Poland's Membership Research Articles

Crisis as potential for collective action: Violence and humanitarianism on the Polish‐Ukrainian border

The notion of crisis has evolved from a sudden, acute event to a broader disruption of stable historical narratives and the future. This article explores how the crisis surrounding the Russian invasion of Ukraine challenged the inevitability of Poland's membership in the West and threatened to catapult it back into a history of war and Russian domination. However, for Polish volunteers aiding Ukrainian refugees and the military, the crisis was also a temporality in which their actions took on outsize importance. By working on seemingly mundane tasks of provisioning and transport, they attempted to shape history and, in doing so, redefined the concept of humanitarianism in times of crisis. This article highlights how crisis can serve as a potential for collective action, blurring the distinction between individual and collective agency and redefining how people respond to crises.

POLISH MODEL OF ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE

In the article, the author examines the Polish model of administrative procedure, its nature, structure, taking as a basis the work of Javier Barnes in which the scientist identifies three generations of administrative procedure with the elements: (1) procedure for adjudication, (2) rule-making procedure, (3) collaborative – making public policy and implementing procedure.) The model of administrative procedure in Poland is normative as it is enshrined in the Code of Administrative Procedure. After analyzing its provisions, the author came to the conclusion that the Polish model of administrative procedure has a pronounced jurisdictional character, which is indicated by the principles of administrative proceedings, the structure of administrative proceedings. The jurisdictional model of administrative procedure in Poland remains dominant; it is characterized by a clear polarization of roles, with a "powerful sovereign" on the one hand and a subordinate citizen on the other. However, the Code reflects the provisions that indicate the partial appearance in the classical model of the administrative procedure of the elements of the third generation, which is associated with convergence and globalization. Poland's membership in the European Union prompted the legislator to introduce new, additional provisions in the Code of Administrative Procedure, concerning, for example, Administrative European Cooperation Section 8a, the principle of the peaceful settlement of Art. 13, the use of mediation in administrative proceedings Art. 96a. The presence of these elements is aimed at overcoming this division, creating a relationship between the parties, according to the principle of horizontal communication. The nature of the jurisdictional model of the administrative procedure is changing towards the regulation of a wide range of activities of bodies in the public sphere. Establishing a permanent system of communication between bodies, and between bodies and citizens "becomes the goal of the administrative procedure. Such changes are in line with the requirements of European Union legislation and the principles enshrined in the Code of Administrative Procedure.

Europeizacja polityki historycznej Polski - od ingnoracji do zrozumienia?

History is an important element of domestic and foreign policy of countries. Consistent cultivation of national myths contributes to the strengthening of national identity and the image of the state outside, and skillfully conducted historical policy fosters the building of international ties and the realization of own interests. The main assumption of the article is the recognition that EU membership was an important instrument of Poland's historical policy. The inability of communist Poland to conduct its own historical narrative at the international level contributed to the consolidation of many unfair or even false beliefs and stereotypes about Poland. Changing them is a difficult and long-term task. Undoubtedly, EU membership has opened new opportunities for Poland in this respect. The paper aims to analyse the process of Europeanization of Polish historical policy on WW2 in two dimensions: first, the internal one, i.e. to answer the question to what extent Poland's membership in the EU has influenced the internal discourse around historical policy? And second, the external one, i.e. to what extent actions taken by Poland has influenced historical awareness of the member states and the position of European institutions regarding historical issues related to WW2?

Importance of legal regulations resulting from technical harmonization in the European Union for improvement of work safety of farmers in Poland.

Accidents exert a negative effect on the quality and standard of living of rural inhabitants, especially when they make it impossible to continue work on a farm, or this work may be performed only to a limited extent. The creation of effective legal mechanisms which would guarantee the safety of operation of machinery is a crucial issue, it is of a preventive character and considerably limits the number of accidents. Approximately 16.1 million people live in the rural areas and around 2.3 million work in the agricultural sector, which represents 14.5% of all labour in Poland in 2019. The aim of the study was to evaluate the legal regulations resulting from the directives of technical harmonization in the European Union for improvement of safety of work with the use of agricultural machinery in Poland. The method was critical analysis of legal acts in effect, court rulings, and statistical data concerning accidentsoin farms, made available by the Agricultural Social Insurance Fund (KRUS). As a result of Poland's membership of the European Union, rural areas were covered by globalization processes and single market rules, within which there function legal mechanisms of safety and quality of products. Analysis of the 16 years of Poland's membership of the EU, resulted in positive results being observed in the use of the directives of technical harmonization, especially in reducing the number of accidents involving agricultural machinery. However, this improvement may result from using newly-purchased, modern and safer agricultural machinery covered by the conformity assessment, and preventive actions carried out by the Agricultural Social Insurance Fund. An impact of other factors, not analysed in the study, cannot be ruled out.

