Line Polarization Research Articles

Extension of the multilevel radiative transfer code PyRaTE to model linear polarization of molecular lines

Linear polarization of spectral lines, commonly known as the Goldreich-Kylafis effect within the star formation community, is one of the most underutilized techniques for probing magnetic fields in the dense and cold interstellar medium. In this study, we implement linear polarization of molecular spectral lines into the multilevel, non-local thermodynamic equilibrium radiative transfer code PyRaTE Different modes of polarized radiation are treated individually, with separate optical depths computed for each polarization direction. Our implementation is valid in the so-called strong magnetic field limit and is exact for either a system satisfying the large-velocity-gradient approximation, and/or for any system with a uniform magnetic field. We benchmark our implementation against analytical results and provide tests for various limiting cases. In agreement with previous theoretical results, we find that in the multilevel case the amount of fractional polarization decreases when compared to the two-level approximation, but this result is subject to the relative importance between radiative and collisional processes. Finally, we post-process an axially symmetric, nonideal magnetohydrodynamic chemo-dynamical simulation of a collapsing prestellar core and provide theoretical predictions regarding the shape (as a function of velocity) of the polarization fraction of $ CO $ during the early stages in the evolution of molecular clouds.

Study on the influence of expansion waves on the reflection type of shock wave in double-wedge configurations

Abstract This paper investigates how variations in the relative positioning between the expansion fan emitted from the triple point in the shock/shock interference on double-wedge geometries in confined spaces and the incidence point of oblique shocks influence the transition of oblique shock reflection types, and understands the roles of expansion waves in inhibiting MR. Predictive analysis through the shock polar line provides critical values for the transition of oblique shock reflection types under the influence of expansion fan effects. The position where the shock/expansion fan undergoes post-oblique reflection on the opposite sidewall can be controlled by adjusting the model’s contraction ratio (H 1/H 2). This study uses the density-based solver blastFOAM in openFOAM to numerically solve the Euler equations, conducting inviscid calculations of shock/shock interactions induced by double wedges in confined spaces with ideal gases. This study compares pressure values in different regions obtained from numerical simulations and examines the reflection types of oblique shocks on opposite sidewalls, confirming the feasibility of shock polar analysis and the accuracy of theoretical predictions.

The Galactic population of canonical pulsar. II. Taking into account several evolutionary paths: Interstellar medium interaction, Galactic potential, and a death valley

Pulsars are highly magnetised rotating neutron stars, emitting in a broad electromagnetic energy range. These objects were discovered more than 55 years ago and are astrophysical laboratories for studying physics at extreme conditions. Reproducing the observed pulsar population helps refine our understanding of their formation and evolution scenarios, as well as their radiation processes and geometry. In this paper, we improve our previous population synthesis by focusing on both the radio and gamma -ray pulsar populations, investigating the impact of the Galactic gravitational potential and of the radio emission death line. To elucidate the necessity of a death line, we implemented our refined initial distributions of the spin period and spacial position at birth. This approach allowed us to elevate the sophistication of our simulations to the most recent state-of-the-art approaches. The motion of each individual pulsar was tracked in the Galactic potential by a fourth-order symplectic integration scheme. Our pulsar population synthesis took into account the secular evolution of the force-free magnetosphere and magnetic field decay simultaneously and self-consistently. Each pulsar was evolved from birth to the present time. The radio and gamma -ray emission locations were modelled by the polar cap geometry and striped wind model, respectively. By simulating ten million pulsars, we found that including a death line allows us to better reproduce the observational trend. However, when simulating one million pulsars, we obtained an even more realistic $P- P $ diagram, whether or not a death line was included. This suggests that the ages of the detected pulsars might be overestimated and so, it sets the need for a death line in pulsar population studies into question. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests confirm the statistical similarity between the observed and simulated $P- P $ diagram. Additionally, simulations with increased gamma -ray telescope sensitivities hint at a significant contribution coming from the gamma -ray pulsars to the GeV excess in the Galactic centre.

The association of anatomical renal mass complexity with surgical approach, Hb drop, and the rate of blood transfusion.

