The existing research on modified asphalt is primarily focused on how to improve the high- and low-temperature performances (high-temperature rutting and low-temperature cracking) of asphalt, but the improvement of the anti-ageing performance of asphalt is also important. The research objects of the present study were equivalent-penetration (high-temperature performance) and equivalent-ductility (low-temperature performance) asphalt specimens, and the anti-ageing performances of different specimens were compared from both the macro- and micro-perspectives. From the macro-perspective, taking the penetration, ductility, viscosity and softening point of asphalt as the experimental indexes, the anti-ageing performances of different asphalt specimens were compared and analysed based on the changes in different indicators at different ageing times. From the micro-perspective, the macro-test results of asphalt specimens with different durabilities were verified by an asphalt component test and the analysis of environmental scanning electron microscopy images. The research results have certain theoretical value for scientifically understanding the technical characteristics of different modifiers, the research and development of modifiers and the formation mechanism of modified asphalt.