Thailand's Policy Research Articles

Intention to Use Leucorrheea Self-Test Innovation Kit and Collection Data through Mobile Application in Bangkok

Leukorrhea, or abnormal vaginal discharge (fungi, bacteria, and protozoa), can be indicated bacterial vaginosis or STIs. If not treated, these infections may lead to complications impacted fertility such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Therefore, the goal is to develop a self-test kit for vaginal discharge detecting all three pathogens in one device. This study examines the acceptance of innovative technologies and factors affecting the intention to self-administered leucorrhoea test kits (SALTK) with results presentation and data transmission via mobile phones. Factors influencing such intention included technology acceptance (Technology Acceptance Model: TAM), facilitating conditions, social influence, and perceived privacy risk. The data were collected using an online Google Form questionnaire. A total of 450 valid questionnaires were used for analysis. The descriptive statistics employed in this study included percentage, means, and standard deviation, and the hypothesis was tested using multiple regression analysis. It was found that the factors impacting the intention to use SALTK with a statistical significance level of .05 were facilitating condition, social influence, perceived privacy risk, and three key technology acceptance components, namely perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and attitude toward using, respectively. SALTK modulates the beneficial for public health policies in Thailand and government agencies, the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Disease Control, establishing prevention to reach the international standards.

‘Plastic addicts’: troubling consumer tropes in Thailand’s neoliberal waste environment

ABSTRACT Amidst mounting alarm over plastic waste’s impact on ecosystems and health, Thailand has gained global attention as one of the top six contributors to marine plastic debris. Narratives that Thai people are ‘addicted to plastic’ circulate widely in local and international media. This article unpacks this and related tropes by investigating their historical development and everyday usage. Based on ethnographic research among regulators, activists, plastic industry members, and recyclers in Bangkok, and a media analysis, I demonstrate how co-constructed civic epistemologies frame plastic waste solutions in Thailand. As public knowledge-ways that inform decision-making, these epistemologies drive plastic pollution by perpetuating neoliberal ideologies of personal responsibility and deregulation. In doing so, they reframe Thailand’s plastic waste challenges as a question of individual morality that requires consumer-based solutions rather than a question of structural production that requires a regulatory response. While scholars have addressed plastic pollution from technical, governance, and new materialist perspectives, this article offers a socio-cultural geography approach that accounts for the cultural narratives that mediate plastic pollution debates and drive plastic production and policy in Thailand and beyond.

RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS: A REVIEW IN THAILAND AND THE PHILIPPINES’ LAWS AND POLICIES

Background and Purpose: Renewable energy (RE) plays a significant role in providing sustainable and clean energy as well as mitigating climate change. With the increased energy demand to support the growth of the economic sector, Thailand and the Philippines have moved towards improved energy cooperation, where renewable energy is an important subject matter in line with Target 7 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Thailand and the Philippines have embarked on renewable energy projects and introduced numerous laws and policies to incentivise such an agenda. Nevertheless, the contribution of renewable energy in these countries' energy portfolios remains insignificant. Thus, this study aims to examine the current renewable energy laws and policies in Thailand and the Philippines, in assisting these countries to achieve the SDGs. Methodology: This study used a library-research methodology including statutory and conceptual approaches that focus on the laws and policies on renewable energy in Thailand and the Philippines. The utility of conceptual analysis is to understand the concepts and relevance of renewable energy and SDGs in the philosophies of environment, sustainability and law. Findings: Despite the fact RE provides opportunities in respect to socioeconomic development, energy access, energy security, and climate change mitigation, the existence of barriers to RE development leads to obstacles in accelerating RE’s share in the energy mix in Thailand and the Philippines. Comprehensive laws and policies to support renewable energy development are required to address these challenges. Nevertheless, legal frameworks are only one aspect that contributes to RE development. Governments' support through various incentives including financial and economic instruments are critical to navigating the transition toward a cleaner and affordable energy sector. Contributions: This study enhances the body of knowledge by examining the initiative for renewable energy development, advocating for comprehensive legal frameworks, and emphasizing the societal importance of government support to drive RE's role in sustainable development in Thailand and the Philippines. Keywords: Renewable energy, legal framework, policy, Thailand, Philippines. Cite as: Ghazali, F., Abdul Shukor, S. F., & Karim, R. (2024). Renewable energy development towards sustainable development goals: A review in Thailand and the Philippines’ laws and policies. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 9(2), 1-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol9iss2pp1-33

