Polarization Orientation Research Articles

Comparative analysis of machine learning techniques in predicting dielectric behavior of ternary chalcogenide thin films

Abstract The current research introduces a comparative analysis of the dielectric behavior exhibited by ternary chalcogenide thin films, including both experimental data and machine learning techniques. The study of temperature and frequency dependencies of dielectric parameters is crucial for assessing material losses, particularly focusing on the low-frequency range where dielectric dispersion occurs. The experimental results on the frequency (100–1000000 Hz)and the temperature(303–393 K) influences on the dielectric (constant ( ε 1 ) and loss ( ε 2 )) of A s 4 G e 24 T e 72 composition in thin film form have been discussed. Results demonstrate that ε 1 exhibits an increasing trend with temperature, attributed to heightened orientation polarization as dipoles gain mobility with elevated thermal energy. Conversely, ε 1 declines with rising frequency, reflecting diverse different polarization mechanisms. Understanding these behaviors is important for material characterization and applications in fields like electronics and solar cells. A comparative analysis of the dielectric behavior exhibited by ternary chalcogenide thin films, including both experimental data and machine learning techniques. Through the experimental approach, the dielectric properties of the films are investigated. Additionally, the study employs a range of machine learning algorithms, including Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS), Genetic Programming (GP), hybrid techniques ANFIS-GA, and ANFIS-PSO, to model and predict the dielectric behavior with remarkable accuracy. The paper presents a comparison between the performance of the proposed machine learning models, highlighting their strengths and limitations in capturing the complex dielectric phenomena observed in the ternary chalcogenide thin films. This comparative study not only provides valuable insights into the dielectric properties of these materials but also demonstrates the efficacy of machine learning in understanding and predicting their behavior, paving the way for further advancements in materials science and device development.

Boosting spontaneous orientation polarization of polar molecules based on fluoroalkyl and phthalimide units

Polar organic molecules form spontaneous polarization in vacuum-deposited films by permanent dipole orientations in the films, originating from the molecule’s potential ability to align itself on the film surface during deposition. This study focuses on developing polar molecules that exhibit spontaneous orientation polarization (SOP) and possess a high surface potential. In the proposed molecular design, a hexafluoropropane (6F) unit facilitates spontaneous molecular orientation to align the permanent dipoles, and a phthalimide unit induces strong molecular polarization. Furthermore, the introduction of phthalimides into the molecular backbone raises the glass transition temperature of the molecules, leading to the suppression of molecular mobility on the film surface during film deposition and an improvement in the dipole orientation. The resulting surface potential slope is approximately 280 mV nm−1 without substrate temperature control. Furthermore, this work proposes a method using position isomers as a design strategy to tune the SOP polarity. The substitution position of the strong polar units influences the direction of the total molecular dipoles and affects the SOP polarity of the 6F-based molecules. The proposed molecular designs in this study provide wide tunability of the SOP intensity and polarity, which contributes to highly efficient organic optoelectronic and energy-harvesting devices.

Anion-Substituted Hybrid Zinc Halides with Remarkable Dielectric Switches.

Thermo-responsive dielectric switching hybrid halides, displaying reversible dielectric bistability, have recently made them highly versatile and attractive for their structural tunability and rich functional properties. However, the substantial improvement of the dielectric switching operating range is limited near room temperature, and obtaining ultra-wide dielectric switching temperature region is a major challenge. Herein, a remarkable dielectric switching effect is reported with ultra-wide dielectric switching temperature region in a hybrid halide system, caused by dipolar orientational polarization ascribing order-disorder phase transitions. The new A2BX4 hybrid halide [C6H5(CH2)4NH3]2ZnBr4 (4PBA-ZnBr4) with an ultra-wide dielectric hysteresis loop of about 55K near room temperature is designed successfully through halogen substitution. Meanwhile, structurally similar hybrid materials 4PBA-ZnI4 were designed as controls. More interestingly, the crystal structure, phase transition temperature (Tc), dielectric and semiconductor properties exhibit significant discrepancies as the halogen atoms vary from Br to I. This discovery provides an efficiently regulated anionic framework to construct hybrid halides with ultra-wide high dielectric switching and reliable cycling stability by assembling with various cations, making them potentially excellent candidates for highly responsive room temperature smart switches or transducer devices.

