Policy Enforcement Research Articles

Optimizing Kubernetes Environments: Best Practices for Configuring and Managing Admission Webhooks

Abstract: Kubernetes has emerged as the leading platform for container orchestration, offering a robust framework for automating the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications. As its adoption increases, managing diverse workloads across various environments becomes increasingly complex, necessitating mechanisms for policy enforcement, compliance assurance, and dynamic configuration management. In Kubernetes, admission webhooks provide a means to intercept requests, enabling the mutation and validation of these requests to enforce custom policies. This paper presents comprehensive guidelines for configuring and operating admission webhooks to enhance security, consistency, and operational efficiency in Kubernetes environments. Through this paper, readers will gain hands-on experience in implementing best practices, thereby optimizing the use of admission webhooks to effectively maintain organizational policies and standards.

Promoting Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights (SRHR) to the Adolescents in Bangladesh: Policy Prospects and Challenges

Sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) are a concept of human rights applied to the sexuality and reproduction of human beings. Most Bangladeshis, especially adolescents in rural areas, are still unaware of these rights for countless reasons. A significant barrier towards such awareness is created. There has been some research in recent times covering various aspects of SRHR in Bangladesh. Nevertheless, the element that makes this research unique is that it is aiming to analyze in a doctrinal or qualitative manner if the existing laws and policies are enough to ensure that adolescents have access to knowledge and information on SRHR, or whether any major or minor reforms to existing legal framework are necessary. The research would like to prove the necessity of enacting legally enforceable national policies to ensure that adolescents in Bangladesh have access to SRHR education, which is very important in protecting their sexual and reproductive health and well- being.

Sustainable Urban Tourism Development in Doha: Balancing Economic Growth and Environmental Stewardship

This study investigates the development of sustainable urban tourism in Doha, Qatar, with a focus on balancing economic growth and environmental stewardship. The research explores the integration of sustainable practices within Doha’s tourism sector, the implementation of key policies such as the Qatar National Vision 2030, and the impact of the FIFA World Cup 2022 on tourism and sustainability efforts. Using a mixed-methods approach, including qualitative interviews with 30 key stakeholders and quantitative data analysis, the findings reveal that while Doha has made substantial progress in areas such as resource management and green infrastructure development, challenges remain—particularly in retrofitting older buildings and enforcing sustainability standards. The FIFA World Cup 2022 acted as a catalyst for sustainable practices, but the long-term success of these efforts depends on continued investment and policy enforcement. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers, urban planners, and tourism officials working to promote sustainable urban tourism in rapidly developing cities.

Capturing Calabria? ‘ndrangheta, corruption, and maladministration in local public institutions in Southern Italy

ABSTRACT The ‘ndrangheta is the collective name of mafia-type groups from Calabria, Italy. Some ‘ndrangheta clans’ ability to influence local public institutions has been based on personal connections, systemic corruption, electoral influence, hidden exchanges, blackmailing power, and ‘elitarian handshakes’. Mafias have long-term interests in ‘capturing’ state’s institutions to gain profits, impunity, and generally a dominant position in the resulting balance of power with the ‘legitimate’ state. In this paper, we will highlight the process of state capture at municipal level enabled by ‘ndrangheta clans in Calabria, showing how the clans’ influence-oriented policy formulation, implementation, and enforcement of rules over time.

Law Enforcement Agency Practices and Policies for the Investigation of Child Sex Trafficking: Are Agencies Using Victim-Centered Approaches?