Selected legal and institutional aspects of the euro area crisis and a membership of Poland in the Monetary Union

The article deals with the issue of the impact of the crisis in the euro area on Poland’s membership in the euro area. The program of work that the European Union has imposed on individual countries was shown, as well as the position of Poland in this area.

SELECTED ASPECTS OF MILITARY LOGISTIC SUPPORT TO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ELIMINATING THE EFFECTS OF CRISIS SITUATIONS

In part I, the article presents the characteristics of non-military crisis situations, including natural threats and technical failures, terrorist threats, hybrid activities and disturbance of public order. The specified crisis situations imply specific actions of the public administration, which carries out its mission on the basis of national and international legal regulations. However, the forces and resources of the civil administration are not always able to provide assistance to all victims of crisis situations, in accordance with the applicable procedures. The implementation of procedures for providing aid and liquidating the effects of crisis situations requires specific, logistically prepared forces and resources. The legal regulations introduced on the basis of experience, including Poland's membership in NATO, enable the use of military forces to provide logistical support to the administration in crisis situations, under the so-called crisis logistics. Hence, the second part of the article presents the legal basis for the use of the Armed Forces in the logistic support of the civil administration, with particular emphasis on engineering troops and their support components, prepared for the liquidation of the consequences of crisis situations.

Kształtowanie się i transformacja mentalności Polaków po 1989 roku. Analiza z perspektywy filozofii społecznej

The subject of article is transformation as a multilevel social phenomenon, experience of transformation and modernization of Polish society (in the period from 1989 to the present day, including the turning point of the reforms in 1999 and the context of Poland's membership in NATO and the EU) and changes in its mental characteristics. Mental qualities play one of the most important roles in the processes of social transformation: they have their share in shaping the perception and implementation of attitudes, correspond to values, established norms of behavior. At the same time, they can significantly complicate the rapid mastery of innovation (both consciously and subconsciously), because one of the main functions of mentality is to counteract violent revolutionary-reformist transformations and to promote paths of evolutionary cultural, social and other changes. The study of mental features should clarify which of them were helpful, and which rather the opposite – hindered at the stage of reforms and social changes and the creation of civil society. These considerations are based on the assumption that destructive mental traits are mainly associated with many years of subjecting Poland to the power of other countries, especially the Soviet Union, which led to negative state experiences, which in turn translates into a lack of liberal traditions and a low level of civic awareness of society. A very important task that Polish society faces is abandoning outdated Soviet behavior, increasing the level of responsibility and activity, mutual trust and cooperation, developing social activity, strengthening civil society, which is the engine of change and the controller of local and state self-government.

Czy potrzebne są zmiany preambuł w tzw. ustawach wyznaniowych?

Ustawy z maja 1989 r. dotyczące gwarancji wolności sumienia i wyznania oraz relacji pomiędzy państwem a Kościołem katolickim w Polsce ze względu na ich znaczenie wyposażono w uroczysty wstęp podnoszący jeszcze bardziej rangę tych przepisów. Jednak formuła przyjęta wcześniej dzisiaj wymaga zmian szanujących godność człowieka i jego podmiotowość. Stąd też należy uwzględnić nie tylko wytyczne Narodów Zjednoczonych ale także dyrektywy wywodzące się z prawa Unii Europejskiej i fakt członkostwa Polski w Radzie Europy.

Transformation of the Polish Armed Forces: A perspective on the twentieth anniversary of Poland's membership in the North Atlantic Alliance

This article presents the changes in the Polish Armed Forces during the twenty years of Poland's membership in NATO. Transformational processes of varying intensity and effect involved organisational and technical modernisation and active duty force professionalism. An important aspect was the participation in operations under the NATO flag. Combat experience contributed to significant changes in their functioning, including combat technology and procedures, and provided to achieving interoperability within the NATO. What is more, future changes in Polish Armed Forces will be directly connected with challenges related to engagement of Poland in political, economic and military dimension to NATO.

Perspektywy rozwoju energetyki wodnej w Polsce

The paper analyzes the current state of hydropower and the possibilities of its development. The technical hydropower potential of Poland at the level of 12 thousand. 20% of GWh/year is currently used. Possibilities of increasing installed capacity and energy production relate mainly to small hydropower in the power range up to 5 MW. The example of the Odra and Oława Rivers shows that a lot of clean and renewable energy can still be obtained. The prospects for a more intensive development of hydropower in Poland are optimistic, but there are barriers that slow down its development. Poland's membership in the EU and environmental, climate and energy directives force the state to be significantly involved in the development of hydropower.

Green certificates as an instrument to support renewable energy in Poland-strengths and weaknesses.

