Policy Decisions Research Articles

A Literature Analysis of Coastal Zone Carbon Cycle Research Based on Knowledge Graphs

This paper conducts a comprehensive literature analysis of coastal zone carbon cycle research utilizing CiteSpace software to visualize the intellectual structure and evolution of the field from 1999 to 2025. The study categorizes various coastal ecosystems into 12 groups, examining 12,460 documents sourced from the Web of Science databases. The analysis reveals publication dynamics, identifies key publication types, and maps the research topics and cooperation network of participating countries, with a particular focus on the United States and China as leading contributors. The paper also highlights influential authors and thematic clusters within the literature, such as dissolved organic matter, blue carbon, and ocean acidification. The analysis provides a systematic overview of the coastal carbon cycle research field, informing future research directions and policy decisions related to coastal carbon management and climate change mitigation strategies. The study concludes that while significant advancements have been made, there are still considerable gaps and challenges that need to be addressed, emphasizing the potential of coastal ecosystems in mitigating climate change and promoting sustainable development.

Apertura Comercial Y Crecimiento Económico: Una Aproximación Empírica

Economic growth has beneficial effects on the general well-being of a society. Identifying and analysing its determining factors becomes essential to improve economic policy decisions. Among these factors, the effects of trade openness are widely debated in the literature. Although there are many works that study the relationship between trade openness and economic growth, the results are heterogeneous and differ depending on the level of development of the economies, the openness variable considered, among other conditions. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the existence of a relationship between trade openness and economic growth in a large group of developed and developing countries, considering different openness measures, and thus outline recommendations for economic policies that promote growth. The central hypothesis is that trade openness has a different effect on the economic growth rate depending on the degree of development of the economies and the openness variable analysed. To meet the objective, parametric estimates were used for the period 1960-2019, and alternative measures of openness were constructed to the conventional indicator defined as the sum of exports and imports in relation to the gross domestic product (GDP). The results obtained in this work differ depending on the level of development of the countries analysed and the openness measures used.

Student (dis)satisfaction in UK higher education: teaching-only contracts, esteem uncertainty and research intensity

ABSTRACT This study investigates the impact of teaching-only contracts on student satisfaction in UK Higher Education, with a focus on esteem uncertainty through the lens of asset specificity. Utilising an institutional-level student dissatisfaction index, we analyse the combined effects of teaching-only contracts, faculty compensation and research intensity. The findings suggest that while teaching-only contracts can enhance student satisfaction by encouraging pedagogical innovation, their positive impacts are at risk of being diminished by issues of esteem uncertainty, especially due to limited opportunities for career advancement and institutional focus on research. Our study provides valuable insights for Higher Education policymakers, underlining the importance of addressing the esteem-related challenges academic staff face. By incorporating these factors into policy decisions, it’s possible to bolster educational quality and improve student experiences, ensuring that the advantages of teaching specialisation are not undermined by wider institutional practices.

ESG Factors, Returns and Volatility: A Tale From Brazilian Market Data

Objective: This study aims to investigate the relationship between Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors and financial market performance in Brazil. The objective is to understand the impact of ESG scores on firms’ returns and risk profiles, thereby informing investment strategies and policy decisions. Theoretical Framework: The research is grounded in theories of sustainable finance and risk management, with emphasis on how ESG integration can influence financial outcomes. Notable frameworks include Cochrane’s “factor zoo” and the role of investor attention and analyst coverage in mitigating crash risk. Method: Data for the study was obtained from the Refinitiv Eikon database, covering firm-level ESG characteristics and market data, such as returns and volatility. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression was used to analyze cross-sectional data, exploring the relationship between ESG scores and financial performance metrics across various sectors. Results and Discussion: The results show no significant relationship between returns and ESG scores. However, a negative and statistically significant relationship was found between ESG scores and volatility, suggesting that firms with higher ESG ratings tend to exhibit lower risk. ESG Controversies Score (ECSC) displayed negative correlations with other ESG metrics, indicating that companies involved in controversies tend to have lower overall ESG scores. Research Implications: These findings suggest that while ESG scores may not directly influence returns, they play a role in risk management, highlighting the importance of ESG factors for investors seeking lower-risk profiles. Originality/Value: This research contributes to the understanding of ESG’s role in the Brazilian market, offering empirical evidence on how ESG integration can shape financial performance and risk, providing a nuanced view of ESG’s impact on investment decisions.

