Polar Subfraction Research Articles

Composition of sulfur species in deasphalted oils and their molecular-level transformation during the hydrotreating process

• DAOs are separated into subfractions combining methylation and solvent extraction. • HDS chemistry of DAOs is unraveled by combining conversion and composition analysis. • Sulfides and thiophenes have similar reactivity but different evolution chemistry. • Polar fractions are refractory due to the unreactivity and inhibitors existing in them. The sulfur removal chemistry is critical to the efficient conversion of heavy oils. The compositions and HDS reactivities of sulfur-containing compounds in two deasphalted oils were systematically investigated by electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI FT-ICR MS) combined with a self-established separation method. The deasphalted oils are separated into three subfractions by a combination of methylation/demethylation and solvent extraction. The S1 class sulfur compounds with low and high DBE (double bond equivalent) values dominated the sulfidic and thiophenic subfractions, respectively, while polyheteroatomic compounds are the major components in the polar subfractions. Three sulfur subfractions exhibited different reactivities under the same hydrotreating conditions. The sulfidic and thiophenic subfractions have similar HDS reactivities, and the sulfur species with low and high DBE values are preferentially removed from the above subfractions, respectively. Sulfur compounds in the polar subfractions are the least reactive species, resulting from the existed unreactive sulfur components and the inhibition of polyaromatics and nitrogen-containing compounds. This study represents an advance in unraveling the complex desulfurization chemistry in heavy oils, and facilitates the development of superior hydrodesulfurization catalysts.

Interfacial Dilational Rheology of Molecular Films in DC Electric Fields.

We present a novel technique to measure the interfacial dilational rheology of a molecular film adsorbed at a water-oil interface in a direct-current (dc) electric field. A film of a highly polar subfraction of asphaltenes was allowed to adsorb at a water drop interface, surrounded by an organic phase and subjected to a dc electric field. The measurements involved calculations of the dynamic interfacial tension (IFT), while the drop was sinusoidally oscillated, using our in-house axisymmetric drop shape analysis (ADSA) algorithm adapted for electric fields. The amplitude of the IFT waveform over equilibrium IFT and the phase difference from the applied area oscillations were used in the estimation of surface moduli. The asphaltene films were found to become more elastic on increasing bulk concentrations and electric field strengths. However, the effect was not monotonous and observed to be governed by combinations of these parameters. The Lucassen-van den Tempel (LVDT) model was used to further elucidate the experimentally obtained interfacial dilational moduli.

Chemical composition of essential oil and antioxidant activity of the essential oil and methanol extracts of Knema globularia (Lam.) Warb. from Vietnam

This study is the first to investigate the chemical composition of essential oil and antioxidant activity of the essential oil and methanol extracts from the leaves of Knema globularia (Lam.) Warb. from Vietnam. According to gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, the major constituents of K. globularia essential oil were β-elemene (25.48%), α-copaene (17.05%), β-caryophyllene (9.37%), and α-humulene (8.42%). The antioxidant activity of the samples was determined using DPPH and ABTS methods. In both assays, the polar subfraction of the methanolic extract showed better antioxidative capacity than the nonpolar subfraction and the essential oil. In addition, the amounts of total phenol value in the polar subfraction and the nonpolar subfraction were determined to be 113.84 μg/mg and 47.52 μg/mg, respectively. The findings demonstrate that the essential oil and methanol extracts of K. globularia possess significant antioxidant activities and may be a new potential source of natural antioxidants.

Compounds Profile of Polar Subfraction of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Soft Coral Nepthea sp., Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Properties

