Polaroid Corporation Research Articles

Floating on a Chemical Sea

When the Polaroid Corporation launched the now-iconic SX-70 system in 1972, it represented a series of technological breakthroughs. The color film developed automatically, and the collapsible camera was the size of a paperback. Polaroid marketed the product to consumers for everyday use, but the artist Lucas Samaras deployed it to more subversive ends. He pressed and gouged the film’s viscous emulsion, causing his pictured body to ripple, undulate, and appear to float within a sea of chemicals. This essay reconsiders Samaras’s “psychedelic emulsive-bodies” through the methods of new materialism, which emphasizes the distributed agency of both human and nonhuman actors. Such an analysis allows us to make sense of Samaras’s unique practice in both formal and historical terms. The relationship between body and chemical apparent in his series of Photo-Transformations echos the era’s countercultural politics of psychedelia, wherein an emancipatory politics can be found in an unlikely place: the corrupted emulsions of Polaroid’s mass-marketed picture technology.

In rememberance of William J. Cavanaugh

William J. “Bill” Cavanaugh has left us a legacy of contributions to the practice of architectural acoustics and to the Acoustical Society of America. With a B. Arch. from MIT in 1951, and following active duty as a 1st Lieutenant in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Bill embarked on a career in architecture at Polaroid Corporation. While walking through Harvard Square, by chance he met his former professor, Robert B. Newman who taught architectural acoustics at MIT. Bob, always on the lookout for bright staff, invited Bill to visit the newly formed firm of Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN). This was a turning point that brought Bill to the top of his new profession of consulting in architectural acoustics. Bill played a major part in bring acoustics, then often regarded as a part of physics, into day-to-day architectural design. This presentation will outline Bill's professional path, which very much follows the path of the growth of architectural acoustics.

The Camera Does the Rest [Book Reviews

There is a whole spectrum of books on Polaroid. One is the biography of its American-born founder Edwin Land (1909-1991). Land was a distinguished inventor even before he produced his famous camera — the first of the “instant” cameras. He was well known for inventing polarizing filters that form the basis of polarized sunglasses. The Polaroid Corporation existed before the camera. Not only a great inventor, with over 500 patents in his lifetime, he was a wonderful showman who had a flair for introducing his latest cameras at shareholders’ meetings. Other books focus on the technology of the camera as well as its influence on legal matters, patents, business, and technological developments. This book, The Camera Does the Rest, focuses on the social meaning of the Polaroid camera and explores how it changed the field of photography. The focus is on the social meaning of the Polaroid camera - how did it change photography and how are cameras being used from a social perspective.

Massage Therapy for Pain—Call to Action

Conflicts of interest: The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy of the Department of Army/Navy/Air Force, Department of Defense, or United States Government. There are no conflicts of interest to report. Disclosure: The Evidence for Massage Therapy (EMT) Working Group (diverse stake-holders making up the steering committee and subject matter experts) contributed to the protocol development and provided input throughout the entire project; all analyses were conducted independently by Samueli Institute. All recommendations set forth in this report were made collectively with the EMT Working Group and Samueli Institute during an expert round table and are based on the evidence revealed through the systematic review and gaps that emerged through the process. “It’s not that we need new ideas, but we need to stop having old ideas.” —Edwin Land (1909—1991) Although Edwin Land is best known for his work developing camera technology as the co-founder of the Polaroid Corporation, his quote is appropriate for issues facing modern medical practice today. If the preponderance of television commercials peddling the next breakthrough in pharmaceuticals is any measure, medical science is always searching for the next profitable new idea. On the one hand, the American pharmaceutical industry is the envy of the modern world, developing treatments and cures for diseases believed unconquerable just a decade ago. On the other hand, the ‘pill for every ill’ mentality of many Americans, including those investors in pharmaceutical stocks, has generated significant health and social issues for this country. This issue is exemplified by the major public health crisis of chronic pain in America and has been highlighted recently by its most prominent symptom—opioid misuse and addiction. In 2013, drug overdose in the United States was the leading cause of injury death, surpassing motor vehicle accidents … chester.buckenmaier{at}us.army.mil

