Police Help Research Articles

Epidemic and infection control measures in charitable institutions for children in the 19th — early 20th century (based on the materials from Saint-Petersburg)

Based on the documents stored in archives, here we present the analysis of the evolution of forms of the epidemic and infection control measures in charitable institutions for children in Saint-Petersburg with the deve-lopment of medicine, the introduction of sanitary and hygienic standards, and guidelines based on the acquired experience. The causes of mass infection of the pupils have been identified, which were associated with the lack of well-established daily hygienic practices for pupils, their close contact within the institution, and the presence of visiting caregivers in orphanages who had extensive contacts outside. At the state level, until the end of the 19th century, there were no uniform sanitary norms and rules, as well as specialized schemes for their identification and con-trol. As the analysis shows, this resulted in the fact that the trustee boards of orphanages and doctors assigned to them were forced, sometimes with the help of police, to independently introduce restrictive measures at the ad-ministrative level, determine treatment methods and manage all emerging issues aimed at preserving health of the pupils, while often not having sufficient professional knowledge and experience for this. The documents sug-gest that due to the lack of established diagnostic system, the treatment methods practically did not differ for vari-ous infectious diseases, and the recommendations of doctors for a long time mainly consisted of changing the diet, purifying the air, isolating patients, and burning possessions of sick children. Considering religious education in all charitable institutions, lents and fast days were supposed to be observed, which required the approval of the clergy, who, although as a rule did not create serious obstacles, but granted individual and limited permits. In the beginning of the 19th century, smallpox vaccination began, and such practices gradually expanded thanks to the state and benefactors, but due to the lack of support from church, as well as conservatism and superstition of a significant proportion of parents, they did not become widespread and routine.

Mental Illness Leading to Homelessness in Adolescents and Reintegration with Families: A Case Series of Three Adolescent Girls

Individuals with poor mental health often find themselves vulnerable to a myriad of factors such as poverty, social disadvantage, lower level of education, abuse, and personal vulnerability. For these reasons, they struggle to secure stable housing, which leads to a cycle of persistent poverty. In this background, we present a series of three adolescents who succumbed to homelessness due to their mental illnesses and subsequent social situations. The three adolescent girls were rescued by child welfare committees with the help of police and brought to the hospital. The challenges faced by the treating team included a lack of caregivers, difficulty in ruling out any sexual abuse, dealing with different jurisdictions, financial limitations of parents to travel long distances, COVID restrictions across states, and mental illness of patient impairing capacity. This also delayed their rehabilitation and prolonged hospital stay. We can conclude that clinicians should focus on stopping the vicious cycle at the earliest so that the long‐term consequences of mental illness, as well as homelessness, can be avoided. The current imperative is to establish a secure setting for children while also facilitating early detection and intervention for mental health issues, with a particular focus on homeless children.

Does Policing Help or Hurt? Examining the Longitudinal Relationship Between Police Involvement and Delinquency in Norway

Abstract The population heterogeneity argument links criminality to time-stable individual traits and suggests that criminal justice system involvements exert no independent influence on criminal behaviour. This study directly tests this postulation by estimating the relationship between police involvement and subsequent delinquency in an individual fixed effects design. The analysis relies on five waves of longitudinal data on self-reported delinquency and administrative data on police contacts. Results show that time-stable individual traits matter, but that the frequency of police contacts is positively associated with offending also after such characteristics have been accounted for. The results are thus in line with the state dependence argument and provide tentative support for labelling theory’s postulation that criminal justice involvement increases rather than decreases criminal behaviour.