Surface polarization profile of ferroelectric thin films probed by X-ray standing waves and photoelectron spectroscopy

Understanding the mechanisms underlying a stable polarization at the surface of ferroelectric thin films is of particular importance both from a fundamental point of view and to achieve control of the surface polarization itself. In this study, we demonstrate that the X-ray standing wave technique allows the surface polarization profile of a ferroelectric thin film, as opposed to the average film polarity, to be probed directly. The X-ray standing wave technique provides the average Ti and Ba atomic positions, along the out-of-plane direction, near the surface of three differently strained \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathrm {BaTiO_3}$$\\end{document} thin films. This technique gives direct access to the local ferroelectric polarization at and below the surface. By employing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, a detailed overview of the oxygen-containing species adsorbed on the surface is obtained. The different amplitude and orientation of the local ferroelectric polarizations are associated with surface charges attributed to different type, amount and spatial distribution of the oxygen-containing adsorbates.

Topological Polar Networks in Twisted Rhombohedral-Stacked Bilayer WSe2 Moiré Superlattices.

Sliding ferroelectricity enables materials with intrinsic centrosymmetric symmetry to generate spontaneous polarization via stacking engineering, extending the family of ferroelectric materials and enriching the field of low-dimensional ferroelectric physics. Vertical ferroelectric domains, where the polarization is perpendicular to atomic motion, have been discovered in twisted bilayers of inversion symmetry broken systems such as hexagonal boron nitride, graphene, and transition metal chalcogenides. In this study, we demonstrate that this symmetry breaking also induces lateral polar networks in twisted bilayer rhombohedral-stacked WSe2, as determined through symmetry considerations and vector piezoresponse force microscopy (V-PFM) results. Lateral polarization (LP) in saddle point (SP) regions forms head-to-tail triangular vortices, exhibiting elliptical domain shapes with widths up to 40 nm. The LP encloses the vertical polarization (VP), forming a network of Bloch-type merons and antimerons. Our work enhances the understanding of domain distribution and polarization orientation in moiré ferroelectrics.

Controlling Polarization‐Induced Polaron Accumulation in OLEDs via Device Design

AbstractSpontaneous alignment of molecular electric dipole moments, known as spontaneous orientation polarization (SOP), is present in many organic electronic materials. The SOP‐induced field changes the internal voltage distribution within the device, altering polaron injection and accumulation. The important role of SOP in organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs) has recently been emphasized with clear links between dipole alignment and device efficiency and operational lifetime. Prior work has thus sought to engineer SOP via changes in thin film composition or processing conditions. These efforts have generally been directed at the OLED electron transport layer, which can show strong SOP. This work takes a different approach, focusing instead on how changes in device architecture can be applied to tune the magnitude and dynamics of polaron accumulation in response to SOP. In this work, it is demonstrated that the introduction of SOP into the device emissive layer offers control over the spatial location of accumulation. In parallel, insertion of a spacer layer between the hole transport and emissive layers can be used to tune the polaron accumulation rate and density during device operation. Both of these architectural changes permit an increase in OLED efficiency and a pathway around the deleterious impact of SOP‐induced polaron accumulation.

Dielectric behavior and defects of nitrogen-containing single crystal diamond films

Single crystal diamond (SCD) film, as a new substrate material, has attracted growing attention because of its low dielectric loss. The nitrogen was usually introduced into microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) process in order to enhance the growth rate of SCD films. So SCD films with nitrogen were prepared by MPCVD compared with the undoped film. The impurities and defects of diamond films were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). The dielectric behavior of SCD films was measured using the LCR measurement in the frequency range of 1 kHz to 110 MHz. The results indicate that the primary dielectric loss in SCD films is conductivity loss and space charge polarization below 1 MHz, while the main dielectric loss is dipole orientation polarization and electronic relaxation polarization in the frequency range of 1 MHz to 110 MHz. Point defects like substitutional N+, NV− and SiV− exert a significant influence on polarization loss. This is essential to improve the growth of SCD with excellent dielectric properties.

Circular Bragg grating single-photon source design exploiting extreme dielectric confinement

Abstract We theoretically propose a single-photon source design based on a circular Bragg grating microcavity incorporating two air triangles in a bowtie configuration. Our proposed design allows for extreme light confinement with a Purcell factor of approximately 166 with a bandwidth of ~9 nm for a triangle separation of 5 nm combined with a collection efficiency above 80 % . The Purcell factor is enhanced by a factor of 8 relative to the reference cavity thanks to the reduction of the mode volume. Furthermore, we demonstrate the critical role of the dipole emitter polarization orientation and spatial position in achieving optimal Purcell enhancement.

Distilling the Essential Elements of Nuclear Binding via Neural-Network Quantum States.