Nepthea sp., a soft coral In Indonesia's South-East Sulawesi, it thrives. The chemical and pharmacological properties of this genus have not been studied in this location. As a result, the goal of this page is to offer a broad overview of both properties of Nepthea sp. The sample was taken from Hoga Island. Methanol was used to extract the material, which was then fractionated with hexane and ethyl acetate to produce n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol fractions. Vacuum liquid chromatography was also used to fractionate the ethyl acetate fraction. Phytochemical screening, LC-MS/MS, Total Phenolics Content (TPC), and Total Flavonoids Content (TFC) were used to determine the chemical contents. DPPH radicals and ABTS were used to assess antioxidant activity and MTT assays for cytotoxicity. Six subfractions are produced by fractioning the ethyl acetate fraction (160 g), with the most polar subfraction (F) weighing 15.4 g. The phenolics and flavonoids constituents in Subfraction F have IC50 values of 68.77±4.8 mg GAE/g extract and 0.22±0.1 mgQE/g extract, respectively. The presence of phenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids in the subfraction F is supported by the LC-MS/MS data, Subfraction F has 3-ter-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (terpenoids or phenolics compound), isosalsoline (alkaloids), valine (amin acid), and several unidentified chemicals with molecular formulas C15H23NO3, C33H47NO4, C29H49NO3 (alkaloids or amino acid) and C8H18O3 (phenolic compound).The IC50 values (mg/L) of 101.1 ± 8.8 (DPPH) and 89.76 ± 7.5 (ABTS) indicate that F has antioxidant capacity, and it is also cytotoxic against breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7) with an IC50 of 170.72±6.5mg/mL.

Free Radical Scavengering and Phenolic Compounds of Peel and Pulp of Quince

This study aimed to determine the amount of flavonoids, anthocyanins, total phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity of the peel and pulp of the quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) in the polar and nonpolar sub-fractions of methanol extracts with two extraction methods, Soxhlet and microwave. The antioxidant properties were assessed by the ability to quench the stable free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and β-carotene bleaching assays. The results showed that the Soxhlet method extracted higher amount of the phytochemicals. In the DPPH system, the highest radical scavenging activity was seen by the polar sub-fraction of the methanol extract in the peel of quince fruit (IC50=52±7.3 μg/mL). Among all the extracts analyzed, the polar sub-fraction of the peel extract exhibited a significantly higher total flavonoid (62.33±3.1 mg CTE/100 g), anthocyanin (1.54±0.24 μg C-3-GE/100 mg fresh weight), phenolic content (108.14 μg GAE/mg) and antioxidant activity than other samples with Soxhlet extraction method. Fruit has a number of bioactive ingredients and many of them were concentrated in the peel of the fruit rather than the flesh. Therefore, enjoy the benefits that unpeeled fruit offers! The present study revealed that the peel of quince fruit has higher phytochemicals and antioxidant properties when compared to the pulp.

Production of bio-oil and bio-char from pyrolysis of sawdust wood waste (SWW)

AbstractThis study deals with fast pyrolysis of sawdust wood waste (SWW) at the range of temperature 300–700 °C in a stainless steel tubular reactor. The aim was to experimentally investigate how the temperature, the particle size, the nitrogen flow rate (N2) and the heating rate affect bio-oil, bio-char and gaseous products. These parameters were varied in the ranges of 5–20 °C/min, below 0.1–1.5 mm and 20–200 mL min−1, respectively. It was concluded that both the temperature and heating rate have a significant effect on both yield of bio-oil and bio-char resulting from pyrolysis of SWW. The liquid products obtained at various pyrolysis temperatures were subjected into column chromatography after removal of asphaltenes (hexane insoluble). Obtained bio-oils (maltenes or hexane soluble) were classified as aliphatic, aromatic and polar sub-fractions. The maximum of bio-oil yield of 39.5 wt% was obtained at a pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C, particle size between 0.5 and 1 mm, nitrogen flow rate (N2) of 100 mL min−1 and heating rate of 5 °C/min. Liquid product (bio-oil) obtained under the most suitable and optimal condition was characterized by elemental analysis, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR and 13C NMR), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The analysis of liquid showed that bio-oil from SWW could be a potential source of renewable fuel production and value added chemical. The yield of char generally decreases with increasing the temperature, the char yield passes from 54.61 to 29.47 wt% at the heating rate of 5 °C/min and from 50.01 to 24.5 wt% at the heating rate of 20 °C/min at the same range of temperature (300–700 °C). Solid products (bio-char) obtained in the presence of nitrogen (N2) contain a very important percentage of carbon and high heating values (HHVs).