The Spillover Effect of US Monetary Policy: A Literature Review

In an era of globalization, the interconnectedness of financial markets means that monetary policy decisions in one country, particularly the United States, can have significant global repercussions. This interconnectedness necessitates a deeper understanding of how US monetary policy influences economic conditions worldwide. This paper reviews the impact of US monetary policy through various channels on advanced and emerging countries differently. The research finds that US monetary policy involves an element of uncertainty. In advanced countries, this uncertainty primarily influences the term premium component of yields, whereas in emerging countries, it affects the expected component of yields. Furthermore, the impact of US monetary policy shocks varies with the business cycle, having a larger effect when growth is weak outside the US. Different channels of spillover include interest rate differentials, exchange rate movements, capital flows, financial market reactions, and changes in risk perception and sentiment. For advanced countries, significant impacts are seen in interest rate spillovers, exchange rate dynamics, financial market volatility, and global trade and economic growth. In emerging countries, the effects are pronounced in exchange rate channels, capital flows, financial stability, term premium, risk perception, and local monetary conditions. Solutions include strengthening financial regulation, diversifying economic structures, building foreign exchange reserves, managing capital flows, improving monetary policy frameworks, fostering regional cooperation, promoting long-term investment, and enhancing data transparency.

Detecting and Attributing Change in Climate and Complex Systems: Foundations, Green’s Functions, and Nonlinear Fingerprints

Detection and attribution (DA) studies are cornerstones of climate science, providing crucial evidence for policy decisions. Their goal is to link observed climate change patterns to anthropogenic and natural drivers via the optimal fingerprinting method (OFM). We show that response theory for nonequilibrium systems offers the physical and dynamical basis for OFM, including the concept of causality used for attribution. Our framework clarifies the method’s assumptions, advantages, and potential weaknesses. We use our theory to perform DA for prototypical climate change experiments performed on an energy balance model and on a low-resolution coupled climate model. We also explain the underpinnings of degenerate fingerprinting, which offers early warning indicators for tipping points. Finally, we extend the OFM to the nonlinear response regime. Our analysis shows that OFM has broad applicability across diverse stochastic systems influenced by time-dependent forcings, with potential relevance to ecosystems, quantitative social sciences, and finance, among others. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Trends and variation in issuance of high-cost narcolepsy drugs by NHS England organisations and regions from 2019 to 2022.

Clinicians and people with narcolepsy report varied access to higher-cost narcolepsy treatments in England associated with variations in national and local commissioning. There are no publicly available data quantifying use of these drugs to support policy decisions. We therefore aimed to describe national, regional and local prescribing trends for higher-cost narcolepsy drugs using new national databases. We used the English prescribing dataset and secondary care medicines data to quantify volumes of high-cost narcolepsy drugs issued between 01 January 2019 and 31 December 2022. Volumes were converted to World Health Organisation defined daily doses, to estimate the monthly number of defined daily doses of sodium oxybate, pitolisant and solriamfetol issued by each integrated care board and region. We compared national, integrated care board, and regional level issuance of each drug over time. Analysis of almost 6000 primary care prescriptions and 2000 cumulative months of secondary care pharmacy stock data, issued across 41/42 integrated care boards in England, revealed a 49.1% increase in issuance of high-cost narcolepsy drugs between 2019 and 2022. In 2022, sodium oxybate accounted for 52.66% of issuance, pitolisant 43.09% and solriamfetol 4.25%, with 22.31% of defined daily doses issued in primary care. Three integrated care boards (NHS Southeast London, NHS Cumbria and North-East, NHS Cheshire and Merseyside) predominate, issuing 56.33% of all defined daily doses. Variations between integrated care boards and regions differ substantially by drug and route of issuance. Our findings describe substantial variation in the use of specialist narcolepsy drugs in England, and highlight the untapped potential of using large, public domain datasets to publicly review higher-cost drug prescribing.