SAH and New Technology

Research Article| June 01 2015 SAH and New Technology Patricia A. Morton Patricia A. Morton 1Editor, JSAH and JSAH Online Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians (2015) 74 (2): 145–146. https://doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2015.74.2.145 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Patricia A. Morton; SAH and New Technology. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 1 June 2015; 74 (2): 145–146. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2015.74.2.145 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentJournal of the Society of Architectural Historians Search From its beginnings, the Society of Architectural Historians has been concerned with emerging technologies and their role in research and teaching of architectural history. The inaugural issue of JSAH (then called JASAH) called for the nascent society to “investigate, develop, and apply new techniques and aids. For example, the effective presentation of three-dimensional architectural monuments in color would greatly increase the appreciation of fine architectural design.” To that end, the society’s organizers explored innovative means of presenting architecture: “We hope to present before the summer meeting a demonstration of the new polaroid, three-dimensional, color slide projection which promises to be a most important development in this direction.”1 This new projection technology used “vectographs,” transparencies “composed of two superposed stereoscopic images polarized at right angles to each other, giving a three-dimensional effect when viewed through appropriate polarizing spectacles.”2 Invented by the Polaroid Corporation, vectographs were employed during World... You do not currently have access to this content.

The Polaroid Project 1983–2014: Notes from the Knute Rockne Oasis

Visual Studies Workshop is walking to realize a publication initiated in 1982 by art historians Susie Cohen and Bill Johnson. In 1983, Polaroid Corporation funded a proposal by Cohen and Johnson to document the creative process by facilitating a collaboration among photographers. Robert Frank, Dave Heath, Robert Heinecken, and John Wood. The text that 'allows includes excerpts from Cohen and Johnsons' writing from 1982 to 1986 and comprises something of a journal of the people, places, institutions, and ideas that came to be known as The Polaroid Project. For the upcoming publication, Jessica S. McDonald, chief curator of photography at the Ham' Ransom Center at the. University of Texas at Austin, will provide a reconsideration of The Polaroid Project from historical and contemporary perspectives Thirty years ago, four photographers--Robert Frank, Dave Heath, Robert Heinecken, and John Wood--agreed to collaborate with each other and with us to make an exhibition that presented not only their finished work, but also the decisions and actions they made during the creative process. At that time, photography exhibitions displayed only the polished results of an artist's effort. Our goal was to show something of the process of creativity itself. From spring 1983 to spring 1986, we facilitated and observed meetings among the artists, their individual uses of the Polaroid 20 x 24 camera, interviewed and selected work with each artist, and shaped the collected materials into a multimedia exhibition with an illustrated catalog. Susie and I had been thinking about what exhibitions did well and what they did poorly while I was assembling the W. Eugene Smith archive at the Center for Creative Photography in Tucson, Arizona. Our first attempt to bring the traces of an artist's creative evolution into the exhibition space was a collaboration with Todd Walker, featured artist of the 1979 University of Arizona annual faculty art show. After many interviews with Todd and months digging through decades of his creative output, we helped him install an exhibition of recent photographs together with the experiments, drafts, and rejects he had made on the way to the final prints. Susie and I each wrote an essay for the exhibition catalog, ... one thing just sort of lead to another ... , which Todd designed and printed on his own small press. We had worked side by side and talked about work constantly, but our essays couldn't have been more dissimilar. Mine was a detailed account of Todd's life and creative evolution. Susie's was a reflective piece, musing on how images projected his sensibility. We saw that our different voices reflected personal and professional decisions and that these, too; should be acknowledged as creative process. We shared our exhibition interests and concerns with friends Robert Heinecken in Los Angeles and Dave Heath in Toronto. Both were interested and supportive of the ideas, but neither Susie nor I had an institutional affiliation that would support such an exhibition. Not long after, Carl Chiarenza (mentor to both Susie and I) introduced me to Eelco Wolf, vice president at the Polaroid Corporation in Cambridge, Massachusetts. I helped him with a Polaroid-sponsored exhibition of work by the photojournalist Lucien Aigner and, in turn, received his promise to consider our exhibition idea when I was finished with other projects. Moving from Tucson to Lakeville, Connecticut, in 1982, we stopped in Rochester, New York, and discussed the idea with Nathan and Joan Lyons, who helped solidify the concepts and suggested John Wood, in Alfred, New York, as a participant. Eelco Wolf kept his word. He agreed on the basis of a wordy presentation and a minimal written proposal (no budget, timeline, or defined product) to fund us to contact artists and, with them, to develop a more concrete project. From then on, it was The Polaroid Project. The first to sign on was Heinecken, then Heath, and then Wood. …