Bioactive compounds from Tunisian Pelargonium graveolens (L’Hér.) essential oils and extracts: α-amylase and acethylcholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant, antibacterial and phytotoxic activities

The phytochemical composition of Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér. essential oils and extracts of flowers and leaves and their anticholinesterase, anti-α-amylase, antioxidant, antibacterial and allelopathic potential were investigated. Forty-two volatile components were identified by GC-FID and GC–MS analyses. Citronellol (26.98 %–24.3 %), geraniol (20.65 %–21.81 %) and 10-epi-γ-eudesmol (13.06 %–5.13 %) were the main constituents for leaves and flowers oils. The highest amounts of polyphenols (142.71 mg GAE/g DW), flavonoids (52.32 mg RE/g DW) and flavonols (20.15 mg RE/g DW) were shown by the polar subfraction of the leaf extracts. Flowers were characterized by high levels of condensed tannins (13.27 mg CE/g DW). Essential oils and extracts were found to possess important capacity to inhibit the α-amylase and acethylcholinesterase activities. The oils' and extracts antioxidant activity was relatively high, determined by DPPH (IC50 = 711–1280 μg/mL for oils and 12.24–44.24 μg/mL for extracts) and ABTS (15.8–17.95 μg TE/mg DW for oils and 131.54–241.83 μg TE/mg DW for extracts) assays, which was correlated to their phenolic contents. Based on the determination of the diameter of inhibition and the minimum inhibitory concentration, a high antibacterial activity according to oils and extracts was revealed against eleven bacteria strains. Also, the P. graveolens oils and extracts inhibited the shoot and root growth of Medicago sativa L., Triticum aestivum L. and Lactuca sativa L. seedlings. Therefore, P. graveolens can be used as a natural source of bioactive compounds in food and pharmaceutical industries.

The effect of freezing and drying Cornus mas L. from phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and total content of ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity in two methods

Flavonoids, anthocyanins, antioxidant capability, total content of phenolic and ascorbic acid of Cornus mas of frozen and dried for polar and non-polar subfraction were evaluated in this work. Antioxidant activities of the samples were determined by three testing systems, namely, DPPH, β-carotene/linoleic acid, and reducing power assay. In the DPPH system, the highest radical scavenging activity was seen in the polar subfraction of the methanol extract in frozen fruits (IC50 = 25.15 ± 6.5 µg mL–1). Comparison of two methods of extraction, maceration and the ultrasonic method, showed that the results of maceration are better than those of the ultrasonic method. These advantages are visible in extracting the flavonoids, anthocyanins, antioxidant capability, and the total content of phenolic and ascorbic acid.

Changes in composition and antioxidant activities of essential oils in Phlomis anisodonta (Lamiaceae) at different stages of maturity

The composition of hydro-distilled essential oils of Phlomis anisodonta Boiss. subsp. occidentalis Jamzad in vegetative, flowering and post flowering stages were investigated using GC and GC-MS, leading to identification of 41, 26 and 23 compounds, respectively. In all three samples, sesquiterpenes were the main components. In vegetative stage the main components of the oil were germacrene-D (14.3%), bicyclogermacrene (12.4%) and α-pinene (6.8%); in flowering stage, germacrene-D (52.6%) and β-caryophyllene (15.9%); and in fruiting stage, germacrene-D (27.9%), bicyclogermacrene (17.6%), caryophyllene oxide (14.7%) and β-caryophyllene (11.3%). The samples were also subjected to screening for their possible antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and β-carotene-linoleic acid assays. In the first experiment, the free radical scavenging activity of polar subfraction of methanol extract in fruiting stage was superior to all other extracts (IC50= 41±0.4 μg/ml). When using linoleic acid system, oxidation of the linoleic acid was effectively inhibited by the non-polar subfraction of methanol extract in different stages. The results of this study show that the composition of essential oils varies considerably both in different parts of the plants and at different stages of development. When using the plants for medicinal purposes, it is important to be aware of the effective developmental phase, i.e. when the most effective components reach their peak volume, as well as the most useful parts. Phenology, Antioxidant activity, Volatile oils, Germacrene-D, Bicyclogermcrene

Screening chemical composition of essential oils and antioxidant activities of two Artemisia species from Iran .

Essential oils of two wild-growing Artemisia species collected from west of Iran during the flowering stage were obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Under the optimum extraction and analysis conditions, 23 and 19 constituents were identified in A. fragrans and A. hausskenechtii which represented 92.96% and 90.20% of the oils, respectively. The main constituents of A. hausskenechtii were camphor (42.50), 1,8-cineol (20.91 %) and isoborneol (7.27%). Chrysanthenone (41.05%), 1,8-cineol (11.09%), and n-pentane (9.07%) were the major components of essential oils in A. fragrans. Antioxidant activity was assayed by two complementary test systems, namely 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and β-carotene/linoleic acid systems. Antioxidant activity of polar sub-fraction of A. hausskenechtii was found to be higher than those of the others in DPPH assay while essential oil in A. hausskenechtii had the highest level of antioxidant activity in β-carotene/linoleic acid test (54.2± 0.5 μg/ml and 80.2±0.8% inhibition rate, respectively).