The problem of air pollution not only in Poland but also around the world has become an important topic of political, economic, scientific, and legal discourse. Its position is the result of international obligations and Poland's membership in the structures of the European Union. In Poland, air quality is very bad, which makes it one of the countries with the worst air quality indicators in the European Union. One of the methods to reduce this high level of air pollution is to intensify the development of renewable energy sources by introducing effective support mechanisms for investors of new user-friendly and environment-friendly energy. The aim of the article was to analyse the support system for the development of energy production from renewable sources using the so-called "green" certificates of origin mechanism, which in Poland already has a 14-year tradition. The article presents the model of the renewable energy production support system in force in Poland. It pointed to its strengths and weaknesses. The development trends of the RES support system were also presented.

Changes in comparative advantages of the Polish food sector in world trade

Research background: The period after Poland's accession to the European Union is a period of systematic development of Polish foreign trade in food products. Positive changes were visible already in the first year, but trade turnover and the balance of food exchange were even more dynamic in the subsequent years of Poland's membership in the EU.
 Purpose of the article: One way to assess the competitiveness of Polish food sector is the analysis of comparative advantages (relative) in the trade of products of this sector. So the aim of the presented research is to assess the comparative ad-vantages of the Polish food sector (including its most important chapters).
 Methods: The analysis of comparative advantages was based on relative trade advantage index (RTA) and the Lafay trade balance index (TBI). The analyses cover the years 2004?2017. The data source was the WITS-Comtrade trading database, in which trade flows are expressed in USD. The analysis was carried out at the HS chapter level.
 Findings & Value added: The analysis of comparative advantages in the Polish trade in food products showed that during the membership in the European Union Poland had relative comparative advantages in the food trade on the world market. In the years 2004?2017 Polish export in agri-food products increased more than 4.5 times and the positive balance of trade in these products increased more than 9.0 times. Products in trade of which Poland had comparative advantages in 2017 accounted for 55.5% of trade of the Polish agri-food sector in the global market, i.e. by 12.8% more than in the year of accession of Poland to the EU. The dynamic development of trade in food products after Poland's accession to the EU, as well as significant comparative advantages in trade in these products, testify to the competitiveness and high importance of the Polish food sector for the national economy.

POLSKÉ OZBROJENÉ SÍLY V NATO: Dvě desetiletí tranformace

The article discusses the changes in Poland's Armed Forces resulting from Poland's membership to NATO. The article attempts to assess how the membership in NATO influenced the transformation of the organization, personnel, education and training as well as technical modernization of Poland's Armed Forces. The article addresses the situation prior to the NATO membership, the transformation that took place during the first decade in NATO and the changes that took place during the second decade of the membership. Special attention has been given to the post-2014 period.

Migracja, studia i praca. Studenci z Ukrainy w Krakowskiej Akademii im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego

MIGRATION, EDUCATION AND WORK. STUDENTS FROM UKRAINE IN ANDRZEJ FRYCZ MODRZEWSKI KRAKOW UNIVERSITYThe paper presents results of the survey carried out by the author among students – citizens of Ukraine – who study at Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University. The survey has been aimed not only at social and demographic profiling of the group, but also at outlining dominant reasons that encouraged young Ukrainian citizens to choose Poland, Krakow, and the Frycz Modrzewski University as their education centre; at assessing attractiveness of the studying, adaptation in a foreign country, contacts with the Poles both inside and outside of the academy. Based on the results of the survey the attractiveness of studies in Poland results from the membership of Poland in the European Union, recognition of the high level of education in Poland, relatively low costs of studies compared to the other European countries, and geographical and cultural proximity of Ukraine and Poland.

Influence of Polish aviation development on the introduction of aviation law

In the article, based on the analysis of the history aviation in Poland, a special kind of systematization is carried out - the periodization of its development. The criteria for periodization include the challenges of the environment, the socio-political situation and the technical and design achievements that have influenced the development of aviation. Poland's history of aviation distinguished six periods (the first occurrence of aviation, which began at the end of the XIX century, and continued until the First World War, the second - associated with the first world war of 1914-1918, the third - the interwar, 4th - World War II, 5th - Soviet, 6th - modern).Along with the significant events, the development of aviation law in Poland is simultaneously being explored. From the beginning of the 20th century in the Polish legal literature there is a publication that foresaw with human activity in the air the development of a perfect new field of law - the rights of aviation. According to Leon Babiński, the beginning of the development of aviation law should be recognized in 1889. On May 17, 1928, the Order "On Aviation Law" came into force, which had the force of law signed by then-President Ignacy Mościcki. It was issued along with fifteen by-laws .Immediately after the end of World War II, the communist government slightly changed the existing aviation law. At that time, in 1962, the Order "On Aviation Law" replaced the new law of the same name. It has been in force for 40 years and has been replaced by a modern Polish law of the same name. Numerous changes to this law were made in connection with Poland's membership in the European Union. In accordance with Art. 68 of the European agreement, which established: "the parties recognize that a significant precondition for the economic integration of Poland with the Union is the convergence of existing and future legislation." Poland is making every effort to ensure that its aviation legislation is complied with EU legislation. The article demonstrates that the recognition of aviation law by a separate branch of Polish law in our time is an objective necessity, which is dictated both by the development of domestic aviation and the entry of Poland into the European Union.