To distill the essential elements of nuclear binding, we seek the simplest Hamiltonian capable of modeling atomic nuclei with percent-level accuracy. A critical aspect of this endeavor consists of accurately solving the quantum many-body problem without incurring an exponential computing cost with the number of nucleons. We address this challenge by leveraging a variational MonteCarlo method based on a highly expressive neural-network quantum state ansatz. In addition to computing binding energies and charge radii of nuclei with up to A=20 nucleons, by evaluating their magnetic moments, we demonstrate that neural-network quantum states are able to correctly capture the self-emerging nuclear shell structure. To this end, we introduce a novel computational protocol based on adding an external magnetic field to the nuclear Hamiltonian, which allows the neural network to learn the preferred polarization of the nucleus within the given magnetic field.

Field‐effect modulated water‐splitting by photoinduced charge carriers on BiFeO3 film

AbstractIn this study, the field‐effect generated by illuminated p‐type ferroelectric bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3 or BFO) semiconductor film is utilized to modulate the water‐splitting performance of a system with a macroscopic spatial separation between the anode and cathode. When the BFO film in contact with an electrolyte is illuminated with a light of sufficiently high frequency, an electrolytic conducting channel is formed due to the field effect induced by photoexcited charge carriers in the BFO film, which in turn alters the water‐splitting pathway and the reaction mechanism. The field effect can be modulated by changing the orientation of the ferroelectric polarization in the BFO film. With a BFO film of 4.5 mm channel length and an overall upward ferroelectric polarization direction, a ∼30% increase in water‐splitting performance in a neutral‐pH electrolyte is achieved in the presence of field‐effect induced by a 20 mW 405 nm light source. The mechanism behind the field‐effect modulation is also further verified by monitoring the pH of the electrolyte during the water‐splitting process and conducting thresholding analysis on the recorded data. The field‐effect modulation described in this study can potentially be used to enhance the performance of a photoelectrochemical water‐splitting system by taking advantage of the presence of light illumination in the system or be utilized in electrochemical sensing applications.

Synergy of reduced graphene oxide composites with cerium doped lanthanum ferrite for high frequency (12.4–18 GHz) electromagnetic shielding application

In this paper, electromagnetic shielding properties of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composites with cerium-doped lanthanum ferrite, La0.9Ce0.1FeO3 (LCFO), are studied. The synthesis procedure adopted is incipient wetness impregnation with SBA-15 as a template for LCFO and modified Hummer's method for graphene oxide (GO). The composites are synthesized by in-situ reduction of GO in the presence of LCFO, which acts as a magnetic filler in the weight ratios 1:0, 1:1, 2:1, 3:1 and 1:2 of LCFO and GO. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and nitrogen absorption/desorption isotherm are used to investigate the structural properties. Vector network analyzer (VNA) is used to ascertain the shielding and dielectric properties. The La0.9Ce0.1FeO3-reduced graphene oxide (LCFG31) composite shows appreciable electrical conductivity of 81.43 S/m and an effective BET surface area value of 23.93 m2g-1. It attenuates >99.99 % of electromagnetic waves, and a shielding effectiveness (SE) value of 41.82 dB at a thickness of 2.36 mm in the Ku frequency band (12.4–18 GHz) has been achieved. The heterogeneous interfaces in the composite structure result in orientational and space charge polarization. The inclusion of magnetic ferrite as filler in composite incurs eddy current loss and magnetic losses. All these factors collectively make the composite material a good choice for electromagnetic shielding which can be further used for commercial applications.

Spontaneous Orientation Polarization of Anisotropic Equivalent Dipoles Harnessed by Entropy Engineering for Ultra-Thin Electromagnetic Wave Absorber

HighlightsThe strengthening mechanism of spontaneous orientation polarization of anisotropic equivalent dipoles within high-entropy alloys (HEAs) is proposed for enhancing dielectric attenuation of HEAs.The source of carbon supporter is expanded to the biomass category, which can construct the shell-core heterointerfaces with HEAs by means of a reformative carbothermal shock method.The sample carbonized cellulose paper/HEAs-Mn2.15 achieves efficient electromagnetic wave absorption of -51.35 dB at an ultra-thin thickness of 1.03 mm.This work combines theoretical calculations and electromagnetic simulations to propose feasible strategies for the design and application of electromagnetic functional devices such as ultra-wideband bandpass filter.