Nature as Inspiration in Materials Science and Engineering

Biological systems have been in development for billions of years; solutions for many different classes of problems have been solved through optimization of nature’s designs, development of materials and processes, and adaptation to changing conditions on Earth. Nature is a rich source of knowledge, and present-day human life has undoubtedly progressed because of our ability to be inspired by nature, and to then innovate solutions to our problems through biomimicry. In 2008, Mueller wrote about biomimicry as a ‘‘young science of adapting designs from nature to solve modern problems [which now] may be coming of age.’’ While nature’s designs are well established, our study of nature’s designs in the context of biomimicry and bioinspiration might seem new, as Mueller suggests. In fact, bioinspiration is older than one may think; our inspiration from nature is so pervasive that many aspects of modern life are taken for granted, and bioinspiration thus seems like a newer field. When we consider specific sophisticated, modern conveniences such as traveling on an airplane, we actually find that bioinspiration, which occurred hundreds of years ago, set us down a path for innovation based on nature. Why do airplanes exist? Early pioneers of aviation saw birds flying and wanted to fly as well. One of the earliest records we have of bioinspired design is from Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519). da Vinci designed flying machines and artificial wings (see Fig. 1) based on his dissections of birds. da Vinci was well ahead of his time in the translation of nature’s designs for human use, but many of his inventions on paper never became realized in the physical world. Imagine earlier people who also saw birds in flight and wanted to fly, but their technology and knowledge did not even allow for drawing a design (paper was not invented until 105 AD!). Richardson posits that many factors might have been responsible for the lack of materialization of da Vinci’s drafted inventions: a culture that had not yet developed tinkering and experimentation as a means to test designs (a culture better developed later in the Industrial Revolution), the fear of competitors and adversaries stealing his ideas, high diversity of interests, and perhaps a personality that was easily bored once the design had been made on paper. da Vinci also had a reputation of not always delivering on time or, even worse altogether, of abandoning projects. Interestingly, other famous inventors displayed similar behavior with regard to abandonment once a solution was formed. For example, the American inventor of instant photography and Polaroid (Polaroid Corporation, Waltham, MA), Edwin Land (1909–1991), ‘‘lost all motivation to write [down solutions to problems] or prove his vision to others’’ once he ‘‘could see the solution to a problem in his head.’’ In fact, ‘‘his wife, at the prodding of his instructor, would extract from him the answers to homework problems. She would then write up the homework and hand it in so [Land] could receive credit and not fail the course.’’ Nonetheless, Land never received a degree (other than honorary degrees). However, Land’s innovative and inventive nature resulted in production of a great deal of intellectual property and in 40 publications. Who knows how many patents da Vinci would have had if patent law had been formed in his time, but Land was granted 535 U.S. patents (second only to Thomas Edison who had 1097 U.S. patents). Moreover, Land’s dedication to solving problems in commercialization was obsessive and resulted in many years of innovation and realizations of designs in cameras and products—at a cost of sometimes wearing the same clothes for 18 h and forgetting to eat. Hence, being inspired is not enough—one has to have focus as well. Interestingly, Land was also inspired by nature but in the sense of vision and human perception of color. On vacation, Land’s daughter asked why she could not see the photos he was taking with his film camera JOM, Vol. 64, No. 4, 2012

An interview with Stewart W. Wilson

Stewart W. Wilson is certainly one of the most innovative and functionality-oriented thinkers I have ever had the honor to meet. His research career commenced at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he received an S.B. degree in physics and an S.M. and PhD degree in electrical engineering. After having completed his formal education, research work at the Polaroid Corporation (starting in 1962) and the Rowland Institute for Science (starting in 1983) led him to the development of practically useful, yet highly complex, biologically-inspired systems and machine learning architectures. In 1998 he founded the research and consultancy company Prediction Dynamics. Since 1999 he has been an adjunct professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL.

Polaroid, Aperture and Ansel Adams: Rethinking the Industry-Aesthetics Divide

This article takes the history of Polaroid photography as an opportunity to question a presupposition that underpins much thinking on photography: the split between industrial (i.e. useful) applications of photography and its fine art (i.e. aesthetic) manifestations. Critics as ideologically opposed as Peter Bunnell and Abigail Solomon-Godeau steadfastly maintain the existence of this separation of utility and aesthetics in photography, even if they take contrasting views on its meaning and desirability. However, Polaroid, at one time the second largest company in the photo industry, not only enjoyed close relations with those key representatives of fine art photography, Ansel Adams and the magazine Aperture, but it also intermittently asserted the ‘essentially aesthetic’ nature of its commercial and industrial activities in its own internal publications. The divide between industry and aesthetics is untenable, then, but this does not mean that the two poles were reconciled at Polaroid. While Aperture may have underplayed its commercial connections and Polaroid may have retrospectively exaggerated its own contributions to the development of fine art photography, most interesting are the contradictions and tensions that arise when the industrial and the aesthetic come together. The present article draws on original research undertaken at the Polaroid Corporation archives held at the Baker Library, Harvard, as well as with the Ansel Adams correspondence with Polaroid, held at the Polaroid Collections in Concord, Massachusetts.