The Membership of Poland in the EU – Benefits and Obligations

The Membership of Poland in the EU – Benefits and Obligations

Україна на шляху до європейської інтеграції: уроки з досвіду Польщі

Завданням статті є висвітлити основні етапи на шляху до європейської інтеграції Польщі, проаналізувати головні особливості кроків Польщі на шляху до європейської інтеграції, висвітлити успішний досвід інтеграції України до Ради Європи. Також у статті проаналізовано сучасні настрої населення щодо майбутніх перспектив України. Встановлено, що підтримка незалежності України населенням починаючи із 1991 року в падала до 2016 року – понад 90% населення підтримувало незалежність у 1991 році; близько 47% населення підтримувало незалежність у 2011 році; понад 87% населення підтримувало незалежність у 2016 році. Проаналізовано та охарактеризовано основні організації, до яких вступала Польща на шляху до Європейського Союзу, зокрема, у 1991 Польща стала повноцінним членом Ради Європи; 1991 року створено «Вишеградське об’єднання» та «Комітет розвитку франко-германопольської співпраці» Центральноєвропейська Ініціатива, Рада Держав Балтійського моря; у 1999 році початок членства Польщі у НАТО. Висвітлено проблемні питання для України на шляху європейської інтеграції. Проаналізовано та висвітлено основні етапи формування та зміни законодавства України відповідно до вимог Ради Європи. Використовувалися наступні методи дослідження як порівняльний метод, ретроспективний метод, науковий метод, метод контент-аналізу. В результаті було досягнуто висновків, що досвід Польщі може слугувати як загальним прикладом, так і дорожньою картою для європейської інтеграції України, адже Польща, маючи однакове соціально-економічне, політичне становище як і України, змогла пройти увесь шлях та стати дійсним членом Європейського Союзу, в той час як в України ще довгий шлях попереду. Рамки дослідження охоплюють останнє десятиліття ХХ століття та початок ХХІ століття. Результати дослідження можуть бути використані при формування національної стратегії європейської інтеграції, зовнішньої політики України та для навчальних матеріалів, посібників.

The links between gender role beliefs, conceptions of the family, attitudes toward Poland's membership in the European Union, religiosity, and Polish support for gay and lesbian rights

ABSTRACTMuch has been written about the sources of public opinion regarding gay and lesbian civil rights and liberties in the West. In contrast, we know far less about the dynamics of sexual prejudice in other places in the world, including in Eastern Europe, where social movements on behalf of gay and lesbian rights are a more recent phenomenon. My goal in this article is to examine the etiology of Poles’ views on gay and lesbian rights. In light of the theory and empirical evidence that suggest significant links between religiosity, cultural beliefs regarding family, gender roles, and attitudes toward Poland's membership in the European Union on the one hand and support for equal treatment of gays and lesbians on the other, I seek here to explore the nature of these links. The analysis I summarize also contributes to the larger literature on attitudes toward sexual minorities by simultaneously modeling the relationships between these variables using nationally representative survey data.

Determinants of agricultural land price in Poland – a case study covering a part of the Euroregion Baltic

The main aim of this study was to identify the factors that drive the prices of agricultural property after Poland's accession to EU in regions where agriculture is the predominant mode of production. A statistical model of real estate prices was developed based on the conducted transactions. The key determinants of agricultural property prices were: location of land relative to rural settlements, soil quality, land fragmentation, forest cover in the municipality and location of farms in less-favored areas with natural handicaps for agricultural production. The last attribute results from Poland's membership in the European Union and participation in the Common Agricultural Policy. The support scheme increased the prices of agricultural property. Our results are largely consistent with the findings of international studies. They provide valuable inputs for prospective buyers of agricultural property and investors.

Poland-Ukrainian Relations

Poland and Ukraine are the two biggest and most populated countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Because of their size, neighbourhood and position in the region the two countries have often been compared to France and Germany. Both countries are deeply interested in their mutual cooperation. Such situation steams from five factors: direct neighbourhood, common (albeit difficult) history, attractiveness of the Polish labour market for the Ukrainians, membership of Poland in the Western structures, and last but not least, the Russian threat. Despite complimentary interests, both countries have difficulty to effectively develop their mutual relations and turn them into a real strategic partnership. These problems are due to the internal political and economic situation in Ukraine, limits imposed by the membership of Poland in the EU, Russian policy aiming at keeping Ukraine within its zone of influence and, finally, the EU reluctance to effectively engage in Ukraine.