Design and Simulation of Circular Dielectric Resonator Antenna and Investigation of Structure, Microstructure, and Dielectric Properties of Mn‐Modified Sr2SnO4

Samples with compositions of Sr2Sn1−xMnxO4(SSM) with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.10 are prepared by conventional ceramic route via heat treatment at 1350 °C. Phase and crystal structure analysis is studied using X‐ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement to confirm the crystallization of samples in the tetragonal structure under space group I4/mmm. The size‐strain plot method is employed to identify the role of Mn on crystallite size/microstrain/dislocation density. The scanning electron microscope and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis confirm a significant change in the grain size and compositional homogeneity of all samples with Mn‐doping. Dielectric properties of samples are explained in terms of interfacial and orientation polarization of dipoles . Modulus studies show the exclusion of electrode contribution from the electrical properties. The single‐segment circular dielectric resonator antenna is designed with the help of experimental dielectric parameters and showed two major resonant frequencies at 3.6 and 6.7 GHz. The reduction in the S11 parameter and −10 dB reflection coefficient bandwidth with Mn‐doping observed due to overlapping of the E‐field line suggests the application in patch array antenna for radar and satellite communication applications. This study also enables to explore Sr2SnO4‐based Ruddlesden Popper oxide for antenna and mm‐wave communication applications.

Steric hindrance and orientation polarization by a zwitterionic additive to stabilize zinc metal anodes

AbstractZinc metal stands out as a promising anode material due to its exceptional theoretical capacity, impressive energy density, and low redox potential. However, challenges such as zinc dendrite growth, anode corrosion, and side reactions in aqueous electrolytes significantly impede the practical application of zinc metal anodes. Herein, 3‐(1‐pyridinio)‐1‐propanesulfonate (PPS) is introduced as a zwitterionic additive to achieve long‐term and highly reversible Zn plating/stripping. Due to the orientation polarization with the force of electric field, PPS additive with π–π conjugated pyridinio cations and strong coordination ability of sulfonate anion tends to generate a dynamic adsorption layer and build a unique water–poor interface. PPS with steric hindrance effect and strong coordination ability can attract solvated Zn2+, thereby promoting the desolvation process. Moreover, by providing a large number of nucleation sites and inducing zinc ion flow, the preferred orientation of the (002) crystal plane can be achieved. Therefore, the interfacial electrochemical reduction kinetics is regulated and uniform zinc deposition is ensured. Owing to these advantages, the Zn//Zn symmetrical cell with PPS additive exhibits remarkable cycling stability exceeding 2340 h (1 mA cm−2 and 1 mA h cm−2). The Zn//V2O5 full cell also delivers stable cycling for up to 6000 cycles.

Theory of Magnetic Properties in Quantum Electrodynamics Environments: Application to Molecular Aromaticity.

In this work, we present ab initio cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) methods which include interactions with a static magnetic field and nuclear spin degrees of freedom using different treatments of the quantum electromagnetic field. We derive explicit expressions for QED-HF magnetizability, nuclear shielding, and spin-spin coupling tensors. We apply this theory to explore the influence of the cavity field on the magnetizability of saturated, unsaturated, and aromatic hydrocarbons, showing the effects of different polarization orientations and coupling strengths. We also examine how the cavity affects aromaticity descriptors, such as the nucleus-independent chemical shift and magnetizability exaltation. We employ these descriptors to study the trimerization reaction of acetylene to benzene. We show how the optical cavity induces modifications in the aromatic character of the transition state leading to variations in the activation energy of the reaction. Our findings shed light on the effects induced by the cavity on magnetic properties, especially in the context of aromatic molecules, providing valuable insights into understanding the interplay between the quantum electromagnetic field and molecules.

Single-Particle Imaging Photoinduced Charge Transfer of Ferroelectric Polarized Heterostructures for Photocatalysis.

Piezoelectric-assisted photocatalysis has a huge potential in solving the energy shortage and environmental pollution problems, and imaging their detailed charge-transfer process can provide in-depth understanding for the development of high-active piezo-photocatalysts; however, it is still challenging. Herein, topotactic heterostructures of TiO2@BaTiO3 (TO@BTO-S) were constructed by the epitaxial growth of ferroelectric BaTiO3 mesocrystals on TiO2-{001} facets, resulting in a ferroelectric photocatalyst with a polarization orientation on the surface. Notably, the photoinduced charge transfer in ferroelectric TiO2@BaTiO3 was accurately monitored and directly visualized at the single-particle level by the advanced photoluminescence (PL) imaging microscopy systems. The longer PL lifetime of TO@BTO-S demonstrated the efficient charge separation caused by a built-in electric field, which is constructed by the polarization orientation of BaTiO3 mesocrystals. Therefore, the TO@BTO-S heterostructure exhibits efficient piezoelectric-assisted photocatalytic pure water splitting, which is 290 times higher than photocatalysis. This work revealed time/spatial-resolved photoinduced charge transfer in piezoelectric assistance photocatalysts at the single-particle level and demonstrated the great role of polarization orientation in promoting charge transfer for photocatalysis.

