Police Research Articles

Do Community Views of Local Police Agencies Change During “Crises of Legitimacy”? Results of a Multi-wave Random Sample Community Survey in a Large Suburban Jurisdiction

AbstractGeorge Floyd’s murder by a Minneapolis Police Department officer on May 25, 2020, was arguably one of the most impactful events in modern policing in the United States. However, several controversial and highly publicized use-of-force events preceded it during the 2010s, leading to this entire period being labeled a “crisis of legitimacy” or “reckoning” for the police. Nationally, perceptions of the police declined during this period, especially after Floyd’s death, prompting a great deal of debate, protest, and discussion about police reform (including arguments about defunding the police). However, a great deal of variation exists in these perceptions at the local level. This study presents a rare insight into this issue, pooling two random-sample household mail surveys that researchers collected in 2015 and 2021 in a large urban-suburban county. It seeks to determine whether changes in specific measures of perceived police legitimacy and effectiveness found in national-level polls were also found in this jurisdiction, and more specifically, across different racial groups. Although this racially and ethnically diverse county is also a progressive Democratic stronghold, the results suggest that local views about police—even when disaggregated by race—may not align with national perspectives or events as expected, which, in turn, may impact support for police reforms at the local and national levels.

Annihilation of the Jewish community of Kretinga in summer and autumn 1941

The article examines the annihilation of the Jewish community of Kretinga in summer and autumn 1941. The paper distinguishes two stages of the annihilation. The first stage was isolation of the Jews in the second half of June 1941, when around 340 Jewish men (between 14 and 60 years of age) were arrested in Kretinga Market Square on 24 June and about 540 Jewish women, children and elderly men were arrested between 26 and 27 June. The men were locked up in the synagogue, in the prison or in the police station, which, in addition to their main function, served as temporary concentration camps. Jewish women, children and elderly men (about 560 people) were forced into the small ghetto, which did not have self-government. Some data suggest that the ghetto was in Pryšmančiai Manor; other data suggest that it was in Kluonalių (Taikos) Street in Kretinga, in a former barn. Around 100 women inmates of the small ghetto were taken to the camp in Valteriškiai Village (Palanga rural area).The second stage of annihilation of the Jews was the actual extermination operations. Around 330 Jewish men were shot at the end of June 1941 in Kvecių Forest. It is likely that in August and September 1941, around 230 Jewish women, children and elderly men could have been shot and buried here also. So a total of around 560 Jews could have been buried in Kvecių Forest. Around 230 Jewish women, children and elderly men were shot or otherwise killed in Kretinga Jewish Cemetery. Seven Jewish men who were shot by the pond near the monastery in Kretinga were also buried here. So a total of around 237 members of the Jewish community of Kretinga rural area are buried here. On 12 October 1941, around 100 women of the Jewish community of Kretinga were shot in Kunigiškių Forest (Palanga rural area) together with other inmates of the camp located near Valteriškės Village, i.e. members of Palanga Jewish community. Kvecių Forest and Kretinga Jewish Cemetery are the final resting places not only of the Jews, but also of people of other nationalities suspected of being loyal to the Soviet regime. In total 43 non-Jewish people are buried in Kvecių Forest and 21 – in Kretinga Jewish Cemetery.The annihilation of the Jewish community of Kretinga in summer and autumn 1941 was a result of the collaboration between the German occupation authorities (German military commandant, civil administration, military police, and the Tilsit operational squad) and the Lithuanian authorities (municipal, public, security and criminal police and auxiliary police). Members of the Tilsit operational squad and officers of the security and criminal police of Kretinga District (Telšiai Region) take greatest responsibility for the annihilation of the Jewish community of Kretinga. These two institutions organised massacres of Jews and other people. Other institutions played a supporting role. The difference between Kretinga County and the other counties of Lithuania (e.g. Vilnius, Kaunas, Kėdainiai) is that the Lithuanian self-defence battalions were not engaged in the killing operations of Jews and other people and there were no large ghettos here like there were in Kaunas, Vilnius or Šiauliai.About 731 local residents indirectly contributed to the persecution and killing of Jews and other people in summer and autumn 1941 in Kretinga rural area and county; these were civil servants who worked at Lithuanian municipal institutions (32 persons), public police (93), security and criminal police (6), and auxiliary police (about 600 people). About 86 persons in the town and rural area of Kretinga contributed to the annihilation of Jews, specifically 4 municipal, 6 security and criminal police, 26 public police officers and around 50 members of the auxiliary police. It has been established that 242 out of 731 people carried out acts related to their indirect participation in the persecution and extermination of Jews and other people. It was also found that 242 people across Kretinga County took direct part in the extermination operations of Jews and other people, i.e. they participated in shooting and otherwise killing about 79 people, of which 11 were in the town and rural area of Kretinga.