The third most prevalent malignant neoplasm involving the urinary tract is renal cell carcinoma (RCC), encompassing nearly 3.5% of the entire cancers afflicting the body. The aim of this research was to explore how the R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score relates to the decisions made regarding surgery in individuals with localized RCC. This prospective study, assessed patients with localized parenchymal renal masses (stages I and II) tentatively diagnosed as RCC. Utilizing preoperative multiphasic renal CT scans and MRI, the R.E.N.A.L. score categorized masses for nephrometry values. Inclusion criteria involved collecting patient data, and data collection utilizing a structured format focusing on the nephrometry grading system. The study included 64 patients aged (mean ± SD) 49.78 ± 12.35 yrs. Undergoing renal mass surgery, there were 17 (26.5%) low, 28 (43.8%) moderate and 19 (29.7%) high-complexity lesions. All patients with a low Nephrometry score (n = 17) underwent partial nephrectomy, and all cases with a high score (n = 19) underwent radical nephrectomy. For those with a moderate Nephrometry score (n = 28), 13 (46.4%) underwent partial nephrectomy, while the remaining 15 (53.6%) cases underwent radical nephrectomy. Morbidity was low, and no mortality occurred at 180 days. Patients who had lesions fully above or below polar lines were less likely to need blood transfusions. A trend towards higher Fuhrman grades in patients receiving transfusions suggests a potential link between tumor aggressiveness and bleeding risk. Our findings provide insight on the utilization of the R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score in forecasting perioperative, post-surgical, and oncological results. Such data might help optimize surgical methods and pre-operative patient counseling.

Intelligent Design of Street Lamp in Rural Areas Based on an Improved Genetic Algorithm

This study addresses the demand for more efficient streetlight designs in rural areas by introducing an improved genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize the geometry and placement of streetlight poles. Conventional GAs frequently suffer from premature convergence and becoming trapped in local optima, reducing their effectiveness. To mitigate these issues, this research integrates the genetic algorithm with Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP), using the quasi-optimal solution generated by the GA as the initial input for the SQP, enhancing both accuracy and stability. The methodology includes developing a geometric model of streetlight poles utilizing point cloud data and extracting the centerline via the optimized GA-SQP approach. Additionally, the study examines the effects of random errors, gross errors, incomplete point cloud data, and centerline deviations on the algorithm's performance.

PSR B0943+10: Mode Switch, Polar Cap Geometry, and Orthogonally Polarized Radiation

As one of the paradigm examples to probe into pulsar magnetospheric dynamics, PSR B0943+10 (J0946+0951) manifests representatively, showing a mode switch, orthogonal polarization, and subpulse drifting, frequently studied below 600 MHz. Here, both integrated and single pulses are studied at a high frequency (1.25 GHz) with FAST. The mode switch is studied using a profile decomposition method. A phase space evolution for the pulsar’s mode switch shows a strange-attractor-like pattern. The radiative geometry is proposed by fitting polarization position angles with the rotating vector model. The pulsar pulse profile is then mapped to the sparking locations on the pulsar surface, and the differences between the main pulse’s and the precursor component’s radiative processes may explain the X-ray’s synchronization with radio mode switch. Detailed single pulse studies on B0943+10's orthogonally polarized radiation are presented, which may support certain models of radiative transfer of polarized emission. In particular, the difference in orthogonal polarization modes’ circular polarization might reflect the cyclotron absorption in pulsar magnetospheres. B0943+10's B and Q modes evolve differently with frequency and have different proportions of orthogonal modes, which indicates possible magnetospheric changes during mode switch. For Q mode pulse profile, the precursor and the main pulse components are orthogonally polarized, and are probably originated from different depths in the magnetosphere. The findings could impact significantly on the pulsar electrodynamics and the radiative mechanism related.

Therapeutically targeting the CALR/CD47 pathway in MPN to reactivate natural immunosurveillance mechanisms within the body to enhance treatment outcomes.

