and is an important theme in most of his state visits. This paper analyzes the different soft power components such as civilization and ancient heritage (Buddhism, yoga, Ayurveda, Sanskrit, democracy, and Bollywood used by the Indian governments. Soft power tools have raised importance, mainly as concerns culture and values, which mixed with peaceful policies made for a truly great opportunity of using soft power. The study evaluates India’s soft power assets and liabilities, thus presenting how the state has been trying its best to make better use of its potential to realize the state’s interests. Hence, the research has largely analyzed and described numerous ways in which all over the world states have resorted their selves to soft power in the face of interdependent world order to garner influence and for the attainment of foreign policy objectives which all depend upon state resources that what they have and side by side abilities to mobilize. Keywords: India’s soft power, Hindutva, Narendra Modi, Diplomacy

From behind the Iron Curtain to Hybrid Warfare Networks (Echoes of Churchill’s Fulton Speech)

Aim. Based on the analysis of Winston Churchill’s Fulton speech and the project “The Unthinkable” initiated by him, we can trace the causes of the unavoidability and, moreover, the aggravation of the confrontation between the collective West and modern Russia.Tasks. Analysis of the course of the history of the post-war world from the unification of the Western world against the Soviet Union during the Cold War, initiated by Winston Churchill’s Fulton speech, as well as the revival of the “Iron Curtain” — a global barrier between the collective West and the entire non-Western world entangled in a network of hybrid warfare.Methods. The historical method, the method of civilizational and cultural analysis were applied, content analysis and event analysis of Churchill’s Fulton speech were carried out, allowing to analyze the intentions and identify the true goals of the author and the hidden meaning of his speech, which affect the global political discourse.Results. It is argued that it is necessary to take into account historical analogies that make it possible to reveal the deep meaning of strategic planning of the policy of peace as opposed to the policy of war both in the Eurasian space and throughout the world.Conclusions. Judgments are formulated about the growing geopolitical tension between the collective West and the entire non-Western world in the networks of hybrid warfare.

한류를 위한 김대중의 기여와 미완의 김대중 사상 정책의 완성을 위한 한류의 의미와 역할

Kim Dae-jung's realization of the knowledge-information age and cultural industry policy acted as an important material foundation for the development of the Korean Wave, and his overcoming Korean peninsula division and world coexistence and peace policy played an important role in sublimating and radiating Korea into fashion and spirit. Kim Dae-jung's unfinished policies are now presented with such a possibility that they can be completed by the Hallyu. Hallyu stars and international fandoms are demonstrating their ability to realize global citizenship with the successful movements of Overcoming World Poverty, Ending Racial Discrimination, and Saving the Earth. An in-depth understanding of this aspect of the Korean Wave is desperately needed for its world-historical role in the future direction in which Korea and the world should go. It is necessary to actively consider together so that the "virtual nation" caused by the Korean Wave, which is being noted by Korean Wave experts, does not repeat the hitherto nationalism, but can proceed in the direction of the completion of a global democracy, peace, and win-win community while realizing global citizenship.

Political and Legal Ideal of Vladimir Monomakh

This article considers the content of the only work of the XII century – “Teachings” of Vladimir Monomakh, owned by a great statesman and an outstanding military leader, the Grand Duke of Kiev. It sets out advice to his children, the future Grand Dukes of Kiev on the exercise of supreme power and the observance of justice in the state. Vladimir Monomakh convinces his successors of the need to govern the state together with the council, helping all subjects, especially the needy, constantly showing poverty; do not save property, but always distribute it to those in need. He called the administration of justice the principal duty of the prince to the people entrusted to him by God; the prince is obliged to judge all subjects by an equal court on the basis of laws, rewarding everyone through his fault. Vladimir Monomakh forbids the death penalty as inconsistent with Christian teaching. He also insisted on a peaceful policy, both within the state, opposing strife between princes and in relations with foreign countries, believing that any misunderstanding or quarrel can be resolved at the table through peace talks. Monomakh also considered a number of other issues concerning the moral image of the ruler of the Orthodox faith of Christian doctrine, his relations with the church, with vassal princes, etc., which is described in this article. It seems that it may be of interest not only to lawyers-historians of state and law and doctrines of state and law, but also to all readers interested in the history of medieval Russia.