D-Pinitol in Fabaceae: an Oviposition Stimulant for the Common Grass Yellow Butterfly, Eurema mandarina

The common grass yellow butterfly, Eurema mandarina (formerly Eurema hecabe mandarina) (Lepidoptera, Pieridae), recently has been separated taxonomically from a subtropical population of Eurema hecabe in Japan. This species is widely distributed in the temperate region of Japan, and feeds mainly on various ligneous plants within the Fabaceae. We attempted to identify an oviposition stimulant for E. mandarina from its primary hosts, Albizia julibrissin and Lespedeza cuneata. In both hosts, crude extract and an aqueous fraction elicited oviposition responses from gravid females. A polar subfraction of the aqueous fraction also stimulated high oviposition-stimulatory activity, comparable to the original aqueous fraction, suggesting that E. mandarina females use water-soluble compounds for host recognition. Subsequent activity-directed fractionation by ion exchange chromatography indicated that one of the key substances was contained in the neutral/amphoteric fraction. Chemical analyses revealed that the active fractions of both hosts contained D-(+)-pinitol as the major component. We examined female responses to authentic D-pinitol and found that it induced oviposition responses at concentrations greater than 0.1%. Since this cyclitol is omnipresent in Fabaceae, we conclude that D-pinitol plays a role in mediating oviposition of E. mandarina on fabaceous plants.

Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil and methanolic extract of Ferulago bernardii Tomk. & M. Pimen of Iran

The aim of the study was to investigate chemical composition, antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities of the essential oil (EO), polar and nonpolar sub-fractions of methanolic extract of Ferulago bernardii. The chemical constituent of the EO was identified by means of GC–MS. The antimicrobial activities of the EO, polar and nonpolar extracts were evaluated by micro-dilution and agar disc diffusion assays. The antioxidant activity was measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity assay. The main components of the EO were α-pinene (35.03%), z-β-ocimene (14.24%) and bornyl acetate (11.64%). Bacillus cereus and Salmonella typhimurium were the most susceptible and resistant to the antibacterial activity of the essential oil and extract, respectively. The free radical scavenging activities of all extracts and the essential oil were in the order: polar > non-polar > EO. Our findings indicate that F. bernardii essential oil and methanolic extract has a potential to be applied as antimicrobial and antioxidant agent.

Phytochemical Characterization, Anti‐inflammatory and Lipolytic Activities of Pistachio Hulls, Skins, and Kernels

Anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, and lipolytic properties of pistachio hull, skin, and kernel extracts were evaluated here. All pistachio fractions reduced nitric oxide (NO) levels in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cell line, at 50 µg/mL. Hulls polar fraction inhibited the LPS‐induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) to basal levels. Total phenolic contents of pistachio polar extracts represent 37%, 26% and 5% for hulls, skin and kernels, respectively; that is, the phenolic concentration in hulls, was significantly higher than skins and kernels. Hull polar subfractions indicated reductions in mRNA expression levels for the inflammatory markers Cox‐2 and IL‐6 up to 40% and 25%, respectively. LC‐ESI‐MS and NMR analyses of hull polar components showed the presence of quercetin and myricitin galloyl glucopyranosides, quercetin glucuronide, quercetin glucopyranoside, 1,5‐di‐galloyl‐2,3 hexahydroxy‐diphenoly‐scyllo‐quercitol, tri‐galloyl quinoic acid, tri‐galloyl glucopyranoside and gallic acid as main constituents. Assays with 3T3L1 mouse adipocytes demonstrated that all pistachio fractions decreased lipid accumulation up to 17%, with skin non‐polar fraction most active. GC‐MS analysis of the non‐polar fractions indicated that linoleic acid (C18:2) represents a predominant fatty acid in the skin tissue. Our results indicate that pistachio and its bioactive molecules present therein decrease inflammatory biomarkers as well as inhibit lipid accumulation. Results support the potential of pistachio to inhibit biomarkers associated with inflammation and obesity. Also, pistachio hulls represent a rich source of polyphenol antioxidant components.