Mitigating the impact of biased artificial intelligence in emergency decision-making

BackgroundPrior research has shown that artificial intelligence (AI) systems often encode biases against minority subgroups. However, little work has focused on ways to mitigate the harm discriminatory algorithms can cause in high-stakes settings such as medicine.MethodsIn this study, we experimentally evaluated the impact biased AI recommendations have on emergency decisions, where participants respond to mental health crises by calling for either medical or police assistance. We recruited 438 clinicians and 516 non-experts to participate in our web-based experiment. We evaluated participant decision-making with and without advice from biased and unbiased AI systems. We also varied the style of the AI advice, framing it either as prescriptive recommendations or descriptive flags.ResultsParticipant decisions are unbiased without AI advice. However, both clinicians and non-experts are influenced by prescriptive recommendations from a biased algorithm, choosing police help more often in emergencies involving African-American or Muslim men. Crucially, using descriptive flags rather than prescriptive recommendations allows respondents to retain their original, unbiased decision-making.ConclusionsOur work demonstrates the practical danger of using biased models in health contexts, and suggests that appropriately framing decision support can mitigate the effects of AI bias. These findings must be carefully considered in the many real-world clinical scenarios where inaccurate or biased models may be used to inform important decisions.

Race, class, and gender identity: implications for transgender people’s police help seeking

ABSTRACT This study examines various demographic, social, and economic factors related to transgender people’ reluctance to seek police help and appraises the intersectionality among these different factors. The results reveal differences in the degree of reluctance across gender groups, socioeconomic statuses, and racial groups, which suggest that the intersection of multiple minority statuses will increase transgender people’s reluctance to seek help from police. The findings also reveal that transgender people’ past interaction with police is negatively associated with their reluctance to seek police intervention. This study concludes with suggestions that seek to transform law enforcement culture by means of police training and community outreach activities.

Introduction toVisual Arts ResearchSpecial Issue, Body Cam: The Visual Regimes of Policing

Introduction to<i>Visual Arts Research</i>Special Issue, Body Cam: The Visual Regimes of Policing

The history and influence of Losheng Sanatorium in Taiwan area

Losheng Sanatorium, as a prophylactic-therapeutic institution for isolation, treatment, rehabilitation and social control of leprosy patients, was established by the Japanese colonial government in Taiwan in 1930. Losheng Sanatorium effectively carried out the compulsory isolation of leprosy patients, under the assistance of the public medical system with the help of police and the Bao-Jia management in the Japanese colonial period in Taiwan. Losheng sanatorium imported DDS, a therapeutic drug for leprosy, popularised an outpatient treatment model of leprosy, and developed mobile medical services after the Second World War. Losheng detected and treated leprosy patients successfully through the support of special skin clinics in public hospitals and missionary hospitals after Multi-drug Therapy was introduced in Taiwan in 1984. The Department of Health, Executive Yuan of the Taiwan area in commenced administration of Losheng Sanatorium in 1999 transformed it into a community-based general hospital. Losheng sanatorium adopted different control strategies in different historical periods based on the requirements of health, epidemic prevention systems and leprology developments to achieve its goals of leprosy control. The Sanatorium provides an example to understand and further study epidemical control and public health practice in the Taiwan area.

A cross sectional study of socio-demographic factors, crime characteristics and psychiatric morbidity in violent offenders

Introduction: Homicide and attempt to murder are unique and serious violent offences. These serious offences have a huge impact on society. But there are a very few studies available in India to understand the psychiatric morbidity and the profile of these offenders. Hence the need for present study. Aim: To study the various socio-demographic factors, crime characteristics and psychiatric morbidity in violent offenders. Materials and Methods: It is a cross sectional study conducted at the central prison, Hyderabad. Study sample includes 60 violent offenders involved in serious crimes like murder (IPC SEC 302), attempt to murder (IPC SEC 307) and others. Results and Conclusions: Although certain characteristics stood out, it is important to note that violent crime is multi-factorial, complex and embraces several theories. With that stated, the purpose of this study was mainly to be able to produce one or more profiles of offenders convicted of murder, attempted murder, in Telangana. The common profile which emerged was persons of young age, low education, married, low socio economic status, and rural background, unemployed with no criminal background, committed crime under intoxication, perpetrated due to provocation by other person and impulsive due to domestic reasons. It is remarkable to know that no one had other psychiatric disorders apart from substance dependence and intoxication at the time of commission of crime. o more awareness programs and campaigns regarding influence of alcohol on the crimes, can be conducted with the help of Police, Government, Private organisations and media, especially in vulnerable and at risk population for crime, which would indirectly decrease alcohol intake in the vulnerable population and decrease crime rate. Keywords: Crime, Prisoners, Violence, Offenders, Victims, Psychopathology.