COOPERATION BETWEEN THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND THE UNITED NATIONS IN PEACEKEEPING ACTIVITY

We present a theoretical and practical review of the political and legal aspects of the People’s Republic of China’s participation in the UN peacekeeping activities and China’s policy of peace on the planet Earth. We examine the political and regulatory aspects of China’s peacekeeping activity in cooperation with the UN and identify the most pressing problems.

ON MUSTAFA KEMAL’S PHILOSOPHY OF SOCIETY AND THE STATE

Yazının amacı, Mustafa Kemal’in Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun çöküşü ve onun tabiriyle “Yeni Türkiye”de politik erkin bir cumhuriyet olarak kurulması bağlamında yaptığı açıklamaların ve konuşmaların felsefi arka planını açık etmektir. Bu, Türkiye’de Cumhuriyetin değerlerine ilişkin son yıllarda yapılan tartışmalar nedeniyle zaruri hale gelmiştir. Bu tartışmalarda ortaya atılan sorulara doyurucu yanıt verebilmek için Cumhuriyetin üzerine inşa edildiği değerlerin felsefi temellerini ortaya koymak gerekmektedir. Yazıda bunun bir denemesi yapılmaktadır. Yazıda önce Mustafa Kemal’in modern dünya sistemine ilişkin düşünceleri ve değerlendirmeleri sunulmaktadır. Buna göre modern dünya sistemi sürekli “mazlumlar” ve “zalimler” üretmektedir ve bu durum ancak tüm dünyada insanlığın kalıcı iç barışı sağlanıncaya kadar değişmeyecektir. Bugünün mazlumları yarın zalim olabilmektedir ve bugünün zalimleri yarının mazlumları olabileceklerdir. Sonra yazıda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun tek kişinin saltanatına dayanan yönetim biçiminin eleştirisi olarak cumhuriyet fikrinin nasıl oluştuğuna ve bunun tarihsel olarak ne anlama geldiğine dikkat çekilmektedir. Bu bağlamda özellikle ulusal egemenlik, halk iktidarı ve halkçılık açısından cumhuriyetçi yönetimin anlamı ortaya konmaktadır. Daha sonra Mustafa Kemal’de cumhuriyet fikrinin onun “milli politika” olarak adlandırdığı yeni yönelimle temel oluşturan barış politikasının doğal sonucu olarak yayılmacı ideolojiler olan “Turancılık” ve “Panislamizm” akımlarının taleplerini ret ettiği gösterilmektedir. Son olarak Türkiye'de Cumhuriyetin kurulmasının aynı zamanda Anadolu’da yeni bir kültür ve uygarlık yaratma çabasına denk geldiğine işaret edilmektedir.

Street Youth Groups in Sidi Moussa/Morocco: The Everyday Resistance of Precariousness

Abstract Street youth groups (syg) in Morocco represent underground urban counterculture where “class conflict” is being fed by lack of opportunities to climb the social ladder. Indefinable and tormenting globalization (Montgomery, 2019; Wacquant, 2009) has psychologically and socially transformed youth into social “victims”/dreamers of a “modern” wellbeing. Social inequalities exacerbated by covid-19 pandemic produced new precarious youths at the margins of “patronaged” neoliberal policies implemented for buying social peace policies. In this context, this paper is based on an ethnographic research with “Tcharmil” Street youth in the neighborhood of Sidi Moussa in Sale, twin city of the Capital Rabat known for urban violence in substandard housing. In this paper, I argue that these “Mcharmlin” youth are resisting marginalization through invading streets and imposing their “subculture” as a “non-movement” (Bayat, 2013) against inequalities. These humans of Sidi Moussa who are young and poor, facing the Atlantic and far from the Capital about 30 minutes behind walled ancient city of Sale of Corsairs, dreaming of a stable life, job and respect from society, living in “Zanqa 0”. Youth refusing nothingness are invading streets which do not have even a name as all streets are numbered from 0 to 14. each narrow street faces the Atlantic either you escape, or you get stuck if you turn your back on the Atlantic.