Pest Management Pathways: Control Strategies for the Olive Fruit Fly (Bactrocera oleae)—A Systematic Map

A systematic map is a structured method for reviewing and categorizing research evidence on a scientific topic, offering a broad overview without requiring quantitative synthesis. Unlike systematic reviews, which focus on answering specific research questions, systematic maps help identify trends, gaps, and patterns in literature. This approach has gained increasing recognition in entomology, particularly for providing unbiased insights in fields such as medical entomology and insect biodiversity conservation. By mapping existing studies, systematic maps aid in guiding policy decisions and research priorities. This study presents a systematic map of research on olive fruit fly [(Bactrocera oleae) (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae)] control methods, a key pest in olive cultivation. By reviewing literature from the past sixteen years, we aim to provide a comprehensive analysis of the various strategies tested for managing B. oleae. The main objectives are to categorize the types of studies, assess their scope, and identify trends or gaps in pest control research. The results offer a clearer understanding of the current state of knowledge and suggest directions for future research. This systematic map will serve as a valuable resource for entomologists and policymakers working on sustainable pest management strategies.

More Than Knowledge: Consumer Financial Capability and Saving Behavior

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the association between financial capability, defined broadly through different constituents, and households' savings behavior. Using a survey conducted to a sample of 1501 consumers, the results, correcting for endogeneity, indicate that in order to explain savings behavior: (i) knowledge about investment products (funds, stocks, bonds, etc.) is more important than knowledge about concepts of an economic‐financial nature (simple and compound interest rate, inflation, and diversification); (2) self‐confidence in financial knowledge is more relevant than actual financial knowledge; (3) budgeting skills are strongly relevant; and (4) some of the elements proposed by the Theory of Planned Behavior, in particular control or self‐efficacy, are valid predictors of savings behavior. In sum, a broad conception of financial capability, beyond financial knowledge, is needed to understand savings behavior. Our study has implications for policy decision makers, consumers, and educational and financial institutions and sheds light on future lines of research.

Comparative analysis of groundwater vulnerability in the Oued Agrioun watershed, northeast Algeria: DRASTIC, GOD, and SINTACS approaches with ROC AUC validation

This study focuses on the Oued Agrioun watershed, a semi-arid region in northeastern Algeria, with the aim of mapping the vulnerability to pollution in order to improve groundwater management. To achieve this, a comprehensive database was compiled from a variety of sources, including geological, hydrogeological, geomorphological, and climatic data, as well as satellite imagery. Three different methods are applied using Geographic Information Systems (GIS): DRASTIC, SINTACS, and GOD. The GOD and SINTACS methods resulted in four main classes of vulnerability: low, medium, high, and very high. In contrast, the DRASTIC model identified three classes: low (2.04%), medium (45.04%) and high (52.93%). ROC curve validation using nitrate concentrations indicates that the SINTACS and GOD methods provide better predictive accuracy than DRASTIC, suggesting that a combination of these approaches provides a more robust assessment of the vulnerability of subterranean waters. This study provides valuable data to guide future policy decisions aimed at protecting groundwater resources in the Oued Agrioun watershed.This study focuses on the Oued Agrioun watershed, a semi-arid region in northeastern Algeria, with the aim of mapping vulnerability to pollution in order to improve groundwater management. To achieve this, a comprehensive database was compiled from a variety of sources, including geological, hydrogeological, geomorphological, and climatic data, as well as satellite imagery. Three different methods are applied using Geographic Information Systems (GIS): DRASTIC, SINTACS, and GOD. The GOD and SINTACS methods resulted in four main classes of vulnerability: low, medium, high, and very high. In contrast, the DRASTIC model identified three classes: low (2.04%), medium (45.04%), and high (52.93%). Validation by ROC curve using nitrate concentrations indicates that the SINTACS and GOD methods provide better predictive accuracy than DRASTIC, suggesting that a combination of these approaches provides a more robust assessment of the vulnerability of groundwater resources. This study provides valuable data to guide future policy decisions aimed at protecting groundwater resources in the Oued Agrioun watershed.

Walking a mile in their shoes —How local politicians reason about trade-off decisions

ABSTRACT In times of increased financial constraints and ageing population, politicians must make difficult trade-off decisions that challenge their legitimacy in the eyes of the public. This is not least the case at local level where policy issues tend to be more immediate and comprehensible to individuals than policy decisions at the national level. Analysing originally collected responses from over 800 Swedish local politicians through free-text questions, we examine the perspectives of those responsible for making difficult trade-off decisions, as well as their strategies for generating public acceptance. Our findings show that politicians are prepared to make difficult trade-offs, but also that they expect the public to do their part by engaging in constructive dialogue and accepting reasonable justifications. The study thereby provides a practice-based understanding of the considerations of local politicians that can inform contemporary debates on democratic representation and the role of citizens in political decision-making.