Police-community engagement and the affordances and constraints of social media

ABSTRACT This article provides an analysis of the ‘affordances’ and ‘constraints’ of technology-mediated police-community engagement in the United Kingdom (UK). Whilst there has been optimism that social media may transform police communicative practice and help democratise policing, studies suggest that this potential has yet to be realised. Drawing on in-depth interviews with communications professionals, the article demonstrates that social media may afford constabularies visibility, editability, and association. However, organisational, individual and technological factors influence whether these affordances are achieved. This article adds to the literature by demonstrating how citizen engagement with mediated communication is not inevitable. It is instead a product of what the technology affords, the relationship between the technology and its users, and the context within which it is used.

Domestic Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Portugal

The measures implemented to combat the COVID-19 pandemic led populations to confinement at home, with increased risk of domestic violence due to extended shared time between victims and offenders. Evidence on domestic violence in times of pandemic is lacking. This study examines the occurrence of domestic violence, associated factors and help seeking during the COVID-19 pandemic. An online survey was conducted in Portugal between April and October 2020 by NOVA National School of Public Health. The survey was disseminated through partner networks, media, and institutions working within the scope of violence. Data were collected on the experience of domestic violence, and help seeking during the pandemic. In a total of 1,062 respondents, 146 (13.7%) reported having suffered domestic violence during the pandemic, including psychological (13.0%, n = 138), sexual (1.0%, n = 11), and physical (0.9%, n = 10) abuse. Overall, the lower the age, the more the reported domestic violence. Also, a higher proportion of participants who perceived difficulties to make ends meet during the pandemic reported domestic violence. Differences between women and men and across educational levels on reported domestic violence were not statistically significant. Bivariate logistic analyses showed that, among women, reported domestic violence was more likely among those with up to secondary education compared to higher education. Most of the victims did not seek help (62.3%), the main reasons being considering it unnecessary, that help would not change anything, and feeling embarrassed about what had happened. Only 4.3% of the victims sought police help. The most common reasons for not coming forward to form a complaint were considering the abuse was not severe and believing the police would not do anything. Our findings indicate that domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic was experienced by both sexes and across different age groups. There is a need for investing in specific support systems for victims of domestic violence to be applied to pandemic contexts, especially targeting those in more vulnerable situations and potentially underserved.

A végrehajtás és a behajtás a rendőri eljárás tükrében

A Szegedi Rendészeti Szakgimnázium alapfeladata a rendőrség végrehajtó állományának nappali rendszerű oktatás keretében történő képzése. Természetesen ezen feladat mellett számos olyan tanfolyamot, tréninget, továbbképzést folytatunk, amely hozzájárul a végrehajtásban dolgozók ismereteinek naprakészen tartásához. A 2018-tól iskolánk szervezésében folyik a dél-alföldi régióban dolgozó alosztályvezetők továbbképzése, amely képzés az elmúlt időszak visszajelzései alapján sikeres és népszerű az érintett munkatársak körében. Iskolánk mindig figyelmet fordított arra, hogy a kötelező tananyagon kívül valamilyen aktuális, az adott kérdést több oldalról megvilágító, gyakorlatias ismereteket is nyújtson a képzésben résztvevőknek. A médiában gyakran látunk olyan képeket, amelyeken a bírósági végrehajtás eredményes megvalósítása érdekében rendőri segítséget vesznek igénybe. A társadalom szempontjából ez rendkívül megosztó is lehet, és teljesen nyilvánvaló, hogy az ebben résztvevő munkatársainknak sem ez a legkedvesebb rendőri feladat. Ezt megfelelő higgadtsággal kell kezelni és alapos felkészülést igényel minden résztvevő számára. Ezt hivatott segíteni a következő oldalakon található összefoglaló, amelyet egy előadás keretében a bűnügy és a közrendvédelem területén dolgozó alosztályvezetők a képzés keretein belül meghallgathattak jelen sorok szerzőjének előadásában.