Modeling CO2 Emission Forecasting in Energy Consumption of the Industrial Building Sector under Sustainability Policy in Thailand: Enhancing the LISREL-LGM Model

This research aims to study and develop a model to demonstrate the causal relationships of factors used to forecast CO2 emissions from energy consumption in the industrial building sector and to make predictions for the next 10 years (2024–2033). This aligns with Thailand’s goals for sustainability development, as outlined in the green economy objectives. The research employs a quantitative research approach, utilizing Linear Structural Relationships based on a Latent Growth Model (LISREL-LGM model) which is a valuable tool for efficient country management towards predefined green economy objectives by 2033. The research findings reveal continuous significant growth in the past economic sector (1990–2023), leading to subsequent growth in the social sector. Simultaneously, this growth has had a continuous detrimental impact on the environment, primarily attributed to the economic growth in the industrial building sector. Consequently, the research indicates that maintaining current policies would result in CO2 emissions from energy consumption in the industrial building sector exceeding the carrying capacity. Specifically, the growth rate (2033/2024) would increase by 28.59%, resulting in a surpassing emission of 70.73 Mt CO2 Eq. (2024–2033), exceeding the designated carrying capacity of 60.5 Mt CO2 Eq. (2024–2033). Therefore, the research proposes strategies for country management to achieve sustainability, suggesting the implementation of new scenario policies in the industrial building sector. This course of action would lead to a reduction in CO2 emissions (2024–2033) from energy consumption in the industrial building sector to 58.27 Mt CO2 Eq., demonstrating a decreasing growth rate below the carrying capacity. This underscores the efficacy and appropriateness of the LISREL-LGM model employed in this research for guiding decision making towards green economy objectives in the future.

“Waste Is Wealth”: Circular Economy Strategies from Media Persuasion to Utilization

Circular economy strategies encompassing “Waste is Wealth” (also known as “Waste is Gold”) policies in Thailand have been popularised through various media. This study focused on a community of people in the central north of Thailand and their ”return waste for money” practices, with 403 participants surveyed in mid-2022. The analysis of their responses, using descriptive and inferential statistics, identified the factors contributing to the gap between the available information in the media regarding the existence of regulations and policies addressing the recycling and reusing of waste and people’s responses to that information. Residents’ knowledge and understanding of proper waste management, derived from the media, were essential elements in educating communities. The collection and disposal of garbage were handled very differently between the rural and urban communities, with different municipalities making different provisions for residents’ waste disposal. Our analysis showed that a holistic approach was needed, particularly including the publication of comprehensive and understandable information on government policies and regulations, the differentiation of waste material types, garbage and waste collection, and disposal methods, including returning, recycling, and reuse, which were identified as being necessary for effective and efficient waste disposal and encouraging recycling and reuse. It was shown that without valid information available via social media and the mass media, peoples’ attitudes and behaviours will not change and the recycling of plastic waste materials will be limited, even with the promise of Waste is Wealth.

Incidence and Factors Associated with Peritoneal Dialysis-Related Peritonitis in Children

Background: Since the peritoneal dialysis (PD)-first policy in Thailand, the number of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients receiving PD has increased significantly. Although the overall intraperitoneal infection rate has been decreased in recent years, it remains the leading cause of death and requiring a change in renal replacement therapy methods. Objective: To study the incidence rate and factors associated with PD-related peritonitis in children at the authors’ center by retrospective study. Materials and Methods: Patients aged 18 years or younger from the onset of chronic PD were included in the present study. Medical records were reviewed between October 2008 and October 2020 and data were collected on peritonitis rates, baseline clinical characteristics, cause of ESRD, laboratory investigation, catheter type, antibiotic before catheter insertion, timing for starting continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), residual renal function, and immunosuppressive drug usage. Results: The present study included 68 patients. The incidence of peritonitis rate was 0.3 episode/patient year. The most common symptoms were fever, abdominal pain, and cloudy effluent. The most common pathogen was gram-positive. Culture-negative accounted for 24%. Factors associated with peritonitis in univariate analysis were single-cuff catheter type (IRR 2.982, 95% CI 1.29 to 6.895, p=0.011), serum potassium less than 3.5 mEq/dL (IRR 1.827, 95% CI 1.065 to 3.133, p=0.029), lower serum albumin (IRR 0.543, 95% CI 0.447 to 0.924, p=0.017), lower serum phosphorus (IRR 0.817, 95% CI 0.686 to 0.973, p=0.023), lower blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (IRR 0.986, 95% CI 0.976 to 0.996, p=0.007), and lower serum creatinine (IRR 0.940, 95% CI 0.885 to 0.998, p=0.042). Conclusion: The present study demonstrated a significant association between single-cuff catheter type, hypokalemia, lower serum albumin, hypophosphatemia, lower BUN, and lower serum creatinine and peritonitis, even though they did not show statistical significance in multivariate analysis. Controlling the associated factors, following standard guidelines may reduce the rate of peritonitis.