170 Background: MPNs are a group of related myeloid malignancies characterized by alterations in mature blood cell production/bone marrow environment and have a tendency to evolve into acute myeloid leukaemia. We demonstrated that CD47 blockade in combination with ruxolitinib, increased CALR expression enhancing cytotoxicity in vitro, promoting enhanced neoplastic clone clearance. With this study we describe a potential methodology for assessing effect of new compounds or combinations and the impact of modulating the immunoresponse upon myeloid malignant clones. Methods: Utilising HEL 92.1.7 and SET-2 cells (JAK2 mutated), Marimo cells (CALR mutated) and K562 cell line models; we will incubate with routine therapies (hydroxyurea, anagrelide, ruxolitinib) in combination with a range of anti-CD47 compounds (Anti-CD47 monocloncal antibodies, BET-1 inhibitors, SIRa inhibitor) and will determine the impact upon CD47 and CALR cell surface expression via flow cytometry. Monocyte derived macrophage (MDM) will be produced through Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) differentiation of a monocytic Thp-1 cell line. Expression of macrophage cell surface markers (CD11b, CD14), as well as intracellular markers (CD68), will be detected by flow cytometry. MDM will then be polarized to either a pro-inflammatory M1, or anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, with lipopolysaccharide/interferon gamma or interleukins 4 and 13, respectively. Co-culture experiments will then be undertaken to determine how different anti-CD47 therapy combination impact macrophage polarization and destruction of MPN cell lines. Results: We predict that CALR/CD47 levels on each cell line subtype will respond differently highlighting heterogeneity within MPNs and demonstrating the clear need for a more personalised immunotherapy approach. Alterations in JAK/STAT pathway and BET inhibition may hinder macrophage polarisation to the anti-tumorigenic M1 macrophage phenotype. We theorise that indirect co-culture of M1 macrophage with MPN suspension cells under different treatment modalities will enhance MPN cell death and decrease CD47 expression to a greater level than that which we expect to see in M2 polarised macrophage. We also anticipate that the M2 polarised macrophage, which dominate in the tumour microenvironment as MPN progresses, will fail to phagocytose MPN cells and may not be rescued by novel immunotherapeutics. Conclusions: Our group demonstrated the role of CD47 and CALR expression as a key mechanism and a potential target to enhance presentation of the cancer cell to the immune system, and we believe that understanding the interaction of CD47/CALR – macrophages, will drive new therapeutical approaches able to modulate the immune response and improve patients outcomes, potentially leading to complete MPN clone eradiation and cure.

Extreme-ultraviolet Polarimetric Diagnostics of the Solar Corona: The Hanle Effect of Ne viii 770 Å

Magnetic fields are the primary driver of the plasma thermodynamics in the upper solar atmosphere, especially in the corona. However, magnetic field measurements in the solar corona are sporadic, thereby limiting us from the complete understanding of physical processes occurring in the coronal plasma. In this paper, we explore the diagnostic potential of a coronal emission line in the extreme-ultraviolet, i.e., Ne viii 770 Å, to probe the coronal magnetic fields. We utilize 3D “Magnetohydrodynamic Algorithm outside a Sphere” models as input to the FORWARD code to model polarization in the Ne viii line produced as a result of resonance scattering, and we interpret its modification due to collisions and the magnetic fields through the Hanle effect. The polarization maps are synthesized both on the disk and off the limb. The variation of this polarization signal through the different phases of Solar Cycle 24 and the beginning phase of Solar Cycle 25 is studied in order to understand the magnetic diagnostic properties of this line owing to different physical conditions in the solar atmosphere. The detectability of the linear polarization signatures of the Hanle effect significantly improves with increasing solar activity, consistent with the increase in the magnetic field strength and the intensity of the mean solar brightness at these wavelengths. We finally discuss the signal-to-noise ratio requirements by considering realistic instrument designs.

Polar magneto-optical Kerr effect spectroscopy with a microscope arrangement for studies on 2D materials.

We describe a setup for magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) spectroscopy suitable for Kerr rotation (ϕ) and ellipticity (η) measurement on microscopic samples, such as flakes of two-dimensional materials. A spatial resolution of ∼25μm, limited by the demagnified monochromator exit slit image, was achieved. The use of mirrors allows for measurement in polar MOKE geometry with a conventional electro-magnet, without requiring holes in the magnet pole pieces. The microscope-like optics also has a 90° twisted periscope arrangement of two mirrors that helps transport light without change in its circular polarization state. A Jones matrix analysis of the setup brings out the influence of the beam-splitter on the measured signals. Its correction requires the ellipsometry parameters of the beam-splitter in transmission mode, which were measured separately. The working of the setup is tested by measuring the ϕ and η spectra of 2H-WS2 flakes at low temperature, verifying them using Kramers-Kronig analysis and extracting the Landé g-factor of the ground state exciton from them.