AbstractOver the past decade, efforts have been made to reform the way in which law enforcement responds to child sex trafficking (CST). Law enforcement agencies are being urged or required to use victim-centered approaches that provide exploited youth with support and services. However, researchers have yet to empirically examine law enforcement’s recognition of CST at the agency-level, their arrest practices, or the services that are being offered to CST victims. We have little information about the utilization and effectiveness of various law enforcement agency policies, practices and training programs related to CST. The National Law Enforcement Agency Child Sex Trafficking (LEA-CST) Study aimed to address these gaps through a national survey of law enforcement agencies around the U.S. The current study reports on mail survey data collected from a sample of 1,306 agencies that provided feedback on the use of up to nine victim-centered approaches to CST at their agency. Data were analyzed along with information about whether their agency investigated at least one case of CST in the year 2021. Almost all agencies (97.5%) said they used or had access to at least one victim-centered approach to CST investigations, with larger agencies reporting a greater number of approaches. Two policies were significantly related to a greater likelihood of investigating at least one case of CST in 2021: Access to a CST-specific task force and access to a CST-specific victim service agency. Findings document a growing orientation to these cases by law enforcement that recognizes youth victimization, with innovative approaches to identification and support. Community collaboration appears to be critical to helping to identify, support and provide justice to CST victims.Research Summary This study examined law enforcement’s recognition of CST at the agency-level, their arrest practices, and the services that are being offered to CST victims. Among 1,306 agencies across the United States, almost all (97.5%) said they used or had access to at least one victim-centered approach to CST investigations, with larger agencies reporting a greater number of approaches. Two policies were significantly related to a greater likelihood of investigating at least one CST case in 2021: Access to a CST-specific task force and access to a CST-specific victim service agency.Policy Implications Findings from the current study underscore the importance of victim-centered approaches to CST that feature connections and collaborations across communities. These collaborations champion the wellness of youth who have experienced this unique and egregious form of sexual victimization while simultaneously allowing for criminal investigations to proceed, ideally with minimal re-traumatization of the victim.

Socio-Economic Determinants of Human Negligence in Wildfire Incidence: A Case Study from Pakistan’s Peri-Urban and Rural Areas

This study aims to examine the socio-economic determinants of human negligence in wildfire occurrences across Pakistan’s peri-urban and rural regions. Increasingly frequent and severe wildfires, driven by climate change, socio-economic conditions, and human negligence, have become a pressing issue. Rising global temperatures and changing precipitation patterns have created drier conditions, while unsafe human activities—such as improper disposal of flammable materials and unsafe agricultural burning—further escalate wildfire risks. These issues are particularly pronounced in Pakistan, where high poverty levels, limited resources, and low education contribute to dangerous behaviors. Weak governance and poor policy enforcement further exacerbate the problem. Data were collected using a cross-sectional survey from 500 participants across five regions. Multiple regression analysis revealed that higher poverty levels significantly increased negligence, whereas higher education and improved access to resources reduced it. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) highlighted the critical roles of local governance, policy enforcement, and community engagement in mitigating wildfires. Correlation analysis indicated an inverse relationship between wildfire risk awareness and negligent behavior. Chi-square tests demonstrated a strong connection between wildfires and migration patterns, underscoring the socio-economic instability caused by these events. Finally, linear regression showed that wildfires significantly impact regional climate indicators, emphasizing the need for integrated management strategies. This study offers valuable insights into the socio-economic factors driving wildfires in Pakistan and provides guidance for developing targeted mitigation strategies.

Corporate Governance in Nigeria: Evolution, Regulatory Frameworks and Challenges

Aims: Undoubtedly, good corporate governance is critical for economic growth and development. In Nigeria, corporate governance has undergone a considerable revolution, driven by regulatory reforms, global standards as well as the need to strengthen corporate institutions. This review explored the evolution of corporate governance practices in Nigeria and the operating environment of the Nigerian Stock Exchange highlighting the milestones, regulatory frameworks and key challenges inhibiting the corporate sector. The review emphasized the roles of the regulatory agencies including the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria (FRCN), Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), National Insurance Commission (NAICOM), Pension Commission (PENCOM) as well as the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) in enforcing governance codes and principles. Study Design: It is a theoretical review that explores developments in the corporate governance landscape in Nigeria. Place and Duration of Study: The place of study is Nigeria and the duration is 1960 to 2024. Methodology: The study examined policy documents exploring different codes and mechanisms of corporate governance from inception to date. Results: While notable progress has been made through the introduction of corporate governance codes, mechanisms and regulatory oversight, challenges such as corruption, insider abuse and enforcement of governance policies remain prevalent. Conclusion: The review underscored the need for continuous improvement in corporate governance given its role in promoting transparency, accountability, increasing stakeholder awareness as well as stronger enforcement to ensure good governance practices and sustainable economic growth.