Analysis of the Government of Thailand's Policy Against Malay Islamic Minorities in Southern Thailand: A Review of Liliweri's Discrimination Theory

<em>This study discusses the situation of Muslim minorities in southern Thailand and the various policies of the Thai government. Historically, Thai royal relations with Muslims in the south have had a rather complex dynamic. The study highlights the various policies of the Government of Thailand in regulating the enforcement of Islamic law and the education of prayerful Muslims in southern Thailand. This research uses the library research approach in the form of a literature review, i.e., gathering various pieces of literature related to the topics discussed from various sources such as books, journal articles, time media, etc., then the researchers will read one by one the work of the writer, which is then reviewed or analyzed descriptively using the basis of Liliweri's political theory of discrimination as a knife analysis. The results found that, as a state duty, the policy of the Government of Thailand in regulating the application of Islamic law and post-education runs in accordance with the state constitution and the purposes of national education. However, such a policy gives Muslims a loss of value on the part of the custody of religious originality, according to the analysis of the theory of indirect discrimination. This policy is designed with complex procedures that seem to benefit the material side but save the invisible disadvantage.</em>

Monetary policy in practice: do central banks respond to movements in exchange rate and credit growth?

PurposeThis study examines the importance of exchange rate and credit growth fluctuations when designing monetary policy in Thailand. To this end, the authors construct a small open economy New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model. The model encompasses several essential characteristics, including incomplete financial markets, incomplete exchange rate pass-through, deviations from the law of one price and a banking sector. The authors consider generalized Taylor rules, in which policymakers adjust policy rates in response to output, inflation, credit growth and exchange rate fluctuations. The marginal likelihoods are then employed to investigate whether the central bank responds to fluctuations in the exchange rate and credit growth.Design/methodology/approach This study constructs a small open economy DSGE model and then estimates the model using Bayesian methods.Findings The authors demonstrate that the monetary authority does target exchange rates, whereas there is no evidence in favor of incorporating credit growth into the policy rules. These findings survive various robustness checks. Furthermore, the authors demonstrate that domestic shocks contribute significantly to domestic business cycles. Although the terms of trade shock plays a minor role in business cycles, it explains the most significant proportion of exchange rate fluctuations, followed by the country risk premium shock.Originality/value This study is the first attempt at exploring the relevance of exchange rate and credit growth fluctuations when designing monetary policy in Thailand.

Employment effects of minimum wages in a dual economy: Evidence from Thailand

This study employs both theoretical insights and empirical techniques to investigate the impact of a minimum wage increase on employment when minimum wage coverage is incomplete. Previous empirical studies on this topic have found conflicting results: while some find the share of the covered sector decreases, some find it increases. In the theoretical part, we extended the classic two-sector model and found both scenarios can occur depending on the parameters of the economy. Empirically, using as a natural experiment a novel minimum wage policy in Thailand whereby 40 percent of workers were not covered by the legislation, we found that one percent increase in the minimum wage reduced low-skilled employment in the covered sector by 0.1–1.1 percent and increased employment in the uncovered sector. The official unemployment rate also decreased because the rise in the minimum wage lowered the probability of covered employment to such a large extent that workers instead turned to the uncovered sector.