Polaroid Corporation, 1996

This case puts the student in the shoes of the recently appointed treasurer of Polaroid Corporation, who must consider several matters concerning the firm's debt policy. An immediate concern is the company's outstanding $150 million 7.25% notes, due to mature in several months. Although investment bankers interested in doing business with Polaroid have been trying to present proposals for refunding the issue, the new treasurer believes that any refunding decision should be part of a larger review of the firm's financial policies. Accordingly, he has undertaken a review of the firm's overall debt policy, focusing primarily on the mix of debt and equity and on the maturity structure of the debt. The case asks students to consider how much flexibility Polaroid's business will require in future years and to pick a target debt ratio that provides the necessary flexibility. Students must evaluate, in addition to internal demands for funds, the role of bond ratings and investment-grade status in maintaining ongoing access to capital markets.

From transaction to transformation costs: The case of Polaroid's SX-70 camera

Innovation in a product's design can have significant implications for the organization of competencies across a production network. Currently, discussions on product designs and the distribution of competencies across production networks are based on transaction costs considerations. However, such a view does not consider the transformation costs that arise when competencies across a production network are reorganized because of design changes. We explore the nature of these costs by examining the dynamics associated with Polaroid Corporation's greatest innovation, the SX-70 camera. Our longitudinal study suggests that it is not costless to redraw the boundaries of a firm. In the SX-70 camera case, Polaroid's relationships with its important stakeholders were adversely affected resulting in a deterioration of its competitive position. From this study, we suggest that it is critical to consider the transformation costs involved with radical innovations in order to gain a more complete picture of change in systemic industries.

The World Is Watching: Polaroid and South Africa

This article examines the Polaroid Corporation’s “experiment” in South Africa during the 1970s, which began after African American workers pressured the company to pull its operations out of South Africa in protest of the white minority government’s apartheid policies. It argues that Polaroid’s initiatives, little studied until now, led other American companies to question their presence in South Africa and inspired both student divestment movements at Harvard and other colleges and universities and the efforts of Leon Sullivan, whose 1977 “Sullivan Principles” urged American companies to treat their workers in South Africa as they would treat their counterparts in the United States in an effort to battle racism and apartheid. Despite Polaroid’s efforts, engagement with South Africa and apartheid proved futile, which initiated a larger movement to completely disengage from South Africa.

The World Is Watching: Polaroid and South Africa

This article examines the Polaroid Corporation’s “experiment” in South Africa during the 1970s, which began after African American workers pressured the company to pull its operations out of South Africa in protest of the white minority government’s apartheid policies. It argues that Polaroid’s initiatives, little studied until now, led other American companies to question their presence in South Africa and inspired both student divestment movements at Harvard and other colleges and universities and the efforts of Leon Sullivan, whose 1977 “Sullivan Principles” urged American companies to treat their workers in South Africa as they would treat their counterparts in the United States in an effort to battle racism and apartheid. Despite Polaroid’s efforts, engagement with South Africa and apartheid proved futile, which initiated a larger movement to completely disengage from South Africa.