Пьезоэлектрический дисковый актюатор кручения с дискретно-спиральными электродами

A mathematical model of a disk (ring) torsion actuator with curvilinear interdigital electrodes – «villi» of a spiral form, which are characterized by a constant value of the orientation angle of an arbitrary section of the villus to the circumferential direction of the disk, has been developed. Bases of electrode-villi interacting with each other through local areas of piezoelectric layer are connected with periodic alternation to central or peripheral concentric circular base electrodes, to outputs of which control voltages are connected. As a result of numerical modeling of the «twisting bimorph» graphs of the dependence of the twist angle and the blocking torque on the ratio of the inner and outer radii and the values of the control voltage at the outputs of the base electrodes of the annular two-layer actuator with symmetrical (relative to the radial line) directions of the spiral orientations of the electrode-villi and, as a result, the spiral polarization lines of the piezoelectric layers working for tension/compression.

Spectral approximation and error analysis for the transmission eigenvalue problem with an isotropic inhomogeneous medium

In this paper, we propose an effective Legendre-Fourier spectral method for the transmission eigenvalue problem in polar geometry with an isotropic inhomogeneous medium. The basic idea of this methodology is to rewrite the initial problem into its equivalent form by using polar coordinates and some specially designed polar conditions. A variational method and its discrete version (i.e., Legendre-Fourier spectral method) are then presented within a class of weighted Sobolev spaces. With the help of the spectral theory of compact operators and the approximation properties of some specially designed projections in non-uniformly weighted Sobolev spaces, error estimates with spectral accuracy of the Legendre-Fourier spectral method for both the eigenvalue and eigenfunction approximations are established. Numerical experiments are presented to confirm the theoretical findings and the efficiency of our algorithm.

The motional Stark effect diagnostic for ITER.

An overview of the plans for the motional Stark effect (MSE) diagnostic installation on the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is presented. The MSE diagnostic uniquely provides spatially localized magnetic field measurements inside the plasma. These are used to constrain equilibrium reconstructions to determine q(r), the safety factor as a function of minor radius. Meeting the system requirements to deliver q-profiles and related quantities with the specified radial resolution of 20 points over the minor radius, 10ms time resolution, and better than 10% accuracy is challenging. MSE systems observe the D/H-α emission near 656.3nm from neutral beams. As the beam atoms traverse the magnetic field, B⃗, at high velocity, v⃗, they experience a Lorentz electric field, v⃗×B⃗, which causes the spectral emission to be split and polarized due to the Stark effect. Traditional MSE-LP (line polarization) measurements determine the direction of the magnetic field in the observation volume using polarimetric analysis of the detected light. The harsh conditions of ITER are expected to deposit thin films of contaminants on the first mirror, which would alter the polarization state of reflected light significantly. On ITER, the combination of high magnetic field strength and high energy beams makes the Stark spectrum resolution suitable for the determination of the magnetic field magnitude from the line shift, so this approach has been selected. Every aspect of the measurement system must be planned for the burning plasma environment and carefully analyzed ahead of time. Current status and plans for the system are presented.

Multifunctional Cell Regulation Activities of the Mussel Lectin SeviL: Induction of Macrophage Polarization toward the M1 Functional Phenotype.

SeviL, a galactoside-binding lectin previously isolated from the mussel Mytilisepta virgata, was demonstrated to trigger apoptosis in HeLa ovarian cancer cells. Here, we show that this lectin can promote the polarization of macrophage cell lines toward an M1 functional phenotype at low concentrations. The administration of SeviL to monocyte and basophil cell lines reduced their growth in a dose-dependent manner. However, low lectin concentrations induced proliferation in the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line, which was supported by the significant up-regulation of TOM22, a component of the mitochondrial outer membrane. Furthermore, the morphology of lectin-treated macrophage cells markedly changed, shifting from a spherical to an elongated shape. The ability of SeviL to induce the polarization of RAW264.7 cells to M1 macrophages at low concentrations is supported by the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as by the enhancement in the expression of IL-6- and TNF-α-encoding mRNAs, both of which encode inflammatory molecular markers. Moreover, we also observed a number of accessory molecular alterations, such as the activation of MAP kinases and the JAK/STAT pathway and the phosphorylation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α, which altogether support the functional reprogramming of RAW264.7 following SeviL treatment. These results indicate that this mussel β-trefoil lectin has a concentration-dependent multifunctional role in regulating cell proliferation, phenotype, and death in macrophages, suggesting its possible involvement in regulating hemocyte activity in vivo.