LC-MS analysis of the plasma metabolome--a novel sample preparation strategy.

Blood plasma is a well-known body fluid often analyzed in studies on the effects of toxic compounds as physiological or chemical induced changes in the mammalian body are reflected in the plasma metabolome. Sample preparation prior to LC-MS based analysis of the plasma metabolome is a challenge as plasma contains compounds with very different properties. Besides, proteins, which usually are precipitated with organic solvent, phospholipids, are known to cause ion suppression in electrospray mass spectrometry. We have compared two different sample preparation techniques prior to LC-qTOF analysis of plasma samples: the first is protein precipitation; the second is protein precipitation followed by solid phase extraction with sub-fractionation into three sub-samples: a phospholipid, a lipid and a polar sub-fraction. Molecular feature extraction of the data files from LC-qTOF analysis of the samples revealed 1792 molecular features from the protein precipitation procedure. The protein precipitation followed by solid phase extraction procedure with three sub-samples gave a total of 4234 molecular features. This suggests that sub-sampling into polar, lipid and phospholipid fractions enables extraction of more metabolomic information as compared to protein precipitation alone. Chromatography showed good separation of the metabolites with little retention time drift (<1s) and a mass accuracy below 3 ppm was observed. The performance of the method was investigated using plasma samples from rats administered the environmental pollutant perfluorononanoic acid.

Phenolic content, antioxidant and allelopathic activities of various extracts of Thymus numidicus Poir. organs

Total phenol content, antioxidant and allelopathic properties of roots, steems and leaves extracts of Tunisian endemic T. numidicus were studied. Three solvent systems with varying polarities (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol) were used. The highest amounts of polyphenols (98.66±3.17mg EAG/g DW), flavonoids (54.28±1.6mg RE/g DW), flavonols (27.23±1.71mg RE/g DW) and proanthocyanidins (5.12±0.8μg cyanidin chloride/g DW) were shown by the polar subfraction of the leaf methanolic extracts. The efficiency of the solvents used to extract phenols from the three organs varied considerably. The level of antioxidant activity estimated by DPPH and ABTS test systems was high for leaf (IC50=11.06±0.33μg/ml; 235.46±2.14μg TE/mg DW) and stems (IC50=15.29±0.9μg/ml; 233.75±1.2μg TE/mg DW) methanolic extracts. A significant correlation between radical-scavenging capacities of extracts with total phenolic compound content was observed. The results also indicate that the root extracts inhibited the shoot and root growth of Medicago sativa and Triticum æstivum seedlings. Thus, the T. numidicus extracts may be used as a natural herbicide.

English

The antioxidant capability, total phenol, total flavonoid, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid contents, and reducing power contents of polar and non-polar extracts for flower and leaves in two stages of growth for Rhamnus kurdica Boiss in flowering were evaluated in this work. The polar extraction of flower of R. kurdica Boiss had a higher total phenolic content as well as antioxidant activity compared to that of the other subfractions of flower and leaves in the different stages. Antioxidant activities of the samples were determined by three various testing systems namely 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), b-carotene/linoleic acid and reducing power assay. In DPPH system, the highest radical scavenging activity was seen by the polar subfraction in flowers of methanol extract [21.04&plusmn;1.35 (&micro;g/ml)]. Our findings demonstrate that the methanolic extracts of R. kurdica Boiss may be suggested as a new potential source of natural antioxidant. &nbsp; Key word: Rhamnus kurdica Boiss, antioxidant, total phenolics, flavonoid, anthocyanins.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil and Methanolic Extracts of Ferula microcolea (Boiss.) Boiss (Apiaceae)

The essential oils of Ferula microcolea, collected from west Iran were obtained by hydrodistillation during the flowering stage and analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Under the optimum conditions of analysis, 22 constituents (mainly monoterpen compounds) were identified in Ferula microcolea, representing 93.6% of the oil. The main constituents were α-pinene (27.3%), β-pinene (16.4%), nonanal (8.7%), β-caryophyllene (8.5%), and thymol (6.7%). The samples were also subjected to screening for their possible antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and β-carotene-linoleic acid assays. In the first case, the free radical-scavenging activity of polar sub-fraction of methanol extract showed to be superior as compared to other extracts (IC50 = 34.3 ± 0.3 μg/ml). Nonpolar sub-fraction of methanol extract exhibited stronger activity than the essential oil. In the case of the linoleic acid system, oxidation of the linoleic acid was effectively inhibited by the polar sub-fraction of methanol extract (86.5 ± 0.9%), while the oil and nonpolar sub-fraction of methanol extract were less effective (55.2 ± 0.4% and 81.5 ± 0.8%, respectively).