Licensing Procedures’ and its Influence on The Enforcement of Alcoholic Drinks Control and Licensing Policies in Nairobi City County, Kenya

The enactment and subsequent implementation of the alcoholic drinks control policies and legislation in Kenya continues to elicit numerous questions as to the efficiency of the same in achieving the intended purposes. Many illicit brews and alcoholic drinks continue to find their way into the market, many people engaging in them yet they are not only a health risk, but dangerous for human consumption. The question that remains unanswered is whether the licensing procedures for the manufacturers, dealers and even merchants, play a role in the enforcement of these pieces of legislation or not. This research project aimed at how the licensing procedures determine the enforcement of polices within Nairobi City County. The study was guided by street-level bureaucracy theory and was conducted using descriptive research design targeting 112 enforcement officials. Primary data was gathered utilizing a structured questionnaire and interviews with 10 NACADA officials. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics as well as the regression model. A 62.5% response rate was achieved and the results indicated that the licensing procedures influence alcoholic drinks control policy enforcement by licensing procedures being adhered to when enforcing the County alcoholic drinks control policies, and there are regular checks on licenses for business functions that operate and sale alcoholic drinks. In line with the study's conclusion, the study recommended that there should be continuous monitoring and evaluation and capacity building for the traders and dealers of the drinks

Lightweight Flow‐Based Policy Enforcement for SDN‐Based Multi‐Domain Communication

ABSTRACTAlthough software‐defined networking (SDN) is commonly employed for intra‐domain communication, inter‐domain communication still heavily relies on conventional routing methods, specifically BGP‐based routers. The BGP router plays a crucial role in managing control and data planes, but this traditional approach hinders the exploitation of SDN advantages. Previous studies demonstrated the use of BGP for inter‐domain and end‐to‐end communication. This paper advocates for the adoption of a fully SDN‐based data plane packet switching strategy through the introduction of LPEES, a lightweight policy framework tailored for SDN‐based inter‐domain communication. LPEES strategically confines BGP's functionality to the control plane, preserving SDN benefits. Evaluation results confirm the effectiveness of LPEES compared to the BGP routing approach, as measured by throughput and various network quality of service (QoS) metrics. Additionally, LPEES streamlines inter‐domain communication by utilizing a trust‐based routing policy approach that can establish trust between communicating domains. The presented solution's main advantage is that it loosens the burden on the administrator by requiring less human interference to check the inter‐domain communication security and privacy. Our evaluations show LPEES outperform the BGP‐based in terms of throughput as LPEES achieves a 27 Gbps versus 22 Gbps in the traditional approach. Based on our experiments, LPEES also enhances the communication delay by an average of 17% compared to the traditional BGP‐based approach.

Do enhanced school zone policies improve pedestrians' safety? A deep learning-based case study of Osan City, South Korea

This study investigates the effectiveness of strengthened penalty policies in South Korean school zones by analyzing the changes in road users' behaviors, focusing on pedestrian-vehicle interactions. This study employed three surrogate safety measurements: vehicle speed, Pedestrian Safety Margins (PSM), and Predicted Collision Risk (PCR) level. The comprehensive analysis covers a spectrum of behaviors, from simple to complex, assessing the policy's impact in urban environments. The findings reveal several important insights. First, the policy enforcement resulted in a positive impact on vehicle speeds, with average speeds aligning with posted speed limits. Second, an increase was observed in yielding behaviors, particularly in school zones. However, much of this behavior appeared to be cosmetic, emphasizing the need for more safety-oriented yielding practices. Finally, the policy enforcement had a mixed impact on PCR levels, with a reduction in danger levels in school zones, yet an unexpected increase in danger levels in non-school zones. This study provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of strengthened penalty policies in school zones, particularly the development of a safe and sustainable urban environment.

Defining Greenwashing: A Concept Analysis

The lack of a shared, operant definition for greenwashing has led to fragmented scholarly research, unclear guidelines for practice, inconsistent enforcement, and reactive policy frameworks; resulting in ineffective efforts to combat its growth. Using concept analysis, this research establishes a composite definition for greenwashing by identifying the constitutive attributes sourced across 79 scholarly definitions. The analysis finds six requirements necessary for identifying greenwashing: a claim on environmental performance by a private sector organization marketing a product or a service, which cannot be substantiated, made with deceptive intent, and done to establish a competitive advantage. Fulfilling these criteria warrants an accusation of greenwashing. With the aim to prevent its further spread and misuse, the article provides a diagnostic tool for separating similar but often conflated concepts from greenwashing to organize scholarly research, provide guidelines for practitioners, and support regulators’ case analysis.