Tunable broadband absorption and broadband linear polarization converter based on vanadium dioxide

A composite dielectric metamaterial based on vanadium dioxide (VO2) is proposed to achieve flexible switching between two functions, broadband absorption, and polarization conversion, by adjusting the VO2 conductivity. The designed metamaterial functions as a broadband absorber when VO2 is in the metal phase. The absorber consists of a VO2 top structure, a silicon dioxide (SiO2) dielectric layer, and a VO2 thin film. Numerical simulation ns show that the absorber can absorb up to more than 90% in the frequency range of 3.22 ∼ 8.51 THz, and due to the symmetry of the structure, the absorber is characterized by polarization-insensitive properties and good absorption over a wider incidence angle. When VO2 is in the insulator phase, the designed metamaterial has a cross-polarization conversion function. The linear polarization converter primarily comprises an I-beam metal, a SiO2 dielectric layer, and a gold substrate layer. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the linear polarization converter accomplishes a line polarization conversion rate (PCR) greater than 90% within the 1.40 ∼ 4.11 THz frequency range, attains a close to 100% cross-polarization conversion rate (PCR) at 1.46, 1.95, 3.0, and 3.97 THz. To confirm the wave absorption mechanism of the absorber, we utilize the impedance matching theory to analyze it. The proposed switchable bifunctional metamaterials present significant potential for broader applications in future terahertz communication, imaging, stealth technology, and related fields.

Runaway electron plateau current profile reconstruction from synchrotron imaging and Ar-II line polarization angle measurements in DIII-D

Current profile reconstructions are obtained for high current ( Ip≃550 kA) post-disruption runaway electron (RE) plateau plasmas in DIII-D. Two novel methods of measuring the RE current profile in high-current RE plateaus are introduced and compared: localization of the q = 2 rational surface using visible synchrotron emission (SE) imaging and the measurement of the polarization angle of line-integrated Ar-II line emission. The two methods are found to be consistent with each other within the data uncertainties. Different simulations of the RE current profile are compared with the measurements: the toroidal fluid RE model is found to best fit the data, within the measurement uncertainties. In addition to introducing two novel methods to measure the RE current profile and validating present simulation capabilities, this work demonstrates that instabilities can grow at q = 2 and q = 1 surfaces without necessarily causing a RE final loss instability. Numerical simulations are also presented to elucidate the role of these instabilities on synchrotron emission.

Angle-resolved linear polarization of characteristic lines following innershell $$2p_{3/2}$$ photoionization of atoms

Angle-resolved linear polarization of characteristic lines following innershell $$2p_{3/2}$$ photoionization of atoms

Optical Spectropolarimetric Variability Properties in Blazars PKS 0637–75 and PKS 1510–089

Spectropolarimetry is a powerful tool to investigate the central regions of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) as polarization signatures are key to probing magnetic field structure, evolution, and the physics of particle acceleration in jets. Optical linear polarization of blazars is typically greater than a few percent, indicating the emission is dominated by nonthermal synchrotron radiation, while polarization less than a few percent is common for other type 1 AGNs. We present a spectropolarimetric study of PKS 0637–75 and PKS 1510–089 to determine how the head-on orientation of a jet and dominant emission processes influence polarimetric variations in the broad lines and continuum. Observations were obtained biweekly from the Robert Stobie Spectrograph on the Southern African Large Telescope. Variability in the continuum polarization is detected for both PKS 0637–75 and PKS 1510–089, with a total average level of 2.5% ± 0.1% and 7.5% ± 0.1%, respectively. There is no clear polarization in the broad Balmer emission lines and weak polarization in Mg ii as the average level across all observations is 0.2% ± 0.1% for Hβ, 0.2% ± 0.3% for Hγ, and 0.6% ± 0.2% for Mg ii. We find that polarization measurements confirm the conclusions drawn from spectral energy distribution modeling of the disk–jet contributions to the emission as optical polarization and time variability for PKS 0637–75 are shown to be dominated by accretion disk emission while those of PKS 1510–089 are due to both disk and jet emission, with greater jet contribution during flaring states.