The SROI puzzle: exploring barriers and strategies for effective social value measurement

Purpose The study aims to explore the complexities and challenges of measuring social impact, with a particular emphasis on the practical application of the social return on investment (SROI) methodology. By investigating social enterprises in Georgia, the study seeks to understand how social value is quantified and the implications of such measurements for policy and practice. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a mixed-methods approach, centered on the SROI methodology, to measure the social impact of 11 social enterprises in the Republic of Georgia. It incorporates qualitative interviews and quantitative financial analysis, engaging stakeholders from enterprises, beneficiaries and local authorities. The methodology adapts SROI to the Georgian context, addressing challenges such as data scarcity and cultural sensitivity. Findings Findings reveal significant challenges in social impact measurement, including the complexity of quantifying diverse impacts, lack of standardized methodologies and resource constraints. The application of SROI in Georgia demonstrates its flexibility and the critical role of stakeholder engagement, yet underscores the need for context-specific adaptations and rigorous data collection. Research limitations/implications The study is limited by its geographic focus on Georgia, which may affect the generalizability of findings. In addition, the reliance on stakeholder-reported data introduces potential biases. These limitations highlight the necessity for broader, cross-cultural studies and methodological advancements in social impact measurement. Practical implications The study offers practical insights for organizations implementing SROI, emphasizing the importance of stakeholder engagement, cultural sensitivity and adapting methodologies to local contexts. It suggests strategies for overcoming data limitations and enhancing the credibility of social impact assessments. Social implications The research underscores the transformative potential of social enterprises in addressing societal challenges. By quantifying social impact, organizations can better articulate their contributions to societal well-being, informing policy decisions and fostering a culture that values social over mere economic returns. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature on social impact measurement by detailing the application of SROI in a novel context – Georgia. It addresses a significant gap in understanding how social impact can be measured in transitional economies and offers valuable insights into the methodological and practical challenges involved.

HIV Infection Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: Philosophical Perspectives of Sociostructural Risk Factors

Background and Objective Sociostructural risk factors influence human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection outcomes among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) aged 15–24 in Sub-Saharan Africa. The philosophical perspectives on sociostructural risk factors can be helpful in reducing new HIV infections in this age group. This review aims to describe these perspectives to guide the development and implementation of targeted interventions at preventing new HIV infection among AGYW, while addressing age-gender inequalities in HIV infection risk reduction. Methods This literature review examined philosophical perspectives on sociostructural risk factors of HIV infection from June 1981 when improvements in HIV knowledge regarding clinical course and epidemiology began to November 2023. We utilized literature from peer-reviewed papers and books on HIV risk factors and infection outcomes among AGYW, gathered from search engines like PubMed, Google Scholar, and Medline. Results The philosophy of sexuality is linked to sociostructural tenets like seduction, early marriage, adultery, and prostitution. Ubuntu’s philosophy is influenced by Western culture, such as pornography and adolescent marriages. Realism is linked to sexual violence, HIV stigma, and unfavorable health policy decisions. The philosophy of health integrates natural and holistic phenomena to address HIV infection. Conclusion and Implications for Translation The literature reviews suggest that addressing philosophical issues like seduction, early marriages, adultery, prostitution, pornography exposure, sexual violence, and unfavorable policies are crucial for reducing new HIV infection among AGYW and recommend the Ministries of Health to review and adopt these considerations in their respective national HIV prevention guidelines.