Evaluating the Impact of Government Policies on Circular Economy Adoption in the Construction Sector

The construction sector is both essential for global economic progress and one of the largest contributors to pollution, resource depletion, and energy consumption. Given the urgent need to adopt more sustainable practices, governments in developed countries have introduced policies aimed at fostering a circular economy in this sector. These policies emphasize the use of green materials to reduce resource consumption, energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions, aligning with global sustainability goals. The waste hierarchy further governs these policies, prioritizing waste reduction, reuse, and recycling. This study analyzes the effectiveness of these government policies in promoting circular economy principles, particularly the adoption of green materials in the construction industry. Our findings reveal that while these policies have led to measurable reductions in energy consumption and emissions, the extent of green material adoption varies significantly across countries. Key factors influencing this variation include economic incentives, regulatory enforcement, and the level of industry acceptance of green technologies. One of the most important results of this study is the identification of significant gaps between policy intent and actual industry practices. In many cases, green materials, despite their favorable characteristics, have not been widely implemented due to economic, technical, and market barriers. These findings underscore the need for stronger government incentives and more consistent policy enforcement to drive broader adoption of sustainable practices. Future studies should focus on overcoming these barriers, exploring the long-term economic impacts of green material adoption, and evaluating how policy frameworks can be optimized to ensure more widespread.

Do environmental crimes contribute to air pollution? Empirical evidence and effects on health

AbstractThis paper investigates the effect of environmental crimes on ambient air pollution in Italy, using annual provincial data over the period 2010–2016. While the impact of ambient air pollution on health has been the focus of a significant amount of literature, a nascent body of works is focusing on the impact of illegal behavior on environmental quality. Our work is ideally divided in two steps: firstly, we identify and assess empirically the potential correlation between environmental crimes and four different kinds of ambient air pollution. Secondly, we identify the health impacts that may be triggered by environmentally harmful illegal activities, through their impact on ambient air pollution, by linking them to existing contributions. Our findings suggest that the existence of such an “indirect” link may indeed be confirmed. We find that higher levels of PM2.5, PM10, and O3 concentration are associated with higher levels of environmental crimes related to forest fires and landscape violations (except for PM10 in the latter case), while NO2 concentration is not significantly associated with any environmental crime. On the other hand, we also find non-linearities in the estimated correlations. We conclude our analysis by providing a straightforward quantification of health-related impacts of ambient air pollution changes potentially triggered by criminal environmental behaviors. We hope that our findings could contribute to a more accurate evaluation of environmental crime impacts and, subsequently, inform future criminal environmental enforcement and environmental policies.

Partisan Impacts and Determinants for Internationalization of Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Products

<i>Background</i>: The pharmaceutical and related commodities manufacturing industry in Ethiopia is long-lived because the country is well-endowed with basic raw materials and local ownership and to some extent with machinery and technological know-how. The pharmaceutical industry, both globally and in Africa, encounters challenges in internationalizing products. In Ethiopia, challenges like regulatory complexities and limited government support hinder international market access for pharmaceutical products. This aim is to explore the barriers and understand why Ethiopian pharmaceuticals struggle to enter global markets. <i>Method</i>: The study adopted a mixed research approach, integrating qualitative and quantitative methods. It focuses on 15 pharmaceutical industries in Ethiopia, particularly those in Addis Ababa and the Oromia Special Zone, using probability and none probability sampling technique. The total study participants involved in the quantitative and qualitative studies were 373 and 15, respectively. Data collection comprises questionnaires, key informant interviews, and observation checklists, supplemented by secondary data from official and theoretical sources. Ethical considerations underscore obtaining verbal consent and ensuring confidentiality. Analysis entails descriptive statistics and qualitative synthesis, with numerical analysis conducted using STATA 14.1 software. <i>Results</i>: Out of the expected 384 study participants, 373 (97.13%) participated in our study, while the entire group of participants proposed in the qualitative study (15) also participated in this study. Key findings include resource constraints, regulatory issues, and biased perceptions against local products, hindering their global recognition. While strong political commitment and effective policy enforcement at the top government level are crucial, inadequate collaboration across government tiers undermines these efforts. Despite existing policies, inadequate implementation and procedural guidance diminish industry interest. There's uncertainty about government support for local pharmaceutical production, with persistent challenges like resource shortages and policy inconsistencies impeding progress. Perceptions vary on the effectiveness of policies promoting local production, and concerns about taxation issues impact the industry. Nevertheless, most respondents’ express confidence in the quality of domestically produced pharmaceuticals. <i>Conclusion</i>: Despite crucial government commitment, weak collaboration across levels impedes progress. Respondents note deficient policy implementation and doubt government support. Persistent issues like resource shortages persist, along with taxation concerns, despite locally produced products being perceived as equal in quality. To advance, better policy implementation, regulatory harmony, financial support, infrastructure enhancement, increased awareness, and improved collaboration are essential.