English

Securinega virosa is a commonly used medicinal plant in African traditional medicine in the management of epilepsy. In an attempt to isolate and characterize the bioactive principles responsible for the anticonvulsant property, the crude methanol root bark extract of the plant was exhaustively partitioned into petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The anticonvulsant potential of the n-butanol fraction (75, 150 and 300 mg/kg) was evaluated using maximal electroshock (MES) test in chicks, strychnine, picrotoxin, 4-aminopyridine and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice. The fraction did not protect the chicks against tonic-hind limb extension due to MES. Similarly, the fraction did not afford significant protection against seizures induced by strychnine, aminopyridine and picrotoxin contrary to the observations of protections in the crude extract, against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure, the fraction afforded 66.67% protection and significantly (P&lt;0.01) delayed the onset of seizure in unprotected animals. Column chromatographic separation of the n-butanol fraction yielded three major sub-fractions which were subjected to anticonvulsant screening using pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizure. The anticonvulsant potential of the n-butanol fraction was retained in the more polar sub-fractions. The findings of this study suggest that the n-butanol fraction Securinega virosa root bark contains bioactive principle(s) that possess anticonvulsant activities which may be beneficial against absence seizure. This lends further credence to the ethnomedicinal claim of the use of the root of S. virosa in the management of epilepsy. &nbsp; Key words: Securinega virosa, epilepsy, seizure, maximal electroshock, pentyleneterazole, picrotoxin, 4-aminopyridine, strychnine.

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activities of the Essential Oil and Methanol Extracts of Eucalyptus oleosa Leaves

This study was designed to examine the chemical composition of essential oil and in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the essential oil and methanol extracts of Eucalyptus oleosa F. Muell. The chemical composition of the hydrodistilled essential oil of the leaves of E. oleosa was analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The main constituents of the oil were found to be 1,8-cineole (45.1%), α-pinene (14.52%), and α-terpineol (4.35%). The essential oil showed strong antibacterial activity against the test microorganisms studied, while polar subfraction of methanol extract had moderate antibacterial activity and the nonpolar subfraction of methanol extract did not show any antibacterial activity. In contrast, the extract showed much better activity than the essential oil in antioxidant activity assays employed, e.g., in DPPH systems, the highest radical-scavenging activity was shown by the polar subfraction (15.1 ± 0.7 μg/ml). In the second case, the inhibition capacity (%) of the nonpolar subfraction (98.2% ± 1.5) was found to be the stronger one. In addition, the amounts of total phenol components in the polar subfraction (186.3 ± 2.1 μg/mg) and the nonpolar subfraction (79.6 ± 1.4) were determined.

The Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antioxidant Activity of Methanolic Extract of Mindium Laevigatum (Vent.) Rech. F., From Central Part of Iran

Mindium laevigatum (Vent.) Rech. F. plant grows in central part of Iran. And used by local people as medical plant. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vitro antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the methanolic extracts of aerial and flower parts of plant. The leaves and stem and flower of bark from M. laevigatum were separately collected, air-dried and powdered. Then the plant species extracts were prepared with methanol, water 80:20 and two polar and non-polar subfractions were realized. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by scavenging the radicals 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), β-Carotene linoleic acid assay and reducing power methods. The antifungal and antibacterial evaluation was performed by disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration methods. The total phenolic analysis of subfractions found 182 ± 4.2 µg.gr(-1) for polar and 158 ± 3.9 µg.gr(-1) for non-polar extracts. The antifungal activity of the extracts against the various fungal varied from 14.0 to 34 mm. MIC values from 50 to 400 µg.mL(-1) were satisfactory when compared with other plant products. The antibacterial results revealed that the subfraction extracts are mostly effective against Staphylococcus aureus. The antioxidant results showed polar subfraction has more activity against non-polar subfraction. These findings demonstrated that the extract of Mindium laevigatum has remarkable in vitro antifungal and antioxidant activity.