Inequality and Informal Economy: The Moderating Role of Financial Technology

Abstract Increasing income distribution gaps have become a global socio-economic problem accentuating economic and social exclusion with a potential of generating declining social cohesion and political stability. This study examines the relationship between the informal economy and income inequality, alongside the moderating effect of financial technology (fintech). The persistent prevalence of informal economies in emerging markets and developing economies (EMDE) is often associated with elevated income inequalities. Utilizing data from 2012 to 2022 across 18 African countries, this study employs the two-step system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) to address potential endogeneity biases and to robustly estimate the relationship between the size of the informal economy and income distribution. The results indicate that a larger informal economy correlates with reduced income inequalities, acting as a buffer for marginalized communities by providing economic opportunities. Conversely, fintech initially indicates an increase in income disparities due to skill and access discrepancies. However, when functioning as a moderating factor between informal economies and income inequality, fintech demonstrates a potential to reduce the inequality gap. This study suggests that policy interventions geared towards economic formalisation need to account for the dual role of financial technologies. Further research is required to explore other socio-economic factors, including political dynamics and labour market policies, which influence income inequalities. Prominent policy decision confronting African governments is the role of the informal economy. The findings of the study advocate for a nuanced approach to addressing structural reforms within informal sectors and carefully utilise fintech as a tool for promoting equitable income distribution

Development of a novel methodology for ascertaining scientific opinion and extent of agreement.

We take up the challenge of developing an international network with capacity to survey the world's scientists on an ongoing basis, providing rich datasets regarding the opinions of scientists and scientific sub-communities, both at a time and also over time. The novel methodology employed sees local coordinators, at each institution in the network, sending survey invitation emails internally to scientists at their home institution. The emails link to a '10 second survey', where the participant is presented with a single statement to consider, and a standard five-point Likert scale. In June 2023, a group of 30 philosophers and social scientists invited 20,085 scientists across 30 institutions in 12 countries to participate, gathering 6,807 responses to the statement Science has put it beyond reasonable doubt that COVID-19 is caused by a virus. The study demonstrates that it is possible to establish a global network to quickly ascertain scientific opinion on a large international scale, with high response rate, low opt-out rate, and in a way that allows for significant (perhaps indefinite) repeatability. Measuring scientific opinion in this new way would be a valuable complement to currently available approaches, potentially informing policy decisions and public understanding across diverse fields.

Do economic uncertainty and political risk steer CDS dynamics? An analysis of the Türkiye CDS

Purpose This study aims to identify critical determinants of sovereign credit risk by examining the influence of oil prices, gold prices, geopolitical risk, market volatility, exchange rates, inflation and non-performing loans on Türkiye’s credit default swap (CDS) spreads. This analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of how economic uncertainty and political risk impact Türkiye’s financial stability, as reflected in its CDS market. This study investigates the importance of ex ante proxies in explaining changes in CDS spread by financial and economic indicators in Türkiye. Design/methodology/approach This research explores the connections between critical financial and economic indicators and the credit risk of Türkiye between 2009 and 2022 by using advanced econometric techniques such as ARDL bound tests, fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS), dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS), Johansen co-integration tests and VECM Granger causality analyses. Findings ARDL bound test results reveal significant negative impacts of BIST and non-performing loans on CDS, and positive associations with inflation, VIX and geopolitical risk on CDSs. The short-term results show that BIST, INFL, NPL, USD, VIX and GPRT have negative coefficients. Johansen co-integration, FMOLS and DOLS results reinforce the ARDL findings. Moreover, BIST is a significant Granger cause of CDS. Originality/value This study is significant, as it jointly considers economic and political risk factors, thereby integrating multiple econometric models to provide more robust, meaningful and comparable results. By examining these factors together, the analysis offers a more comprehensive understanding of risk dynamics, yielding insights relevant to Türkiye. Although the findings are specific to Türkiye, they have broader implications, enriching the understanding of emerging economies. Türkiye’s status as a key representative of emerging markets strengthens the study’s value, as the results can serve as a reference point for other countries with similar economic structures. The importance of this study is also underscored by its potential to inform risk management strategies, guide policy decisions and offer insights to investors and financial analysts. By elucidating the intricate relationships among a broad spectrum of macroeconomic variables, this research contributes to a more comprehensive risk assessment framework. It equips stakeholders with a more informed perspective on the factors influencing credit risk in Türkiye’s economic landscape.