Who is fatigued? A repeated cross-sectional survey of officer attitudes towards people who use opioids, naloxone, and their role in responding to opioid overdoses

Many police departments have equipped their officers with naloxone as a promising response to the opioid crisis. Though research suggests police can effectively administer naloxone, recent studies suggest that officers may develop negative attitudes over time as they continually respond to overdoses. This has been described as a “compassion fatigue” effect. We investigate the compassion fatigue hypothesis with a repeated cross-sectional survey of officers in the Tempe, Arizona Police Department. We focus on three outcomes (1) perceptions of officers' role in responding to overdoses, (2) perceptions of naloxone related risk-compensation beliefs, and (3) stigmatizing perceptions of people who use opioids (PWUOs). We run one-way fixed effects regression models to assess if officer attitudes have changed over the study period. Then we run multivariate regression models to test whether officers' opioid overdose response frequency is associated with any of the three outcomes. The findings suggest officers have become more supportive of responding to overdoses but have developed more stigmatizing views of PWUOs over time. This warrants further research attention. However, opioid overdose response frequency was not associated with any of the outcomes. We conclude with a discussion of these findings and their implications for police involvement in the opioid overdose crisis.

An exploration of the service and crime prevention performance of the municipal police departments of Taiwan’s counties: the perspective of broken windows theory

PurposeThis study aims to evaluate the service and crime prevention performance of law enforcement agencies in Taiwan’s municipalities. By analyzing these performances, the study seeks to improve the efficiency of police services through appropriate resource allocation, ultimately achieving enhanced crime prevention.Design/methodology/approachThe study utilized a two-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) to construct performance metrics. In the first stage, the service performance of the police force was measured using the number of police officers and police stations as inputs and the number of patrols and temporary patrol boxes as outputs. In the second stage, crime prevention performance was assessed with the number of patrols and temporary patrol boxes as inputs and cases of violence, injury, intimidation and theft as outputs. Additionally, a truncated regression model was employed to analyze the impact of environmental variables such as per capita income, population density, proportion of the population with higher education and the unemployment rate on crime prevention performance.FindingsThe study found significant variations in both service and crime prevention performance across different municipalities. By identifying the most efficient and inefficient units, the analysis revealed critical insights into resource utilization and areas needing improvement. The regression analysis indicated that environmental factors such as higher per capita income, population density, education level and unemployment rate significantly affect crime prevention performance.Originality/valueThis research provides a novel approach to assessing police service efficiency and crime prevention effectiveness using a two-stage DEA model. By incorporating environmental variables through truncated regression, the study offers a comprehensive evaluation framework that can inform policy decisions and resource allocation strategies. This methodology not only highlights the performance metrics of law enforcement agencies but also underscores the influence of socioeconomic factors on crime prevention, contributing to the broader literature on public safety and resource management.

Police Officers’ Perspectives of Harm Reduction Programs in West Virginia

Background As the United States’ drug epidemic continues and resources dwindle, some police agencies are searching for alternatives to combat drug use in their communities. Some police agencies are interacting with harm reduction programs (HRPs) more frequently. Few studies have documented polices’ perspectives of these programs in rural areas. The purpose of this study was to garner police officers’ perspectives of HRPs and how these programs may influence their work in a rural state. Methods Semistructured interviews were conducted with police officers from January to February 2023. Participants had to be ≥18 years of age and be currently employed as an officer within the state of West Virginia. Participants were recruited across the state using non-probability sampling techniques. The interviews were conducted using a standardized script, audio recorded, and transcribed. Two researchers partook in a thematic analysis with inductive coding to determine themes using NVIVO v11 software. Results Participants ( N = 11) were mainly ≥45 years of age (55%) with ≥25 years of enforcement experience (55%). Five themes transpired: (1) nature of police work, (2) perceived benefits of HRPs, (3) perceived detriments of HRPs, (4) need for education, and (5) programmatic effectiveness and accessibility. Many officers felt HRPs could serve as an alternative to arrest for people who use drugs (PWUD) and decrease their drug use, crime, and infectious disease (i.e., improve safety) overtime. Conversely, officers felt HRPs could be detrimental if they were ineffectual as they could draw more PWUD into a community which could increase crime. Officers also discussed how harm reduction principles often conflict with their training. Conclusions From law enforcements’ perspective, HRPs can positively and negatively impact their work. Officers want more education and data on HRP effectiveness and accessibility. These findings may inform future HRP implementation in rural states such as West Virginia.