Assessing the potential ecological and human health risks of trace metal pollution in surface water, sediment, and commercially valuable fish species in the Pashur River, Bangladesh.

This research examines the contamination levels in the Pashur River in Bangladesh stemming from trace metal discharge originating from the Mongla seaport and various industrial outlets. It delves into both ecological risks and potential health hazards for humans consuming fish carrying accumulated trace metals. The research employed atomic absorption spectrometry to measure the concentrations of chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) in surface water, sediment, and fish samples. Target hazard quotient (THQ) and carcinogenic risks were calculated to determine the human health risk caused by the consumption of these targeted fish species. An RI value of 42.89 indicates that the collective presence of trace metals in sediment poses significant ecological risks to the study area. Although the majority of trace metals present in sediment are categorized under class 1 (ranging from unpolluted to moderately polluted) based on the Igeo values, Cd is classified under class 2, signifying a moderate level of pollution. Significantly, THQ values surpass the threshold of 1 for Cr and As, indicating potential health risks associated with the consumption of specific fish species. Among the trace metals analyzed, Ni demonstrates the highest cancer risk (CR) value, at 5.78 × 103, indicating a notable cancer risk associated with the consumption of targeted fish. Recommendations include the strict enforcement of waste disposal policies to mitigate anthropogenic discharge and safeguard the river from further pollution.

Internal University Leading Function in Promoting Knowledge Economy in Tanzania

In response to the evolving demands of the knowledge economy (KE), Tanzanian universities are transforming their internal management practices to enhance effectiveness, competitiveness, and relevance. The study focuses on how universities manage activities that support knowledge creation, dissemination, and innovation. Data from 30 university leaders, gathered through document reviews and interviews, were thematically analysed. Findings reveal that leading include dynamism, empowerment, vision, and transparency motivate researchers to produce impactful academic research work with commercialization potential. However, the heavy reliance on institutional policies pushing rapid publication for promotion results in rushed, low-quality studies. The study emphasizes the need for leadership that goes beyond policy enforcement, fostering research with commercial value by leveraging personal leading qualities and providing adequate resources like grants and training

Does total quality management mediate the relationship between Industry 4.0 and business sustainability in private hospitals?

PurposeThe paper aims to study the influence of Industry 4.0 technologies on the business sustainability of private hospitals by focusing on the mediating role of total quality management practices in private hospitals in the West Bank.Design/methodology/approachData from the top and middle managers of private hospitals in the West Bank regions of Palestine were collected through a questionnaire assessed for validity and reliability. Furthermore, we used the structural equation modelling technique of partial least squares for the data analysis.FindingsThe findings confirm that Industry 4.0 technologies do not affect business sustainability. The findings also emphasise the association between Industry 4.0 technologies and total quality management philosophy, and total quality management completely mediates the relationship between Industry 4.0 and business sustainability.Practical implicationsThis study provides practical implications for achieving the hospital sector's sustainability by merging Industry 4.0 technologies with total quality management practices, which provides valuable insights into the hospital's policies and practices and individuals vital to data exchange and policy enforcement within the sustainability of organisations.Originality/valueThis study is one of the first to investigate the combined effects of Industry 4.0 technologies, total quality management and business sustainability in the healthcare industry following the COVID-19 outbreak. This research is one of few empirical works exploring the interface between Industry 4.0 technologies and total quality management in developing countries, specifically Palestine.