Safety net of last resort: the evolution, determinants and adequacy of Dutch minimum income support

Dutch minimum income support provides a generous social safety net compared to most other European Union (EU) member states but has not been able to structurally reduce poverty. This inadequacy did not come about overnight but is the result of six decades of policy decisions. In this article, we aim to explain the current income shortfalls of people on minimum income support by studying the historical evolution and determinants of the Dutch minimum income scheme. We demonstrate that it has on average maintained a constant level of purchasing power over the period 1980–2023. This fits well with the notion that poverty is of an absolute nature, and that a social minimum should guarantee a stable level of purchasing power. It fits less well with relative or contextual approaches to poverty, and the view that a social minimum should adapt to changing norms when a society grows richer. To uncover the reasons for the growing gap between general prosperity and the minimum income benefit, we decompose it into smaller gaps by illustrating the evolution of prosperity, labour productivity, gross wages, collectively agreed wages, the minimum wage and the minimum income benefit. We show that each of these gaps matters and argue that this provides valuable insights into the structural, institutional and political forces that have shaped Dutch minimum income support since its introduction in 1965. Based on these results, we argue against the current ad hoc measures of the government and in favour of a more structural approach to supporting low-income households.

Info-gap robustness analysis of linear regression: an epidemiological example

Policy formulation and planning in many disciplines depends on mathematical modelling of empirical data. Linear regressions are common. However, data may vary substantially from one situation to another. This paper does not focus on statistical fluctuation. Rather, data at one time (e.g. prior to the 2019 Covid outbreak) may differ in important ways from data at a later time (e.g. post-Covid). Likewise, data from one location may differ substantively from data elsewhere with a different population, culture, milieu, etc. This challenge introduces data-uncertainty for which probabilistic models are unavailable or require assumptions that may be unjustified. This paper uses non-probabilistic info-gap models of uncertainty to represent data-uncertainty, and the info-gap concept of robustness to uncertainty as the basis for choosing between alternative realizations of a linear regression of empirical data. We demonstrate three properties of info-gap robustness functions when predicting an outcome variable of interest: zeroing, trade off and preference reversal. We also demonstrate the potential utility of excluding selected dependent variables. This analysis supports the use of linear regressions for policy analysis, planning, and decision making. We illustrate the analysis with an epidemiological example.

Urban orientalism and informal urbanization in Jinan, Shandong, China

This study examines urban orientalism in Jinan, Shandong, China, focusing on its intersection with informal urban spaces. Urban orientalism, a concept rooted in Edward Said’s seminal work, describes the tendency of Western observers to romanticize and portray non-Western cities as exotic. Jinan, undergoing rapid expansion, reflects a complex relationship between urban orientalism and informal settlements, influencing both the city’s physical landscape and social dynamics. The research explores how perceptions of Jinan’s “Oriental” identity shape policies, urban development strategies, and the lived experiences of its residents. Through a multidisciplinary approach integrating urban studies, cultural geography, and anthropology, this study analyzes the spatial distribution of informal settlements, their evolution over time, and the socioeconomic factors contributing to their persistence. In addition, it considers how local and global urban imaginaries shape views on informality and inform policy decisions impacting urban development. Drawing on empirical data from fieldwork, interviews, and archival research, this study aims to deepen understanding of urban orientalism as a multifaceted phenomenon with tangible implications for urban governance and spatial equity. Addressing these biases through more inclusive urban planning strategies is crucial for fostering equity and acknowledging diverse urban experiences.

What Gets Measured Gets Managed-Circular Economy Indicators for the Valorization of By-Products in the Olive Oil Supply Chain: A Systematic Review

The olive oil supply chain generates a substantial number of by-products, presenting significant environmental, economic, and social challenges. However, these by-products, such as pomace, wastewater, and biomass, also offer valuable opportunities for implementing a circular economy (CE) model that enhances sustainability. Despite increasing attention to the valorization of these by-products, understanding of the indicators used to measure circularity in this context remains limited. This systematic review examined the existing literature on circular economy indicators employed to assess the use of by-products in the olive oil supply chain. The aim was to provide a comprehensive overview of the most suitable indicators in this sector, while identifying best practices for quantifying and monitoring progress towards a more circular system. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and bibliometric analysis was conducted using CiteSpace 6.4 R1 software. The results highlighted a key indicator, the Material Circularity Indicator (MCI). Additionally, methodologies such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and water footprint (WF) were evaluated, while challenges were identified, including the need for standardized metrics and improved data collection across the supply chain. This review provides valuable insights for both future research and policy decisions aimed at promoting sustainability and circularity in the olive oil industry.