Mapping sugarcane residue burnt areas in smallholder farming systems using machine learning approaches

Satellite remote sensing methods have been proven to quantify the burnt areas resulting from different fire activities reliably. However, they were reported to perform poorly to identify crop residue burnt areas, particularly in smallholder systems due to lack of frequent and high spatial resolution satellite data. In this study, we used Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 (HLS) observations and evaluated two machine learning classifiers (i.e., Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)) to map sugarcane burnt areas for the 2019–20 season in a smallholder farming region in Thailand.Results showed that both classifiers performed well in identifying the spatial patterns of sugarcane burnt areas in the region. The ANN outperformed SVM at both pixel and regional scales. At pixel level, ANN accuracy was 93.4 % while SVM's best-performing Polynomial kernel accuracy was 82.7 %. The ANN estimated average percent burnt area (51.1 %) in the region was closer to reported value (48.7 %) by Thailand's Office of Cane and Sugar Board (OCSB), compared to the SVM estimate (62.9 %). The total estimated burnt areas by ANN and SVM (315 and 418 thousand ha, respectively) deviated more from OCSB's area (240 thousand ha) compared to percent burnt area. However, area estimates from classifiers had significantly better accuracy than the estimates of MODIS burnt products.Overall, this study demonstrated that HLS observations provided required spectral information to build promising models to map burnt areas in smallholder systems with higher accuracy than global products. Our mapping algorithm using the ANN classifier showed the potential to monitor sugarcane burnt areas reliably, and contribute to the successful implementation of regulatory policies in Thailand.

A Centrally Driven Place-Based Economic Development Strategy: A Local Perspective of Thailand’s Eastern Economic Corridor

We contrast place-based economic development strategies (PBEDS) in Thailand and in economically advanced countries. Through government initiatives, PBEDS focuses on improving economically underdeveloped areas' economic conditions. Thailand's PBEDS began in 1959 to develop the impoverished Northeast region, focusing on agricultural improvements. Since 1970, infrastructure and industrial development zones have been the main strategies to attract foreign investment for export-oriented growth. In economically advanced countries, the primary purpose of PBEDS is to reduce regional economic disparity. However, as they are implemented in Thailand, they increase regional inequality as development is concentrated in and around Bangkok. Thailand's latest PBEDS is the Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC) project in three eastern provinces. The national government oversaw the EEC and granted the EEC Office special powers to streamline investment approvals, although local governments have no formal role. We contrast Thailand's top-down PBEDS with approaches in other countries that emphasize local decision-making and leveraging regional assets. Thailand's policies focus on national growth, while international evidence suggests that locally-led PBEDS more effectively address regional disparities and increase national output. Thailand should empower local governments, coordinate with them, and invest in poorer regions. At the same time, the EEC may promote growth, but its centralized approach risks misaligning with local needs. A balanced strategy accounting for local contexts could better lift Thailand economically.

The Co-Production and Sustainability Policies: Multi- Case Study in Water Management Policies in Thailand

Co-production and sustainability are intertwined concepts, especially in water management. Co-production is a powerful tool for promoting sustainability by fostering collaboration between government representatives and community members to organize public services professionally. This study aimed to 1) comprehensively examine co-production in water management in Nan and Phayao Provinces and 2) investigate co-production models in policy formulation and implementation. It focuses on two case studies: Ban Tun Sub-district in Phayao Province and Rong Ngae Village in Nan Province, Thailand. This study adopted a qualitative research design, utilizing the methods of document analysis, in-depth interviews, and non-participatory observation. Data triangulation was employed to ensure data validity, and a semi-structured interview was utilized as the data collection tool. Content analysis and qualitative data analysis software were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed full co-production, influenced by norms and cultures, existing policies, and knowledge that collectively informed the relationships among the communities, stakeholders, and agencies working in the water management sector. The co-production model combined top-down and bottom-up policymaking, guided by Van Meter & Van Horn’s implementation model, promoting stakeholder collaboration for sustainable water management. Recommendations included 1) expanding knowledge and capacity-building for stakeholders in water management, encompassing existing knowledge bases and new technologies, and 2) developing explicit guidelines and improving communication channels to promote co-production.