Enhancing Healthcare Information Systems in Ethiopian Hospitals: Exploring Challenges and Prospects of a Cloud-based Model for Smart and Sustainable Information Services

Hospitals are the primary hubs for healthcare service providers in Ethiopia; however, hospitals face significant challenges in adopting digital health information systems solutions due to disparate, non-interoperable systems and limited access. Information technology, especially via cloud computing, is crucial in healthcare for efficient data management, secure storage, real-time access to critical information, seamless provider communication, enhanced collaboration, and scalable IT infrastructure. This study investigated the challenges to standardizing smart and green healthcare information services and proposed a cloud-based model for overcoming them. We conducted a mixed-methods study in 11 public hospitals, employing quantitative and qualitative approaches with diverse stakeholders (N = 103). The data was collected through surveys, interviews, and technical observations by purposive quota sampling with the Raosoft platform and analyzed using IBM SPSS. Findings revealed several shortcomings in existing information systems, including limited storage, scalability, and security; impaired data sharing and collaboration; accessibility issues; no interoperability; ownership ambiguity; unreliable data recovery; environmental concerns; affordability challenges; and inadequate policy enforcement. Notably, hospitals lacked a centralized data management system, cloud-enabled systems for remote access, and modern data recovery strategies. Despite these challenges, 90.3% of respondents expressed interest in adopting cloud-enabled data recovery systems. However, infrastructure limitations, inadequate cloud computing/IT knowledge, lack of top management support, digital illiteracy, limited innovation, and data security concerns were identified as challenges to cloud adoption. The study further identified three existing healthcare information systems: paper-based methods, electronic medical catalog systems, and district health information systems2. Limitations of the paper-based method include error-proneness, significant cost, data fragmentation, and restricted remote access. Growing hospital congestion and carbon footprint highlighted the need for sustainable solutions. Based on these findings, we proposed a cloud-based model tailored to the Ethiopian context. This six-layered model, delivered as a Software-as-a-Service within a community cloud deployment, aims to improve healthcare services through instant access, unified data management, and evidence-based medical practices. The model demonstrates high acceptability and potential for improving healthcare delivery, and implementation recommendations are suggested based on the proposed model.

Do Smart Loading Zones help reduce traffic congestion? A causal analysis in Pittsburgh

Rising demand for ride-hailing services and e-commerce delivery intensifies competition for urban curbside spaces, leading to uncoordinated travel behavior, increased traffic congestion and social costs. One possible solution to address those issues is Smart Loading Zones (SLZs), equipped with advanced technologies to optimize curbside use. Yet, the real-world impact of SLZs on traffic flow is unclear due to a lack of real-world data and rigorous studies investigating SLZ’s causal effect on traffic speed. With granular speed data and real-world implementations of SLZs from Pittsburgh, PA, this study applies the regression discontinuity design method to rigorously examine the causal impact of SLZs on traffic speed in the downtown network. The results showed that the introduction of SLZs could enhance the traffic speed of the nearby road segments by 4.5%, while controlling for the underlying trend of speed and multiple influential factors such as time, weather, and road characteristics. In addition, SLZs with a short length could statistically improve traffic speed but those with a long length exert no significant effect. These heterogenous effects might be attributed to the weak enforcement at the time of SLZ deployment in Pittsburgh. The results confirmed the overall positive impact of SLZs on improving congestion. However, policies such as effective dimension planning and robust enforcement policies are essential to maximize the benefits of SLZs.

Evaluating the Crash Risk and Traffic Offenses of Motorized Two-Wheelers: A Study Specific to Food Delivery Riders

Food delivery riders (FDRs) rely on motorized two-wheelers that are innately unstable, resulting in safety risks. FDRs perform several traffic violations because of delivery time restrictions that result in concern for road safety. In this study, the available Motorcycle Rider Behavior Questionnaire (MRBQ) is modified by considering the opinion of focus groups, to study the riding behavior of FDRs using a sample of 431 participants. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a five-factor solution loaded with 31 items. This research emphasizes that the risky behavior of FDRs is influenced by surrounding traffic and the road environment, in addition to their individual riding behavior. The self-reported crash, near crash, and traffic offenses data of FDRs showed a higher variance when compared with the mean (i.e., over-dispersed). Therefore, the relationship between the target variables—crash in past year, near crash in past year, and penalized traffic offenses in past year—and MRBQ factor scores were established using negative binomial regression analysis. Negative binomial regression analysis shows that the surrounding traffic factor has the highest incidence rate ratio, proving it to be the most significant predictor of crash risk for FDRs in addition to their own aberrant riding behavior. Based on this research, the enforcement of road safety policies can be effective in reducing aberrant riding behavior performed by FDRs such as traffic violation. The risky driving behavior of surrounding traffic can be properly dealt with by imposing hefty penalties and strict enforcement measures, and by spreading awareness.