Law enforcement officer perceptions of the Good Samaritan law and their role in the opioid epidemic in the United States

PurposeGood Samaritan laws were enacted to reduce overdose deaths by lowering the barriers to reporting for victims and witnesses and allowing law enforcement officers to carry and administer Narcan to those suspected of an opioid-related overdose The purpose of this study is to understand how officers perceive the impact of opioid overdose reduction initiatives in the United States and their role in the opioid epidemic.Design/methodology/approachMixed methods were used in two phases to examine perceptions among law enforcement officers in a Massachusetts police department. First, qualitative methods were used to interview nine patrol officers during participant observations in the form of ride-alongs. Second, patrol officers and officers who volunteer with the department opioid outreach program were surveyed.FindingsOfficers generally held mixed feelings about the state’s Good Samaritan law. They saw the importance of saving the lives of those experiencing an overdose and keeping other first responders safe, but also in enforcing laws against possession of illegal drugs that presents a public safety threat, including the accidental exposure to fentanyl. Despite mixed feelings, officers still believed it to be important that they are trained and able to administer Narcan since they are often the first to arrive on scene.Originality/valueThis study adds to the research on officers’ perceptions of their role in the opioid epidemic, their ability to administer Narcan and the impact of Good Samaritan laws on their community.

“We Need to Not Fear You”: Essential Factors Identified by Sworn Officers and Civilian Staff for Implementation and Expansion of a Co-Response Program

AbstractThe Fayetteville, AR, Police Department (FPD) initiated a co-response program in 2021, partnering with social workers to respond to individuals in crisis. Originally started with a University of Arkansas School of Social Work (UA) internship, the Crisis Intervention Response Team (CIRT) has grown over time. The program now includes two full-time co-response teams, two social work interns, and plans for further expansion. UA provides support for the program through continued internships, clinical supervision, and program evaluation. This article reports on one aspect of the UA program evaluation focusing on FPD employees’ perspectives on integrating social workers into their department and how those perspectives have changed over time as the program has expanded. Through semi-structured interviews and survey data collected in 2021 and 2023, this research highlights key factors contributing to the program’s successes and continued challenges. The results provide valuable insights, suggestions, and other factors to consider for similar police departments when making decisions whether to establish or expand co-response initiatives.

The Boundaries of Twenty-first-Century Policing

Three new books by sociologists—The Policing Machine by Tony Cheng, The Minneapolis Reckoning by Michelle Phelps, and The Danger Imperative by Michael Sierra-Arévalo—offer us a view into the state of US policing leading up to and following the racial reckoning of 2020. I read these books together through the lens of boundary work, examining what they tell us about the various projects that seek to maintain, expand, or change police jurisdiction over the production of public safety. Collectively, these books suggest that the police work to preserve and extend their extant role and power. Meanwhile, boundary work through movement mobilization and political systems has aimed to contain policing through law and policy, shrink policing within municipal service systems, and replace policing through community-led models of safety. These projects point us toward important areas of inquiry in efforts to understand whether and how policing can change.