Spatial Association and Modeling of Infant Mortality in Thailand, 2020

Infant mortality remains a pressing public health challenge globally. Despite advancements in healthcare, glaring disparities persist, as exemplified in Thailand. This study explored spatial variations in infant mortality rates (IMRs) across Thai provinces, integrating socio-economic, demographic, and health factors. Using data from national databases, we employed univariate and bivariate Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) analyses to visualize spatial disparities, and Moran's I statistic assessed global spatial autocorrelation. Spatial regression models, including Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Spatial Lag Model (SLM), and Spatial Error Model (SEM), analyzed the associations between IMRs and determinants. Our findings revealed stark IMRs disparities, especially in provinces like Phitsanulok, Narathiwat, and Songkhla. The SEM emerged as the most fitting model, given the data's spatial autocorrelation (R-Squared = 0.46). Crucial factors such as community organization strength, nighttime light, and exclusive breastfeeding were significantly linked to IMRs. Additionally, provinces like Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya and Rayong underscored socio-economic challenges, emphasizing the importance of tailored interventions. This study offers valuable insights for crafting targeted strategies, underscoring the pivotal role of geospatial techniques in shaping public health policies in Thailand.

IMPLEMENTASI PROGRAM KERJASAMA THAILAND DI BIDANG PARIWISATA MELALUI INDONESIA-MALAYSIA-THAILAND GROWTH TRIANGLE (IMT-GT) TAHUN 2017-2021

The purpose of this study was to find out Thailand's implementation of IMT-GT subregional cooperation in increasing tourism in the 2017-2021 period. The cooperation between the three countries, known as the Growth Triangle, is a transnational economic zone intertwined with adjacent geographical areas. The research method uses a qualitative descriptive approach, with the scope of this research starting from 2017 to 2021, according to the time period of the IMT-GT Implementation Blueprint. This research is descriptive in nature and is of a qualitative type using literature study data collection techniques or collecting data appropriate to the research topic, such as online journals, online reports, such as the official Thai tourism website, the official IMT-GT website, ASEAN, global media news, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The results of this study indicate that based on the regional strategic plan focusing on the tourism sector in the implementation of the IMT-GT blueprint, Thailand's policy implementation is divided into two focuses, namely building infrastructure consisting of building tourist attractions and building transportation facilities which aim to increase connectivity between IMT-GT sub-regions, as well as the Thai government's tourism promotion or marketing to increase international tourist arrivals, both globally, and from IMT-GT countries.

Interacting with global refugee complexity and wresting control: Shan refugees and migrants in Thailand

AbstractThe changes in Thailand's policy on labor migrant control appeared optimistic for refugee and human rights issues in recent years. This article argues that such positive adjustment is to take control of refugees and migrants outside the space of the global refugee regime. Using the case of Chiang Mai, Thailand, it discussed how the movement of Shan people in this area indicates mixed migration and how the Thai authorities and local Thais' views of them affect their status in Thailand. It examined the role of international norms that influence Thailand's policy and treatment of the Shan refugees and migrants in education and healthcare. Recent adjustments demonstrated that the Thai government began altering migration restrictions, although this is an attempt to seize control. In the refugee regime complexity, Thailand interacts with the regimes in two areas: education and healthcare, to maintain the control and manageability of refugees and migrants.

Echoes of the past, hopes for the future: examining temporalised schoolscapes in a minority region of Thailand

ABSTRACT Recent work on linguistic landscapes at schools (schoolscapes) has highlighted the complex dialogic relationship between the semiotics of public signage in educational spaces and policies seeking to enforce dominant ideologies. In this paper, we discuss the results of research conducted in the Deep South of Thailand, a minority region in which the predominant language, ethnicity and religion are different from the rest of the nation, and which has over the last century been exposed to significant assimilatory pressure. Drawing on an analysis of language use in two Islamic schools in the region, as well as interviews and focus groups with administrators, teachers and students, we focus on the temporality of meanings – how schoolscapes are anchored in narratives of the past, present and future. Historical memories evoked by particular elements of the schoolscapes are discussed, particularly in light of the efforts of the local population to resist assimilatory policies. We also discuss the aspirations of our participants for the future, observing that, while recent language policy in Thailand has focussed primarily on promoting Thai and English, our participants saw a much more varied plurilingualism as relevant to their lives.