Molecular line polarisation from the circumstellar envelopes of asymptotic giant branch stars

Context. Polarisation observations of masers in the circumstellar envelopes (CSEs) around asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars have revealed strong magnetic fields. However, masers probe only specific lines of sight through the CSE. Non-masing molecular line polarisation observations can more directly reveal the large-scale magnetic field morphology and hence probe the effect of the magnetic field on AGB mass loss and the shaping of the AGB wind. Aims. Observations and models of CSE molecular line polarisation can now be used to describe the magnetic field morphology and estimate its strength throughout the entire CSE. Methods. We used observations taken with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) of molecular line polarisation in the envelope of two AGB stars: CW Leo and R Leo. We modelled the observations using the multi-dimensional polarised radiative transfer tool PORTAL. Results. We found linearly polarised emission, with maximum fractional polarisation on the order of a few percent, in several molecular lines towards both stars. Towards R Leo, we also found a high level of linear polarisation (up to ∼35%) for one of the SiO v = 1 maser transitions. We can explain the observed differences in polarisation structure between the different molecular lines by alignment of the molecules through a combination of the Goldreich-Kylafis effect and radiative alignment effects. We specifically show that the polarisation of CO traces the morphology of the magnetic field. Competition between the alignment mechanisms allowed us to describe the behaviour of the magnetic field strength as a function of the radius throughout the circumstellar envelope of CW Leo. The magnetic field strength derived using this method is inconsistent with the magnetic field strength derived using a structure-function analysis of the CO polarisation and the strength previously derived using CN Zeeman observations. In contrast with CW Leo, the magnetic field in the outer envelope of R Leo appears to be advected outwards by the stellar wind. Conclusions. The ALMA observations and our polarised radiative transfer models show the power of using multiple molecular species to trace the magnetic field behaviour throughout the circumstellar envelope. While the observations appear to confirm the existence of a large-scale magnetic field, further observations and modelling are needed to understand the apparent inconsistency of the magnetic field strength derived with different methods in the envelope of CW Leo.

Construction and application of a three-dimensional vascular variation-based nephrometry scoring system for completely endophytic renal tumors

BackgroundCompletely endophytic renal tumors (CERT) pose significant challenges due to their anatomical complexity and loss of visual clues about tumor location. A facile scoring model based on three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed images will assist in better assessing tumor location and vascular variations. MethodsIn this retrospective study, 80 patients diagnosed with CERT were included. Forty cases underwent preoperative assessment using 3D reconstructed imaging (3D-Cohort), while the remaining 40 cases were assessed using two-dimensional imaging (2D-Cohort). Vascular variations were evaluated by ascertaining the presence of renal arteries > 1, prehilar branching arteries, and arteries anterior to veins. The proposed scoring system, termed RAL, encompassed three critical components: (R)adius (maximal tumor diameter in cm), (A)rtery (occurrence of arterial variations), and (L)ocation relative to the polar line. Comparison of the RAL scoring system was made with established nephrometry scoring systems. ResultsA total of 48 (60 %) patients exhibited at least one vascular variation. In the 2D-Cohort, patients with vascular variations experienced significantly prolonged operation time, increased bleeding volume, and extended warm ischemia time compared with those without vascular variations. Conversely, the presence of vascular variations did not significantly affect operative parameters in the 3D-Cohort. Furthermore, the 2D-Cohort demonstrated a notable decline in both short- and long-term estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) changes compared with the 3D-Cohort, a trend consistent across patients with warm ischemia time ≥ 25 min and those with vascular variations. Notably, the 2D-Cohort exhibited a larger margin of normal renal tissue compared with the 3D-Cohort. Elevated RAL scores correlated with larger tumor size, prolonged operation time, extended warm ischemia time, and substantial postoperative eGFR decrease. The RAL scoring system displayed superior predictive capabilities in assessing postoperative eGFR changes compared with conventional nephrometry scoring systems. ConclusionsOur proposed 3D vascular variation-based nephrometry scoring system offers heightened proficiency in preoperative assessment, precise prediction of surgical complexity, and more accurate evaluation of postoperative renal function in CERT patients.

Underwater descattering with polarization line constraint

It is effective to use polarization information for underwater descattering. However, existing methods always consider only the degree of linear polarization (DoLP) and ignore the angle of linear polarization (AoLP). In this paper, we propose a novel polarization imaging model on the complex plane that considers both the DoLP and the AoLP. Our model unifies and generalizes the polarization imaging model. Based on the model, we design an effective descattering method that can restore the intensity and polarization information from degraded images. In our method, we propose a polarization quantization to reduce polarization states from 1.8×1016 to only thousands. We propose a polarization line constraint, by which each distinct polarization state produces a polarization line in a degraded image on the complex plane. By the constraint, the clear image and its polarization states can be restored from its corresponding degraded image. To validate our method, we give an image quality metric for evaluating the accuracy of the restored polarization information. Experimental results show that our method is competitive with other state-of-the-art methods and achieves the best performance in terms of the underwater metrics.