OUTCOME OF THE UNIDENTIFIED/UNACCOMPANIED PATIENT OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY IN TRAUMA UNIT OF GANDHI MEDICAL COLLEGE AND ASSOCIATED HAMIDIA HOSPITAL BHOPAL (INDIA)

All unidentified / unaccompanied &amp; unknown TBI patients admitted in department of neurosurgery, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal from June 2016 to May 2019 were enrolled in this study. Management of unidentified and unaccompanied patients is difficult in any health care setup due to challenges in managing their day to day care. Traumatic brain injury is the most common cause of death in trauma patients. We analyzed demography, mode of injury, clinical presentation &amp; condition at admission, treatment given, hospital stay, outcome &amp; factors affecting outcome of the patients. Very few studies in world literature are available on this subgroup of patients. We analyzed data pertaining to 100 consecutive patients at our hospital.&#x0D; Aim and Objectives: The aim and objective of this study is to determine the outcome of traumatic Brain Injury in patients who were admitted in trauma unit/ Neurosurgery unit of Gandhi medical College Bhopal India from June 2016 to May 2019. As unaccompanied / unknown/ unidentified. In this study we collected the data of unknown/ unidentified patients of TBI to analyze the outcome.&#x0D; Material and Methods: It was a prospective study of all unaccompanied/ unknown patients who were admitted in the trauma unit/ Neurosurgery unit of surgery department of Gandhi Medical College &amp; Associated Hamidia Hospital Bhopal India from June 2016 to May 2019 a total number of 100 unidentified /unaccompanied patients were admitted whose data were collected and analyzed Departmental staff, social workers, police and media persons help were take in for relocation of unknown patients to their home or non government organization shelter homes .&#x0D; Results: There were total 100 consecutive patient enrolment in this study, 87% of the patients were male. Most common age group was 40-59 years, 48% patients falls in this age group.&#x0D; Most common cause of trauma was road traffic accident (48%), followed by Cause Unknown (36%). Overall mortality was 39%. Others clinical characteristic and type of lesion in traumatic brain injury of unidentified and unaccompanied patients is given in detail in.&#x0D; Out of 100 patients, 43 (43%) patients were managed conservatively based on CT head findings and neurological status &amp; 57 (57%) were operated. Decompressive Craniectomy was most common operative procedure depending on the clinical &amp; neurological status. Overall complication rate during hospital stay was 26%.&#x0D; Keywords: TBI, Unidentified Patient &amp; Unaccompanied &amp; Decompressive Craniectomy, Rehabilitation.

‘The Public Force of the Private State’ – Strikebreaking and Visions of Subversion in Liberal Italy (1880s to 1914)

From the end of the nineteenth century onwards, Italy witnessed a significant increase in labour conflicts, trade unionism and social protests, all of which shook the foundations of the liberal state. Following the failure of the authorities’ attempts to deal with mass protests, efforts were made under the governments of Giovanni Giolitti to adopt new policing policies that embraced state neutrality in social conflicts and the deployment at the same time of substantial police forces to prevent the escalation of conflict and bloodshed. The success of these policies is highly questionable and there were major differences in this respect between northern and southern Italy, and between rural and industrial areas. Nevertheless, these policies contributed to the fear of abandonment and desire for revenge felt by significant sections of the propertied classes, and the issue of strikebreaking was at the centre of the controversy. Focusing on the Po Valley, this article first presents a broad overview of the political situation in Italy with emphasis on policing policies and work replacement, then analyses the various forms of legal and illegal private strike-breaker protection organizations that took on clear subversive aims. Drawing on newspapers and archival records, the article highlights the overlap between private and public law enforcement and the combination of coercion and consensus in the Italian countryside. The long-term consequences of the unresolved issue of strikebreaking and private policing help explain the rise of Fascism after the Great War.