Alan A Reich

Leading advocate for the disabled, founding president of the National Organization on Disability. Born on Jan 1, 1930, in Pearl River, NY, USA, he died of complications of heart failure in McLean, VA, USA, on Nov 8, 2005, aged 75 years. Alan Reich was 32 years old in 1962 when a diving accident left him a quadriplegic. He spent 9 months in hospital, and would be confined to a wheelchair for the rest of his life. After returning to his job at the Polaroid Corporation for 7 years, he joined the US State Department. He also began working as a volunteer serving the disability movement in the USA, as founder of the Paralysis Cure Research Foundation, president of the National Paraplegia Foundation (now the National Spinal Cord Injury Association), and founder of the National Task Force on Disability. “At the State Department, I became exposed to the disability problem in the world—millions of people who were neglected, discriminated against, and poverty stricken”, he said in a 2004 interview. “I felt that I had a responsibility [to other people with disabilities] and had always had an interest in international affairs, so I went to the United Nations”, he added. “You must go straight to the top.” Reich and his colleagues would convince the UN to declare 1981 the International Year of Disabled Persons, and Reich would become president of the US council that coordinated US efforts for the year. In that capacity, he was the first wheelchair user to address the UN General Assembly. The council eventually became the National Organization on Disability (NOD), of which Reich would serve as founding president. Reich shaped the NOD into an organisation that raised public awareness about the needs and potential of people with disabilities and lobbied national and international leaders to act in support of these needs. This organisation now supports the participation and contribution of America's 54 million men, women, and children with disabilities in all aspects of their lives. Michael R Deland, the NOD's current president said of Reich that “Through his leadership, he changed the way our nation and nations of the world view disability.” “He was very upbeat all the time, and an absolute workhorse”, said Nancy Starnes, vice president and chief of staff at the NOD. Reich would work weekends, dictating cassette tapes that reviewed how programmes were faring and making suggestions for improvements. “You could hear birds singing and children in the background. He never stopped working. It was amazing that he found time to still have a very loving relationship with his wife and his family and quite an energetic social life.” Reich was particularly proud of his successful effort to get a privately funded statue of US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in a wheelchair installed at the FDR Memorial. When Reich wanted to accomplish something, there was nothing that could stand in his way, Starnes said. He developed the concept for the World Committee on Disability. “He said, ‘let's provide a $50 000 prize and ask heads of state to come and accept it’,” Starnes recalled. “People said ‘oh, Alan, you're thinking too large again.’ But heads of state came.” Reich felt strongly that mayors had the ability to change the outcomes for people with disabilities, so he worked to create the Community Partnership and then a group for national partners, Starnes said, that has now worked with more than 4000 cities, towns, and counties in the USA since 1982. In 1984, Reich created the Bimillenium Foundation to set goals for people with disabilities for the year 2000. More recently, he brought together a task force after 9/11 that eventually led to the NOD's Emergency Preparedness Initiative to ensure that people with disabilities are included in emergency planning. Despite his impressive record of achievement Reich “was a very modest man”, said Starnes. “I think some of the honours, including the Bush Medal that he received from President George H W Bush, were the kind of honours that were long overdue because Alan tended to work behind the scenes to make sure that people realised how important a resource people with disabilities could be, given the opportunity”, she told The Lancet. Reich retired from the NOD in April, 2005. He is survived by his wife, Gay Forsythe Reich, two sons, James and Jeffrey, a daughter, Elizabeth Keane, and a brother, Peter Reich.

Case Studies in Finance: Managing for Corporate Value Creation

Preface: note to the student - how to study and discuss cases. Part 1 Case: Warren E. Buffett, 1995 the Fidelity Magellan Fund, 1995 Jeanne Mockard, at Putman Investments the battle for value - Federal Express Corporation versus United Parcel Service of America Inc. Part 2 Financial analysis and forecasting - the financial detective, 1996 Oracle Systems Corp. the Body Shop International PLC - an introduction to financial modelling Padgett Paper Products Co. Sengupta Fibres Ltd Bayerns Brauerei Merril Electronics. Part 3 Estimating the cost of capital: best practice in estimating the cost of capital - survey an synthesis Grand Metropolitan PLC the Boeing 777 Teletech Corporation, 1996. Part 4 Capital budgeting and resource allocation: the investment detective Vesuvio Fonderia SpA Empirical Chemicals Ltd (A) Empirical Chemicals Ltd. (B) Glaxo Italia SpA -the Zinnat marketing decision Pan-Europa Foods, S.A. Astral Records N.A. Part 5 Management of shareholders' equity: Northboro Maching Tools Corporation Donaldson Lufkin, Jenrette, 1995 British Aerospace PLC (A). Part 6 Management of the corporate capital structure: introduction to debt policy and value MCI Communications Corp -capital structure theory Polaroid Corporation, 1996 Rosario Acero S.A. Planet Copias and Imagem. Part 7 Analysis of financing tactics: leases, options and foreign currency Merton Electronics Burlington Northern Railroad Company - euqipment leasing Boston Chicken 4 1/2per cent convertible subordinated debentures Bank of Tokyo General Motors -'99 equity financing. Part 8 Valuing the enterprise: acquisitions, buyouts, restructuring, and projects Rock Mountain advanced genome McCaw Cellular - ATT/McCaw merger negotiation Euro Disneyland S.C.A. - the project financing Calaveras Vineyards Mirth Press Inc. Medimedia International LTD Caledonian Newspapers AB Volvo/Regie Nationale DES - Usines Renault S.A. Rhone-Poulenc Roter. Part 9 Cross-border investments into emerging markets: Procter & Gamble Company - Mexico 1991 Paginas Amarelas Continental Cablevision/Fintelco joint venture Westmoreland Energy Inc. - power project at Zhangze China government of Euroslavia - GM-Euroslavia joint venture investment simulation. Part 10 Setting corporate financial policy: technical note - structuring corporate financial policy the Home Depot, Inc. United Telecommunications, Inc Rhones-Poulenc S.A. Massive Power Design Corp.