Learning management and classroom assessment competency of teachers according to education reform policy in Thailand: A case study of schools in Chiang Mai education sandbox

Learning management and classroom assessment competency of teachers according to education reform policy in Thailand: A case study of schools in Chiang Mai education sandbox

Towards reconciling population nutrition goals and investment policy in Thailand: understanding how investment policy actors defined, framed and prioritised nutrition

BackgroundGovernment’s investment policy is an important driver of food system activities, which in turn influence consumers practices, dietary consumption patterns and nutrition-related health of populations. While governments globally have committed to developing coherent public policies to advance population nutrition, the objectives of investment policies are seen as being divorced from nutrition and health goals. This study aimed to examine investment policy in Thailand and explore how key actors variously define and frame their objectives in food investment policy, how nutrition issues are represented by the actors, and what discursive effects of the nutrition results were represented within the field of investment in Thailand.MethodsThis study conducted semi-structured interviews with 16 actors (from 23 recruited actors) from government, civil society, academia and industry. A coding framework was developed based on Bacchi’s analytical framework encapsulated in the question “What’s the problem represented to be?” which examines the problem and assumptions underlying a policy. Data coding was first undertaken by a lead researcher and then double-coded and cross-checked by research team. Disagreements were resolved with discussion until consensus was achieved. The interview data were analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsThe principal “problem” represented in food investment policy in Thailand was the perceived irrelevance of nutrition to governmental commitments towards increasing productivity and economic growth. Technological innovation in food production and processing such as ultra-processed foods was perceived as a key driver of economic growth. The key assumption underlying this representation was the primacy of a “productivist” policy paradigm, via which the government focuses on industrially driven food and agriculture and expansion to increase productivity and economic growth. This entails that the nutrition needs of Thai people are silenced and remain unacknowledged in investment policy contexts, and also does not take cognisance of the term “nutrition” and its importance to economic growth.ConclusionThe findings show that nutrition was not perceived as a political priority for the government and other investment actors. Promoting productivity and economic growth were clearly positioned as the primary purposes of investment within the dominant discourse. Nutrition regulation, particularly of UPF, may conflict with current investment policy directions which prioritise development of modern food production and processing. The study suggests that comprehensive policy communication about nutrition and food classification is needed.

When criminal diversion is a temporary solution: rethinking drug rehabilitation policy in Thailand

ABSTRACT This article reflects on the need for Thailand to re-evaluate its criminal diversion policy for people who use drugs (PWUD). Although studies have examined the impact of criminalising drug use through social and economic perspectives, the issue of how a punitive legal scheme interplays with PWUD's perceptions of drug use and motivation to seek treatment has not received wide scholarly attention in Thailand. This study's primary objective is to shed light on the adverse effects of legal pressure on motivation among PWUD within Thailand's drug rehabilitation systems to assist in shaping its future policy. The study employed a qualitative methodology: in-depth interviews with 69 participants who received drug treatment under the voluntary and compulsory drug diversionary systems in Thailand, as well as 50 government officials and personnel at the administrative and operational levels within the Thai criminal justice system and rehabilitation agencies. The study found that criminalisation schemes can impede system-level rehabilitation goals by failing to recognise the personal needs of participants, with PWUD entering treatment programs only to avoid criminal prosecution.

A Legal Analysis of Stateless Children and Their Rights to Education in Malaysia: A Comparative Study with Thailand

Statelessness has been a substantial issue around the globe, including Malaysia, yet the rights to education for the stateless is often overlooked. The discussion on the stateless rights to nationality remains endless, and the possibility for them to possess such rights in the near future is fairly low. Thus, this research seeks to find ways to ensure stateless children can still have access to education regardless of their inability to acquire citizenship. In that regard, this paper further analyses the laws and policies governing stateless children's rights to education in Malaysia and Thailand and propose amendments. This research found that undocumented children in Malaysia are allowed to enrol in public schools under the Professional Circular 2009 and the Zero Reject Policy 2019 which is still enforced. Nevertheless, such policies are still inadequate compared to the 2005 Cabinet Resolution Policy in Thailand. Through the doctrinal research on Malaysian, Thai and international laws, this paper found that the laws in Malaysia are not sufficient to ensure the rights to education of stateless children is protected and it is suggested that the Malaysian government should amend the existing laws and policies to resolve the issue.