Does Community Policing Help to Solve Crime? A Look at Its Relationships With Crime Clearance Rates

Prior research focused on the role of community policing in preventing and reducing crime. In the present study, logistic regression was used to compare three data sets from each of two national crime programs to explore whether it also helped to solve crime between 1997 and 2007. Findings indicated that it had some significant associations with all Uniform Crime Report crime clearance rates but that it was almost twice as likely to be related to lower clearance rates than higher ones. Moreover, increases in the percentages of community policing officers were related to increases in the likelihood of lower clearance rates, and decreases in the percentages were related to decreases in the likelihood of both lower and higher clearance rates.

Psychiatric morbidity in violent and nonviolent offenders: A cross-sectional comparative study

Background: Several studies have found that mental illnesses are very commonly seen in the prison population when compared to the normal population and they are a major public health concern. In most of the cases, it is very difficult to differentiate between abnormal personality and criminal behavior and their influence on psychopathology. In the literature, there were many studies done on the entire prison population. However, there were very few studies that compared the characteristics and psychopathology of both violent and nonviolent offenders which are distinct in many ways. Hence, the current study focussed on how the violent differ from the non-violent offenders. Aim: This study aims to study the various sociodemographic factors, crime characteristics, and psychiatric morbidity in violent offenders and nonviolent offenders. Study Design: It is a cross-sectional comparative study conducted at central prison Cherlapalli, Hyderabad. Materials and Methods: Study sample includes 61 violent offenders involved in serious crimes like murder (IPC SEC 302), attempt to murder (IPC SEC 307) and 34 nonviolent offenders (involved in other crimes like theft, check bounce, etc.) The characteristics are analyzed using semi-structured intake pro forma, and psychopathology is analyzed using International Classification of Diseases 10 criteria and MINI scale. Results and Conclusions: In our study, significant differences between the two groups were found in domicile, employment status, marital status, and duration of stay in prison. History of psychiatric illness before and after the crime is most commonly seen in violent offenders when compared to nonviolent offenders. Significant previous incarcerations were high in nonviolent offenders when compared to nonviolent offenders. In both the groups, more than half of the individuals had either alcohol abuse or dependence pattern, and high rates of substance intoxication at the time of the commission of the crime were found in violent offenders. Less than one-fourth of both groups were found to have psychiatric illness apart from alcohol. Hence, more awareness programs and campaigns regarding the influence of alcohol on the crimes can be conducted with the help of police, government, private organizations, and media, especially directed at vulnerable and at-risk population for crime, would indirectly decrease crime rate by decreasing alcohol consumption. There are a lot of studies in Indian literature regarding the psychopathology in the whole of the prison population and also in violent offenders; but, there are very few studies comparing both violent and nonviolent offenders which are a distinct population.

Race and the Association Between Police Stops and Depression Among Young Adults: A Research Note

Police stops are stressful experiences that may be harmful for health. The present study examines the association between police stops and symptoms of depression in the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent to Adult Health. The study sample included non-Hispanic Black ( n = 2,118) and White ( n = 5,629) adults aged 18–26 years surveyed in 1996 and 2001/2002. Both Black and White young adults who have been stopped by police had more symptoms of depression compared to their never stopped counterparts. Among Blacks, the association was attenuated but persisted after controlling for criminal behavior and justice contact. In contrast, among Whites, the association between police stops and depression was smaller in magnitude, and it was explained by self-reported criminal behavior. Given the frequency and the number of people in contact with police, we point to the need to sensitize police departments to potential mental health consequences of proactive policing, and the decreased willingness of the public to seek police help as a result of previous distressing encounters.