Criminal Law Enforcement Related to the Crime of Child Copulation (Study of Decision Number 429/Pid.Sus/2021/PN Bdg)

Indecency includes all acts related to sexual life that violate morality (propriety), including intercourse outside of marriage. The Criminal Code classifies the crime of indecency as a crime against morality. Currently, there is a rise in the crime of indecency, with children often being the victims. Children are part of the younger generation and a potential human resource; therefore, perpetrators of sexual crimes against children must face appropriate punishment. The position of children as the younger generation who will carry forward the noble ideals of the nation requires that their rights and protection be upheld and respected. This research aims to assess the protection provided to child victims of sexual crimes in the city of Pekanbaru, as well as the forms of protection that have been established and implemented in the jurisdiction of the Pekanbaru Police Department (Polresta Pekanbaru). The research was conducted in Pekanbaru, particularly at Polresta Pekanbaru. In terms of data collection techniques, the author used a normative juridical approach, guided by legislation, legal books or literature, and other materials related to the issues and discussions in this thesis. In this context, the important role of parents and the community or the environment is emphasized to provide attention and supervision, ensuring that acts against children as victims of sexual crimes do not occur. Furthermore, in the implementation of legal protection for child victims of sexual crimes, the involved parties must actively and responsibly carry out their duties to ensure the legal protection of child victims of sexual crimes.

Neo-Institutional Analyses of Criminal Legal Organizations and Policies

Since emerging in the late 1970s and early 1980s, neo-institutional theory has been a popular framework for understanding law, legal institutions, and policies on the books and in action. Neo-institutional theory has been particularly useful for explaining diverse criminal justice phenomena, from changes in penal law and policy statements to on-the-ground practices across police departments, courts, carceral facilities, and community corrections. This review describes how scholars of the criminal legal system have used neo-institutional theory and where there is room for further utilization. Additionally, it discusses how and why neo-institutional theory is particularly useful for sociolegal scholars, and not only those studying criminal legal organizations and policies.

ТИТУЛОВАННЫЕ ОГНЕБОРЦЫ РОССИИ: СОЗДАТЕЛЬ ПЕРВОЙ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ ПОЖАРНОЙ ОХРАНЫ РОССИИ (Князь Кочубей Виктор Павлович)

A brief pedigree and biography of prince Kochubey Viktor Pavlovich is given. His role in the creation and improvement of the structure of the police and professional fire protection of Russia as the first minister of internal affairs of the Russian Empire (1802–1807, 1819–1823) is shown. The activities of prince Kochubey Viktor Pavlovich in other government positions for the benefit of the Fatherland are briefly described.

Creating Solvability With Real-Time Crime Centers (RTCCs): Impacts on Homicide and Shooting Investigations

Amidst recent increases in homicides and shootings in the United States, clearances rates for homicides have declined and nonfatal shooting cases remain notoriously difficult to solve. Considerable research indicates that the outcomes of homicide and shooting investigations are likely influenced by a range of factors, including inherited case characteristics, investigative actions, forensic testing, and agency resources. Recent advancements in technologies available to law enforcement may help fill persistent gaps in solvability, but research remains limited on their effectiveness. RTCCs integrate a variety of technological innovations and software programs to rapidly receive and distribute information to support police operations, and they harness the strong potential to powerfully impact investigative outcomes and offer an additional pathway through which police agencies can increase case clearance. The current study explores the impact of strategic efforts in the Hartford Police Department (HPD) to increase investigative effectiveness through RTCC processes and technologies. Our findings indicate that RTCC activities significantly increase the likelihood that a case is solved, and this effect is primarily due to RTCC analysts’ ability to locate and analyze video associated with the case. When associated video was located, cases were 442% more likely to be solved when controlling for other covariates. The HPD’s RTCC operations, institutionalized technology, and organizational culture also play a crucial role, with a commitment to technology and information-sharing enhancing investigative capabilities. This study emphasizes the effectiveness of real-time crime centers in locating digital evidence, facilitating rapid information dissemination, and fostering agencywide collaboration, ultimately improving investigative outcomes.

Law enforcement bodies in the mechanism of functioning of state power

It is noted that in a modern democratic society, law enforcement agencies play a key role in ensuring legality, law and order, and the safety of citizens. They are an integral part of the mechanism of functioning of state power, acting as a tool for implementing the legal policy of the state and protecting the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens. A special place in the system of law enforcement agencies is occupied by the police, which is on the front line of interaction between the state and citizens in the sphere of law enforcement. The police, as the central element of the law enforcement system, has a wide range of powers and responsibilities, covering crime prevention, crime investigation, public order and security. The article examines the role of law enforcement agencies, particularly the police, in ensuring legality, law and order, and the safety of citizens in a modern democratic society. Special attention is paid to the analysis of legal, organizational and technological aspects of police activity in the context of growing challenges such as cybercrime, international terrorism and organized crime. The functions of the police as a key element of the law enforcement system, its interaction with other state bodies and society are considered. The author emphasizes the importance of reforming the law enforcement system of Ukraine to meet international standards and growing social needs. It is noted that the functioning of the police in a democratic society should balance between ensuring security and protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens. Particular attention was paid to the need to improve the legal and organizational mechanisms of police work, which ensure their accountability to society and compliance with the principles of the rule of law. The article also raises questions regarding the legal definition of law enforcement agencies and their functional role in the modern state, the problems of normative and legal regulation of their activities. The importance of creating an effective system of police control and accountability in the context of democratic transformations taking place in Ukraine is discussed.