Dead-zone suppression method of NMOR atomic magnetometers based on alignment and orientation polarization

Nonlinear magneto-optical rotation (NMOR) atomic magnetometers demonstrate exceptional sensitivity in the geomagnetic environment, making them highly attractive for applications in resource exploration, biological research, and fundamental physics studies. Nevertheless, the presence of the “dead zone” hampers the magnetometer’s capacity to detect magnetic fields with sensitivity. In this paper, we present a method for effectively mitigating the “dead zone” by simultaneous detection of alignment and orientation polarization. Based on the standard formalism of density matrix and Liouville Equation, theoretical models of alignment and orientation resonance signals as a function of the magnetic field are developed. Additionally, due to the large light intensity used in the actual system, the alignment to orientation conversion (AOC) effect has been taken into account to reveal a more complete model. The influence of light intensity on the alignment and orientation signals are investigated. It is found that there is an optimal theoretical light intensity, which makes the suppression effect of the “dead zone” best. The theoretical model aligns well with the experimental phenomenon and successfully minimizes the extent of the “dead zone”.

Effects of the SmFeN content on the electromagnetic wave absorbing properties of sandwich-structured YSZ/SmFeN/YSZ composites

In this study, the thermal barrier material Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) and the electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbing agent samarium iron nitrogen (SmFeN) were used to prepare a YSZ/SmFeN/YSZ sandwich-structured composite. The YSZ/SmFeN interface was prepared perpendicular to the directions of EMWs. The EMW attenuation of the composites with different SmFeN contents and their mechanisms were studied using electromagnetic parameters, impedance matching, Cole–Cole circles, and minimum reflection loss (RLmin value). Dielectric loss was the dominant mechanism behind EMW attenuation for the composites. In addition, the dipole orientation of SmFeN and the presence of phase interface induced the dielectric loss. The mechanism of dipole orientation polarization was influenced by SmFeN content; the lesser the SmFeN content in the composite, the higher the ε′ (real part of dielectric coefficient). The frequency at which ε ′ peaked shifted decreased with increasing SmFeN content. Higher dielectric losses were observed in the frequency band of 4.0–8.0 GHz. The EMW absorption rate showed that the optimum EMW absorption effect was achieved when the thickness ratio of YSZ:SmFeN:YSZ was 1:4:1 and the thickness is 3.325 mm. The corresponding RLmin was −35.3 dB and effective absorption bandwidth was 9.5 GHz (8.3–17.9 GHz).

High depolarization temperature and low dielectric loss in high-temperature fine-grain composite piezoceramics

High depolarization temperature (Td) and low dielectric loss (tanδ) were obtained in Sc2O3/BiScO3-PbTiO3-Bi(Zn1/2Hf1/2)O3 (Sc2O3/BS-PT-BZH) high-temperature fine-grained composite piezoceramics prepared by high-energy ball milling and one-step pressureless sintering. The heterogeneous interfacial polarization effect and thermal stress between the Sc2O3 semiconductor secondary phase and the BS-PT-BZH perovskite piezoelectric matrix phase contribute to the polarization orientation of the ferroelectric domain in the electric field and the maintenance of the poled ferroelectric domain state under temperature excitation, respectively. Benefiting from the above two heterogeneous interfacial effects, the Sc2O3/BS-PT-BZH fine-grained (∼0.4 μm) ceramic exhibits a high Td of 349 °C, a low tanδ of 5.1 % and a moderate piezoelectric constant d33 of 495 pC/N, which are comparable to those of many BS-PT-based coarse-grained (>2 μm) ceramics. The advent of Sc2O3/BS-PT-BZH fine-grained piezoceramic is helpful to promote the development of high-performance miniaturized high-temperature piezoelectric devices.

Optical imaging of ferroelectric domains in periodically poled lithium niobate using ferroelectric liquid crystals

Ferroelectric liquid crystals exhibiting a chiral smectic C* phase are deposited on z cut periodically poled lithium niobate substrates and investigated by polarized optical microscopy. While the pure substrates placed between crossed polarizers and observed in transmission appear dark, uniformly aligned liquid crystal films deposited on these substrates show alternating domains with varying brightness. This effect can be attributed to the well-known coupling between the direction of the spontaneous polarization and the optical axis in the birefringent ferroelectric smectic C* phase. Quantitative measurements of the tilt angle between the local optical axis and the smectic layer normal confirm antiparallel orientations of spontaneous polarization of the liquid crystal from domain to domain, as expected by the periodic poling of the lithium niobate substrate. This effect provides a valuable non-destructive method of optical inspection of the quality of periodically poled ferroelectric substrates, which plays an important role in achieving quasi-phase-matching in non-linear optical applications.