Diffraction properties of highly birefringent liquid-crystal composite gratings

We have fabricated electrically switchable holographic gratings, using Polaroid Corporation's DMP-128 photopolymer filled with the nematic liquid crystal E7. It is shown that a coupled-wave theory that includes the effects of the birefringence of the liquid crystal must be used to explain the diffraction properties of these anisotropic volume gratings. Furthermore, a detailed comparison of theory and experiment provides information about the alignment of the liquid crystal within the polymer host.

Capabilities, cognition, and inertia: evidence from digital imaging

There is empirical evidence that established firms often have difficulty adapting to radical technological change. Although prior work in the evolutionary tradition emphasizes the inertial forces associated with the local nature of learning processes, little theoretical attention has been devoted in this tradition to understanding how managerial cognition affects the adaptive intelligence of organizations. Through an in-depth case study of the response of the Polaroid Corporation to the ongoing shift from analog to digital imaging, we expand upon this work by examining the relationship between managers' understanding of the world and the accumulation of organizational capabilities. The Polaroid story clearly illustrates the importance of managerial cognitive representations in directing search processes in a new learning environment, the evolutionary trajectory of organizational capabilities, and ultimately processes of organizational adaptation. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Polaroid develops through reflection

Managers have always placed a higher value on action than reflection. Most of them work at an unrelenting pace, focussing on a specific issue for a short period of time, then moving instantly on to the next. But more companies are coming round to the view that managers should be able to call a halt, at least briefly, to the frantic pace of action, and reflect on their experiences. Considers how the Polaroid Corporation is using the process of reflection in its management development.

Prevalence of hereditary hemochromatosis in a Massachusetts corporation: is Celtic origin a risk factor?

The prevalence of homozygous hereditary hemochromatosis (HHC) is estimated at 1:250 in Caucasian adults. Little is known about ethnic subpopulations that might be at increased risk for this disease. HLA data have suggested a Celtic origin for HHC. Screening for HHC was offered to all employees of the Massachusetts Polaroid Corporation. Participants with a transferrin saturation of >55% or >45% and an elevated serum ferritin concentration on two screenings were referred for liver biopsy. The diagnosis of HHC was based on histological criteria, quantitative hepatic iron determination, hepatic iron index, and the phlebotomy requirement for iron depletion. Participants completed a questionnaire regarding their ethnic background. Two thousand two hundred ninety-four employees were screened, and 5 cases of HHC were detected. All 5 cases involved Caucasian men, yielding a prevalence of 1:395 for the Caucasian population. Four of the 5 cases were of 100% British-Irish ancestry based on the country of origin of their grandparents. Additional analysis revealed that the majority of grandparents of all 4 individuals came from Ireland or Wales. The exact two-tailed trend test showed a significant association of HHC with Celtic background (P = .012). The estimated cost of screening per patient identified was $18,041. Polaroid Corporation has a high representation of employees of British-Irish ancestry. Our data suggest that they are at high risk for developing HHC. A significant association of HHC with Celtic ancestry was found in this subpopulation, supporting the concept of a Celtic origin for this disease.

Thermal decomposition of PNIPAAM: TGA-FTIR analysis

Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer ChemistryVolume 34, Issue 11 p. 2259-2262 Rapid Communication Thermal decomposition of PNIPAAM: TGA–FTIR analysis H. G. Schild, Corresponding Author H. G. Schild Polaroid Corporation, 750 M-5C Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139Polaroid Corporation, 750 M-5C Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139Search for more papers by this author H. G. Schild, Corresponding Author H. G. Schild Polaroid Corporation, 750 M-5C Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139Polaroid Corporation, 750 M-5C Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139Search for more papers by this author First published: August 1996 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(199608)34:11<2259::AID-POLA21>3.0.CO;2-DCitations: 31AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume34, Issue11August 1996Pages 2259-2262 RelatedInformation