The impact of a brief and immersive use-of-force training exercise on citizens’ attitudes toward police

Purpose Citizens’ attitudes toward police (ATP) have declined dramatically in recent years, prompting many agencies to implement police–community relations programs designed to build back the community’s trust. Such programs are often time-intensive, requiring many hours to complete. The current study examined the impact of a brief (approximately 15 minutes) community relations intervention on citizens’ ATP and police use of force (UoF).Design/methodology/approach A sample of 104 citizens completed three UoF training exercises (i.e., the intervention) inside a video simulator at a municipal police department. Immediately before and after the intervention, citizens’ ATP and police UoF were recorded.Findings Despite having relatively favorable impressions of police at baseline, many attitudes grew to be more favorable following the intervention, including perceptions of job difficulty and the belief that police are treated too harshly by the media. While global impressions of the police did not change, citizens came to believe that greater UoF levels were warranted in specific types of encounters, such as when a suspect tries to strike an officer.Originality/value These findings suggest that providing citizens with an opportunity to experience UoF decision-making first-hand can positively impact certain ATP and police work. Law enforcement agencies may find that such brief, immersive interventions are useful tools for improving police–community relations.

Assessing the Feasibility of Integrating the Lethality Assessment Program into the Los Angeles Domestic Abuse Response Team

Abstract Purpose The Lethality Assessment Program (LAP) Maryland Model is an evidence-based intervention designed to prevent intimate partner homicide. It includes the lethality assessment screen, a tool used by field practitioners to assess a victim-survivor’s risk of being killed by their partner, and a referral process linking victim-survivors to community-based domestic violence services. This study aimed to evaluate the LAP's alignment with the needs of Los Angeles and its potential integration into the Los Angeles Domestic Abuse Response Team (DART) Program, which operates in all 21 divisions of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD). Methods Between January and May 2021, we conducted qualitative interviews with 15 law enforcement officers, domestic violence service providers, and other stakeholders involved with DART to gather information for tailoring the LAP intervention for pilot implementation in three LAPD divisions. Results Participants were positive about the LAP and its integration into the DART program but identified several gaps, such as limited staff, resources, and training. Despite these concerns, there was widespread agreement that the LAP aligned with existing DART operations, with an emphasis on the importance of obtaining buy-in from non-DART LAPD personnel. Conclusions Results suggest that it will be feasible to pilot test the LAP in Los Angeles. These efforts should include fact-based education for officers on the rationale and factors behind the screening procedures to improve acceptance and implementation of evidence-based practices.

Taking aim at crime: evaluating evidence in a crime gun intelligence approach

ABSTRACT Identifying effective strategies to combat firearm-related crimes is a growing priority in the United States. The crime gun intelligence (CGI) framework, centered on evidence-based approaches, is a key approach to accomplish this. This article explores the relative contributions of various evidence types to case clearance. We examine gun-related crimes investigated by the Manchester Police Department (MPD) in New Hampshire from 2017 to 2022 to see how the use of NIBIN, e-Trace, firearm recovery, physical evidence, social media, and video evidence impacted the likelihood of arrest. Results suggest that recovering firearms and having video evidence are key elements for increasing the likelihood of an arrest. CGI-related evidence and other evidence types were typically predicted to have no significant effects. NIBIN and physical evidence were associated with negative effects on arrest in some instances. The practical implications of these findings, as well as their limitations and directions for future research, will also be discussed.