Deontological Perspectives on Police Activity

In a state of law, Police are among the most important institutions, with the aim of protecting the citizen. Although this structure appeared a long time ago, it did not cease to develop with the society and adapt to the needs of the current times. Romanian police represent the link between the state and the society, and democracy is not possible without the help of this institution. Respect for citizens' rights and freedoms is a priority for the Romanian Police, and all its actions are for the sole purpose and interest of the society. The partnerships between citizens and police help to exert their job responsibilities and improve the relationship between them. How to cite: Pasniciuc, L.I. (2017). Deontological Perspectives on Police Activity. Logos Universality Mentality Education Novelty, Section: Law, V (2), 67-92. https://doi.org/10.18662/lumenlaw.5

Officer Race, Role Orientations, and Cynicism toward Citizens

Communities are heavily reliant upon officers to help maintain order and reduce fear of crime. Officers, however, may construe their roles narrowly as encompassing only law enforcement. They may also develop cynicism toward citizens. The present study examines officers’ role orientations and cynicism for variations across officer race. Previous research has delved into officer role orientation, but has not systematically tested for racial differences. No empirical evidence exists with respect to race and cynicism. Findings from a roll-call survey of officers in a municipal police department serving a diverse community show moderate racial differences suggesting Latino and black officers adopt a more expansive role orientation than white officers do. Strong effects emerge for cynicism, with black and Latino officers evincing significantly less negativity. These results suggest that diversifying police agencies may benefit communities in need of police help to reduce fear and strengthen informal controls.

Dealing with unclaimed dead bodies- embrace the challenge

Background: Worldwide a significant number of unclaimed dead bodies report to hospital and health authorities find it difficult to clear them from morgues. The epidemiology of these unclaimed dead bodies and various methods to identify them has been studied by various forensic experts but no study has considered pitfalls in dignified disposal of the dead bodies. Methods: As a part of routine set up of mortuary, a designated person among the staff of mortuary has been assigned the task of keeping the record of unidentified dead bodies and facilitating their disposal with the help of local police and police under whose jurisdiction the case falls. The same data has been collected retrospectively between the period from 1st April 2014 to 31st March 2015. Results: In this study our designated person, in coordination with local police, was able to expedite the process of disposing these dead bodies on an average in 9.7 days; in accordance with the law and as per the customary rituals, where ever possible. This reflects an extraordinary work beyond the routine tasks given to this indispensable and highly motivated worker. Conclusions: However, this points to a possible need for development of a mechanism, where it is not dependent on individual efforts.

विद्यार्थ्यांची सर्वांगीण सुरक्षितता : पालक व शिक्षकांची जबाबदारी (The Overall Safety of the Students: The Responsibility of Parents and Teachers)

Marathi Abstract: सधया बालकावर लगिक अतयाचाराचया घटना वारवार घडत आहत. जसजस शाळा आणि शाळबाहरची परकरण उदभवत आहत, मलावरील लगिक अतयाचार रोखणयासाठी परयतन करण आवशयक झाल आह. पालकामधय जागरकतवयतिरिकत, मलासाठी कायद आणि तयाना पोलीस मदत दणयाची आवशयकता आह. शाळत तयाना सरकषा मिळाली पाहिज. कवळ शाळत गरवरतन घडत, अस नाही तर अतयाचाराचया घटनामधयही जवळचया वयकतीची जवळीक जासत असत. महणनच, मल सरकषित आहत की नाही ह आज सागता यणार नाही. महणनच पालकाकडन होणाऱया अतयाचार आणि मलाना आवशयक असललया कायदशीर मदतीबददल समाजातील परतयक घटकान जागरक असल पाहिज. English Abstract: At present, there are frequent cases of sexual assault of child. As cases of school and out of school issue arise, efforts need to be made to prevent child sexual abuse. In addition to the awareness among parents, the laws for children and there is a need to get police help to them. In school they have to get security. Not only does abuse happen in school, but in cases of torture, the proximity of the nearest person is higher. Therefore, it is unknown today whether the child is safe. Therefore, every component of the society should be aware of the atrocities committed by parents and the legal help they need.