A doubly stochastic point process approach for spatio-temporal dynamics of crime data

Crime, in general, is at the base of crucial issues for many societies living in large cities worldwide. Indeed, crime and neighbourhood disorder may negatively impact the health of urban residents. Thus, the crime rate reduction is at the core of many local policies driven by active plans supported by police action and local authorities. Considering crime reports as a spatio-temporal point pattern, we propose spatio-temporal log-Gaussian Cox processes as a modelling framework for crimes in space and time. We model the spatial and temporal variation through generalized parametric additive and linear models, and a Gaussian space-time process approximates the residual variation. The inference is performed via Markov chain Monte Carlo through MALA algorithms. We provide short-term forecasts of future crimes and suggest a surveillance system that operates by reporting predictive probabilities. Our data come from the reported crimes in the locality of Kennedy (Bogota) over several years and several types of crimes. The police department may use our method to help allocate police resources and design crime prevention strategies and policies, such as surveillance, in specific zonal planning units.

Efficacy of oral roxadustat combined with L-carnitine for dialysis-induced anemia in patients with chronic renal failure

Purpose: To investigate the efficacy of oral roxadustat plus L-carnitine for dialysis-induced anemia in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of 46 patients conducted on 100 CRF cases with dialysisinduced anemia treated at Xinjiang Armed Police Crops Hospital from March 2020 to March 2023. The participants were randomly distributed into study (n = 54) and control groups (n = 46). The control group received oral roxadustat (100 mg for patients weighing 45 - 60 kg, and 120 mg for patients ≥ 60 kg, thrice per week), while the study group was administered roxadustat in combination with L-carnitine (2 g injected using the dialysis machine before the end of each session). Anemia indices, and iron metabolism indices in the two groups were assessed before treatment and 3 months after treatment. Adverse effects were compared between groups. Results: The study group showed significantly higher red blood cell count, haemoglobin level as well as haematocrit after treatment compared to control group (p > 0.05). Also, total iron binding capacity, and serum iron and ferritin levels were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Roxadustat combined with L-carnitine significantly reduces anemia and improves iron metabolism without increasing adverse reactions. However, there is a need for additional studies to assess the therapeutic potential of this combined regimen.

Stress and depression among male police officers in Taiwan: Severity, determinants, and coping strategies.

Police work, known for its high stress, exhibits elevated depression rates. This study explores stress and depression in male officers, examining personality traits, coping strategies, family, and social support. Aligned with the diathesis-stress hypothesis and job demands-resources model, it aims to illuminate these factors in policing. Two hundred and sixty-four male police officers from Yunlin, Taiwan were enrolled in this study. Structured measurements of stress level, depression symptoms, personality traits, family functioning, and social support were made. We used multiple regression analysis to assess predictors of stress level and depression and identified coping strategies used by the police officers. Of the 264 male police officers, 36.4% had clinically significant depression. Occupational stress was mostly related to organizational factors. Multivariate regression analyses showed that age, personality traits, officer's rank, and period of education obtained could predict police officers' occupational stress. Personality traits, social support, occupational stress, and period of education obtained could predict depression. The most frequently used coping strategies were drinking and smoking. The results of our study support the diathesis-stress hypothesis and the job demands-resources model. Enhancing male police officers' mental well-being requires addressing key factors like social support and occupational stress. Strategic measures, such as mental health education, destigmatization, counseling, and community-building, are vital. Policymakers should collaborate with mental health professionals for tailored interventions, fostering a healthier work environment.

Modernizing Traffic Management in Telangana: Integrating Technology for Enhanced Road Safety and Efficiency

Abstract: This work therefore aims to explore the trends of traffic management efforts in operation since the formation of Telangana in year 2014. The traffic problems have emerged due to the fast-growing urbanisation, and with the road network of now 32,445 km, Telangana has adopted new measures into addressing the challenges. The paper also considers both conventional and recent trends in policing, including advanced technology like high-definition cameras, challan prepared by computers, and software programmes incorporating artificial intelligence. Secondly, the work shows that the indicators of road safety have improved substantiationly with 2016 as the starting year, and accidents, fatalities, and injuries decreased by 2020.. Such problems as increased working hours, ceaseless training in new technologies, and data protection issues are still there, however, the case of Telangana demonstrates that in a situation of the technological progress, it is still possible to create a coherent and effective system of security and public confidence for developing countries’ regions. In this paper, it is agreed that multiplying of modern technologies with traditional police work has enhanced traffic management and road safety in the state